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Lifelong Healthy Lifestyle and Wellness

Author(s): Fidan Korkut Owen,Nur Demirbaş Çelik / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2018

Keywords: wellness;wellness programs;healthy lifestyle;lifelong guidance;

Being lifelong healthy in all fields and maintaining wellness may not always be possible or easy because of environmental factors including not directly under the control of individuals, hereditary factors run in the family, air pollution and also systematic factors like inadequate health system. On the other hand, healthy living habits of individuals can prevent many diseases. When considering the wellness is defined as a health-promoting lifestyle, it becomes important that what behaviors provide it. These behaviors are summarized as having an adequate and balanced nutrition habits, managing stress better, making regular physical activity, doing spiritual growth supportive activities, keeping inter-personal relationships alive and taking responsibility for these issues. In this article, considering the lifelong development, studies on the wellness of individuals in childhood/youth, emerging adulthood and adulthood, old aged adulthood stages were summarized. Moreover, some suggestions were presented with respect to doings by professionals who are interested in the development of individuals such as psychologists, psychological counselors and nurses for every period.

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Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome Presenting with life-threatening protein-losing enteropathy: a case report

Author(s): Tolga Olmez / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome; hypoalbuminemia; gastrointestinal polyposis

Background: Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome (CCS) is a rare gastrointestinal (GI) polyposis syndrome. The diagnosis of CCS is made based on clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological findings. Common symptoms of CCS include chronic diarrhea, malnutrition, alopecia, skin hyperpigmentation, onychodystrophy, hypogeusia, and protein loss due to chronic inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa. Nutritional support, a high protein diet, antibiotics, correction of electrolyte imbalance, and corticosteroids are frequently used to treat CCS. Aim of the study: Herein, we present a newly diagnosed CCS patient who has suffered life-threatening protein loss. Material and methods: The patient’s complete medical history was analyzed to fomulate this report. Case report: A 62-year-old male patient presented with bloodless diarrhea, occurring 8-10 times per day for 4 months, and general malaise. On admission, arterial blood pressure was 80/50 mm/hg, pulse was 110 per minute and body temperature was 38.8°C. Laboratory tests highlighted a total protein of 38 mg/dL and albumin of 20 g/L. Upper and lower GI system (GIS) endoscopy revealed 2-20 mm polyps in the stomach, duodenum, and colon, and a small number in the distal esophagus. Pathological examination of polypectomy materials revealed edematous and inflamed lamina propria consisting of plasma cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils. The patient benefited from total parenteral nutrition, high protein dietary supplementation, and antibiotic therapy, and was followed with an upper and lower GIS endoscopy. Conclusions: CCS is a rare disease that can cause life-threatening hypoalbuminemia and requires close follow-up.

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Physical examination in nursing related to work experience

Author(s): Ewa Czeczelewska,Zuzanna Czeczelewska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: nurse; physical examination; work experience; auscultation; palpation

Background: Poland and other European countries have incorporated the physical assessment of patients into nursing practice. Appropriate practical skills and awareness of physical assessment play an important role in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and mitigation of adverse consequences resulting from the deterioration of the patient’s health.Aim of the study: The study aimed to evaluate the undertaking of physical examinations (PE) in professional practice by nurses with varying years of service.Material and methods: The study included a group of 171 registered nurses from Poland. Using the author’s non-standardized questionnaire, the study examined the professional experience and usefulness of PE in the nursing profession.Results: Most nurses (56.3%) perform PE every day, regardless of seniority. The main reason for not performing PE was lack of time due to other nursing activities (32.7%) and insufficient staffing (29.9%). Some nurses also explained that it was due to the reluctance of medical personnel (24.1%). The most commonly used techniques in PE were inspection (44.1%) and palpation (32.8%). Most nurses (54.5%), regardless of seniority, felt satisfied with their PE performance. In the opinion of the respondents, 68.3% of patients approached PE undertaken by nurses with trust and appreciation, regardless of their seniority.Conclusions: Professional experience did not significantly affect the perception and performance of PE by nurses in professional practice. In the opinion of the respondents, trust and appreciation was the reaction most often declared by patients concerning nurses undertaking PE, which had no statistically significant relationship with the seniority of the nurse.

