Diminutives in Ivan Vazov’s Novel “Under the Yoke” and their English Equivalents

Diminutives in Ivan Vazov’s Novel “Under the Yoke” and their English Equivalents

Author(s): Mariya Bagasheva / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: diminutives; Bulgarian; English; equivalents;

The paper focuses on the category of diminutiveness in languages, its characteristic features and means of expression. It presents a qualitative and quantitative analysis on the diminutive forms in Ivan Vazov’s novel “Under the Yoke” in its original Bulgarian text and the equivalent diminutive forms in the English translation of the novel. An attempt is made to explain the diminutive patterns in both studied languages by emphasizing the characteristic features of diminutives in Bulgarian and English. Some conclusions are suggested based on the investigation of the diminutive forms in the Bulgarian and English texts as well as based on some previous research on the topic.

Expressing solitude and nostalgia in Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles

Expressing solitude and nostalgia in Ray Bradbury’s The Martian Chronicles

Author(s): Andreea Bratu / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: solitude; nostalgia; imagery; accumulation;

Considered by many critics as a master of nostalgia, Ray Bradbury wrote about the future while reminiscing about the past. In The Martian Chronicles, his imagery and poetic descriptions, contrasted with simple and blunt ways of expressing feelings, create a futuristic universe in which humans seem unable to escape their contradictory fate: trying to escape the hardships of a complex and unfulfilling life on a planet on the verge of a nuclear catastrophe, they colonise Mars in a nostalgic attempt to return to a simpler existence, but constantly reminisce about their former life on Earth. This presentation aims to investigate the ways in which Bradbury renders this feeling of solitude and nostalgia for a lost past, by making use of an accumulation of images, sounds and movement which, paradoxically, create a deserted world overwhelmed by its own solitary fate.

The Literary Galata Bridge: A Heterotopian Space on the East-West Axis

The Literary Galata Bridge: A Heterotopian Space on the East-West Axis

Author(s): Elena Butoescu / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: Galata bridge; heterotopia; space; time; Edmondo De Amicis; Herman Melville; Geert Mak; urban environment;

Drawing on David Harvey’s urban chronotope that determines different conceptions of space and time in distinct societies as well as on Michel Foucault’s concept of heterotopia, which assembles various apparently incongruent spaces, juxtaposing them in a single real place that reflects the symbolic perfection of the world, this article considers the significance of bridges in cultural history. More specifically, the article focuses on the role Galata Bridge (Köprü) has had in the history of Istanbul as a space of transition between cultures, geographies and ethnicities. The study will investigate how three Western narratives spanning three different geographical and time zones invested Galata Bridge with the symbolism of an autonomous space within a city, while the narratives reconfigure the discursive practices of society and the social relations among individuals in ways that can be resistant or not, but which, nevertheless, change the structural relations that organise society as they do, attributing them with a new function.

Essentials of Medical English. Book Design and Specificity

Essentials of Medical English. Book Design and Specificity

Author(s): Iulia Cristina Frînculescu / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: English for Medical Purposes (EMP);teaching materials; EMP teaching methodology;

This paper presents the overall structure and specificity of a book designed to teach English for Medical Purposes (EMP). The study passes into review the medical topics covered in the book, ranging from the anatomy, physiology and physical examination of body systems to history taking, basic medical instruments and medication. On the other hand, the article highlights the correlation between teaching materials and real EMP classroom activities. The focus is on how the EMP book can be designed and structured in order to mirror medical realities and at the same time be able to help students develop all language skills in medical English.

The Identity of Space and the Space for Identity in the Novel Redemption Falls

The Identity of Space and the Space for Identity in the Novel Redemption Falls

Author(s): Sandra Josipović / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: Redemption Falls; Bachelard; space; Derrida; Irish immigrants’ identity; Irish language; Deleuze and Guattari;

This paper examines identity in relation to space, to the Irish immigrants in the USA in the second half of the 19th century, and to the Irish language they continued to use even after moving there, in the novel Redemption Falls by Joseph O’Connor. The space, shared by various characters in the novel who identify and perceive it in a different manner, is analysed from the perspective of Gaston Bachelard’s work, The Poetics of Space. The Irish language can be viewed as a bridge that connects the Irish immigrants in the new country. On the other hand, when it is used by them as some kind of a secret language, it can become a boundary between the immigrants and the others who do not speak or understand the language. The Irish immigrants’ claim to space for their identity in the new country is viewed in relation to Derrida’s concept of “hospitality.” Finally, the reconstruction of the boundaries of the main character’s identity is analysed with regard to Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of “deterritorialization” and “reterritorialization”.

Morbusanglicus? On the range of the influence of English on Polish and Italian medical language

Morbusanglicus? On the range of the influence of English on Polish and Italian medical language

Author(s): Małgorzata Karczewska / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: language contacts; Anglicisms; medical language; borrowings;

In today’s world, English is the language of global communication in both professional and private life. Its dominance is apparent at the lexical level, with a significant number of Anglicisms introduced into other languages. Arrigo Castellani, an Italian linguist, compared the phenomenon to an epidemic, calling it morbusanglicus, the English disease, as early as in 1987. The aim of this paper is to study the range of the English influence on the Polish and Italian medical language. The research comprises a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of the corpus consisting of Przegląd Lekarski and La Rivista Medica Italiana Online, Polish and Italian medical journals. Throughout the study, the focus is put on the number of Anglicisms (types and tokens) in the corpus and their functioning in the recipient language, mainly at the morphological level.

Impact of Names on Life and Literature – a general perspective

Impact of Names on Life and Literature – a general perspective

Author(s): Yana Manova-Georgieva / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: nominative symbolism; charactonyms; onomastics; name rendering in translation;

Names and naming in general have always been an interesting, yet a challenging initiative, given the fact that nowadays parents devote numerous hours to reading forums and written articles when a child is on the way. The same strategy is sometimes applied when writers decide upon a certain title for their piece of writing, as well as the names of personages in their creation. In classical literature, finding the meaning behind a proper name is a challenging and hard task compared to children’s literature. Thus, a symbolic name makes the literary character a more powerful “weapon” in the hands of the author and creates yet a stronger emotional and more thorough understanding in the mind of the reader.

Possible Implied Meanings in Prince Philip’s Most Quoted ‘Gaffes’. Are we (mis)led by their online Romanian version?

Possible Implied Meanings in Prince Philip’s Most Quoted ‘Gaffes’. Are we (mis)led by their online Romanian version?

Author(s): Claudia Pisoschi / Language(s): English / Issue: XXIII/2022

Keywords: implied meaning; Prince Philip; gaffe; Romanian translation;

This paper is intended as a pragmatic analysis of the online Romanian version of Prince Philip’s most quoted ‘gaffes’ in point of their possible implied meanings. Once Prince Philip’s death was announced, media networks and news sites chose to remind their readers of some of his best-known ‘gaffes’ by posting a selection of them on their websites. Our hypothesis is that by simply defining them as gaffes and using the term in their headlines, the media, as addressers, discouraged the readers from calculating any pragmatic inferences, the intention of the media being to obtain a confirmation bias reaction. Moreover, the readers of the Romanian version of the replies (posted on hotnews.ro) were expected to react assuming a common ground, based on their thinking clichés regarding the concept of political correctness, the cultural backgrounds of Prince Philip’s interlocutors and, last but not least, the psychological and communicative profile of Prince Philip as the speaking source. Any inadequacy or error in the translation of the replies would only add to possible misinterpretations. Even if the intentions of a speaker are not entirely known, the immediate situational context cannot be neglected when calculating them, unless the source itself intentionally gives their replies (apparent) autonomy from that narrow context, seemingly to encourage their taking at face value, or, on the contrary, multiple interpretations.

Factors affecting the strategy of deterrence against hybrid threats (The South Caucasus as a focal poınt).

Factors affecting the strategy of deterrence against hybrid threats (The South Caucasus as a focal poınt).

Author(s): Piotr Gawliczek,Khayal Ibrahim Iskandarov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: hybrid threats; the strategy of deterrence; South Caucasus;

The genesis of deterrence has been studied in the paper. The characteristic features of deterrence strategy have been presented. The evolution process of deterrence concept has been delineated, five waves of deterrence have been brought to the spotlight. The factors affecting the implementation of a deterrence strategy have been underscored. The South Caucasus has been chosen as a focal point and its comparison with other regions has been conducted. The vulnerabilities of the countries in the region have been presented. The recommendations have been made for developing a robust deterrence strategy against external actors. Azerbaijan’s strategy of deterrence for the last couple of years was thoroughly studied regarding its deterrence strategy. The authors endeavored to touch upon various aspects and elements of Azerbaijan’s deterrence strategy in comparison with other countries in the region.

Positive and negative effects of carrying out the process of digitalization of the Polish economy and society during COVID-19 pandemic.

Positive and negative effects of carrying out the process of digitalization of the Polish economy and society during COVID-19 pandemic

Author(s): Krystyna Kacprowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: digitization of the economy; COVID-19 pandemic; new technologies; economic sectors;

The aim of the article is to identify both positive and negative changes that have resulted from the digitization the Polish economy and society during the COVID-19 pandemic. Different sectors of the economy, which differ in their degree of vulnerability to digital transformation, have been analyzed in detail. The main research question is to evaluate the changes, both positive and negative, that have occurred in the economy. One of the positive effects of innovation is greater quality of work, better production outcomes, and overall economic growth. The phenomenon of introducing new technologies may become a stimulus to include Poland among the most digitally developed economies within Europe. Digitalization can also be an opportunity to dominate the global economy, but the whole process mainly concerns only large companies, because only they have the financial capacity to make changes. Small businesses are now said to be marginalized and run on traditional principles. In addition, the digitization process during the COVID-19 pandemic affects all members of society, including children in schools, which can also be a problem due to the insufficient financial capacity of many parents in Poland.

The essence and specificity of the state multiculturalism policy

The essence and specificity of the state multiculturalism policy

Author(s): Javid Asadov / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: multiculturalism; pluralism; public policy; tolerance; identity; Europe; Canada; Australia

The main aim of this article is to examine multiculturalism as a specific policy of multi-ethnic states, and its essence and specificity. Multiculturalism can be considered as a policy aimed at preserving and developing cultural diversity in a particular state, as well as a theory or ideology justifying such policy. In the essence of multiculturalism lies the idea of the peaceful coexistence of different groups – ethnic, racial, religious, cultural, and other – within one state. The present study addresses the following research question: how multiculturalism obligations have been considered by state policy? In the course of the research, the answer to this question was achieved by analysing what multiculturalism is, and then – examining several theoretical approaches to this policy. As a result, the author concluded that multiculturalism can be a component of state policy only in states where the government actively promotes and protects the rights and interests of various cultural groups.

Evolution of globalisation and firm internationalisation under crisis conditions – the perspective of Polish exporters amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021

Evolution of globalisation and firm internationalisation under crisis conditions – the perspective of Polish exporters amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-2021

Author(s): Marian Gorynia,Piotr Trąpczyński / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: exporters; COVID-19 pandemic; economic crisis; firm internationalisation; crisis resilience

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an economic crisis of a global nature, which – among its many consequences – had a significant impact on international economic activity carried out in various forms. Thus, the processes of globalisation, which on the one hand allow diversification of international activities of the enterprise, at the same time contribute to the transmission of economic shocks. The authors attempt to provide an initial answer to the research question of how Polish firms conducting export activities with various degrees of advancement perceive the impact of the pandemic crisis, as well as their reactions to this crisis. The article presents the results of quantitative research conducted in June 2022 among 120 Polish companies from the manufacturing sector.

Monitoring the implementation and resolving disputes under the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement

Monitoring the implementation and resolving disputes under the Brexit Withdrawal Agreement

Author(s): Miłosz Gapsa / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: Brexit; Withdrawal Agreement; monitoring; disputes

The aim of this article is analysis of how the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union governs the mechanisms for monitoring its implementation and resolving disputes. All solutions are based on the international principle of good faith, which obliges the parties of the Agreement to apply it fully. Constant contact between them is ensured by the Joint Committee together with the Special Committees. Any dispute between the parties can only be solved based on the solutions contained in the Agreement, through international arbitration by an arbitration panel. Furthermore, of interest are the provisions governing the specific extension of the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the practice of the parties to date. Two methods of legal analysis have been employed in this research: dogmatic (analysis of the provisions of the Agreement) and functional (an attempt to predict the consequences of their implementation).

Artificial intelligence versus human – a threat or a necessity of evolution?

Artificial intelligence versus human – a threat or a necessity of evolution?

Author(s): Izabela Oleksiewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: artificial intelligence; human; threat; European Union; development

Currently, technologies are actively shaping and intensifying the time of implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, while at the same time the so-called soft skills that employers are looking for in future employees are becoming increasingly important. Thus, in today’s situation, we have the possibility to use automatons and robots that successfully replace humans in many tasks, while at the same time there is a need to create teams based on such qualities as empathy, communication, ingenuity, intelligence and, above all, humanism, whose importance in creating a business perspective cannot be overestimated. The aim of this article is to analyse the research problem in case of social robots and the probable legal status of artificial intelligence in the future. The article will discuss the differences between artificial intelligence versus artificial consciousness. AI poses societal challenges, it is currently undergoing a number of important developments, and the law must be rapidly changed. Firstly, the difference between artificial intelligence and artificial consciousness is attempted to be demystified. Subsequently, the analysis of current legal status of Artificial Intelligence in EU will be conducted. Cyberspace and the Internet revolutionised human life. It brings benefits, but also hitherto unknown risks. However, this is an inherent problem of human development. Every new technology, every new invention has its advantages, but also disadvantages. It would seem that autonomous systems, using artificial intelligence, are a panacea for such problems. Perhaps so, but the security of cyberspace depends on a variety of factors that are sometimes beyond our control or, from another perspective, we ourselves create the threat, inspire it intentionally or through inadequacies, ignorance, and negligence.

The cross-border crime and security of the movement of goods in the European Union – the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland

The cross-border crime and security of the movement of goods in the European Union – the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland

Author(s): Jowita Świerczyńska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: security; cross-border movement of goods; border guard; external border; cross-border crime; European Union

Issues related to broadly understood border security are discussed by the EU institutions and Member States, as well as attracting interest from various academic communities. The discussion has multiple dimensions. Regarding the cross-border movement of goods, the role of the security guardian is most frequently attributed to customs authorities, often without acknowledging the importance of another border service, i.e. the border guard. Therefore, the article’s aim is to analyse the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland in the process of ensuring the security of the cross-border movement of goods in the European Union and actions to combat cross-border economic crime in the context of movement of people. This article is divided in introduction, two parts presenting the research results, and conclusions. The first part describes the essence of security and threats in the cross-border movement of goods in the context of cross-border movement of people, the second one refers to the role of the Border Guard of the Republic of Poland as the guardian of the security of the European Union’s external border. The conclusion presents recommendations for maintaining a high level of protection and border surveillance in the cross-border movement of goods. This article is theoretical, with elements of comparative analysis.

The rise of Euroscepticism on the political scene in Poland – the case of the party Law and Justice

The rise of Euroscepticism on the political scene in Poland – the case of the party Law and Justice

Author(s): Klaudia Cymer / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: Euroscepticism; European Union; Poland; political scene; Law and Justice; ruling coalition

The aim of this article is to analyse the growing phenomenon of Euroscepticism on the political scene in Poland, taking into account the power of the ruling coalition headed by the party "Law and Justice". For this purpose, after a brief discussion on the theoretical framework of Euroscepticism, in order to find the reasons for the rise of this phenomenon in Poland in recent years, the current context of the government’s relationship with the European Union (EU) is analysed. Consequently, by analysing the political programmes of the party Law and Justice and statements of political actors associated with the main ruling party in Poland, the author verifies the upward trend in unfavourable attitudes towards the EU by current government, as well as consistently appearing considerations of leaving the EU (“Polexit”).

Assessment of legal solutions to facilitate work-life balance in the public services sector

Assessment of legal solutions to facilitate work-life balance in the public services sector

Author(s): Grażyna Spytek-Bandurska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: labour law; professional and private life; work-life balance concept; employee; employer; public services sector

The aim of this study is to present chosen aspects of assessing legal solutions facilitating reconciliation of work and private life for employees of the public services sector, based on empirical research conducted in five European countries. The research purpose was to indicate the role of labour law regulations in shaping the work-life balance and to determine the ways of their implementation, their usefulness and the needs that emerge in the changing socio-economic reality, as evidenced by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The need to isolate people quickly popularised remote (online) work and the possibility of staying at home, which possibly had a positive impact on private matters. However, the general situation is different. Hence, the hypothesis was adopted that despite the variety of solutions, they are insufficiently used in the public services sector. Although there are noticeable facilitations in combining professional and family duties, they still have too little impact on the attractiveness of work and are not of an innovative nature. The specificity of the public sector makes it difficult to freely choose solutions that increase the flexibility of employment and thus the activity of working parents, especially women on the labour market.

Early warning mechanisms for global crises in non-governmental organisations

Early warning mechanisms for global crises in non-governmental organisations

Author(s): Justyna Marzec / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Keywords: early warning; conflicts; crisis; international non-governmental organisations; International Crisis Group; forecasting in international relations

The aim of this article is to analyse the use of the early warning mechanism in non-governmental organisations on the example of the International Crisis Group, which is a leading entity in respect of that matter. For the purposes of the study, the author verifies the hypothesis that the mechanisms developed in the International Crisis Group are effective, and the forecasts are useful for the needs of decision-makers. It is supported by the fact that non-governmental organisations shape desired attitudes and decisions taken by the international community regarding the prevention and resolution of conflicts. Several questions were posed in this research: (1) what is the nature of early warning mechanisms? (2) what distinguishes early warning systems in international organizations? (3) what is the effectiveness of early warning mechanisms? (4) how is the International Crisis Group’s early warning mechanism used? The case study method was used to verify the research hypothesis, while the main technique is the analysis of the state of the scholar literature and the content of appropriate documents.

Vivisection of Britishness, or how Brexit happened

Vivisection of Britishness, or how Brexit happened

Author(s): Anna Pacześniak / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2022

Polish citizens in Brazil

Polish citizens in Brazil

Author(s): Agata Edyta Kukawska / Language(s): English / Issue: 44/2021

Keywords: Brazil; Polish; migration

This is a presentation of Polish immigrants who came to Brazil in the 19th and 20th centuries, now the second biggest Polish community in the world. In my presentation, I intend to describe the reason of the emergence of the population. Then, I continue to show the history of the community in Brazil, especially in Curitiba, the “Polish’’ capital of Brazil. Next in my presentation is the situation of the population of Polish origin in Brazil. I present different organisations which are a part of this community. What is more, I also describe the Parana region as a with the biggest concentration of residents with Polish roots. I also mention how Polish traditions are cultivated.