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Evaluation of anxiety, depression, aggression, and life satisfaction of nurses working with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected patients

Author(s): Elżbieta Szlenk-Czyczerska,Marta Włodarczyk / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: anxiety; depression; satisfaction; nursing staff; and SARS-CoV-2 virus

Background: Negative emotions such as anxiety, depression, and aggression are among the factors that influence the level of perceived life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is related to physical and mental health and is an important component of human functioning. Nurses are particularly vulnerable to negative emotions due to their high-risk occupation and contact with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2)-infected individuals.Aim of the study: The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between life satisfaction and levels of anxiety, depression, and aggression among nurses working with patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Material and methods: This cross-sectional observational study interviewed 110 individuals employed in two medical institutions in Opole and Lower Silesia Voivodeships between September and December 2021. Interviews were conducted using two standardized questionnaires, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Modified Version (HADS-M) and the Satisfaction with Life Survey (SWLS).Results: Analysis revealed that 26.3% (n=29) of nurses working with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients had marked anxiety symptoms, whereas 5.5% (n=6) of respondents had depressive disorders. There was no association between age and levels of anxiety (p=0.153) or depression (p=0.867), although the workplace had a significant effect on the severity of anxiety (p<0.001) and depressive symptoms (p=0.019). Most respondents (66.4%, n=73) described their life satisfaction as average. However, borderline depressive symptoms significantly impacted levels of perceived life satisfaction (p=0.031).Conclusions: Nurses working in coronavirus disease (COVID) wards were more likely to show anxiety symptoms than signs of depression, while borderline depressive symptoms were more prevalent in those with low life satisfaction. Age and marital status did not affect the severity of anxiety or depression among respondents. These findings provide the basis for a deeper exploration of the issues and highlight the increasing need for more professional support.

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Parkinson’s disease gene therapy: a comparative effectiveness review of completed clinical trials in terms of their possible implementation in treatment

Author(s): Marta Kozłowska,Szymon Kotarba,Jakub Tambor,Mateusz Winiarski,Hanna Moczulska,Michał Pietrusiński,Maciej Borowiec / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Parkinson’s Disease; gene therapy; clinical trials; AAV vector

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which dopaminergic neurons are damaged, and Lewy bodies accumulate in the brain, leading to both motor and non-motor symptoms. Currently, no treatment is available to slow down or reverse disease progression. The need to find new solutions has prompted research interest in gene therapy. Aim of the study: The purpose of this review is to analyze a selection of completed clinical trials on gene therapy in PD and their possible implementation in treatment.Material and methods: Clinical trials were selected from the ClinicalTrials.gov database using the following search criteria: Parkinson’s disease, gene therapy, and completed status. Trials that were ongoing, terminated, preclinical, or with different research subjects were excluded. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were also searched for neuropathology, symptoms, and treatment recommendations for PD. The results of reviewed clinical trials have been checked in terms of the efficacy and safety of the investigated therapies in the treatment of PD.Results: We analyzed 7 completed clinical trials, namely VY-AADC01 (NCT01973543), AAV-GAD(NCT00195143), ProSavin (NCT00627588), AAV2-GDNF (NCT01621581), CERE-120 (NCT00252850), VY-AADC01 (NCT03065192), and CERE-120 (NCT00985517) with a total of 152 patients. Five of the studies had published results and four of these five had satisfactory results. VY-AADC01, AAV-GAD, and CERE-120 were found to be safe and potentially effective in the treatment of PD, while ProSavin demonstrated insufficient effectiveness.Conclusions: There is limited available data regarding completed clinical trials for PD gene therapy, with a small number of patients, making it difficult to give a final statement on the possibility of using gene therapy to treat PD. However, the clinical trials reviewed herein show promising results with the potential to revolutionize the treatment of PD.

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Patient risk factors and nodule characteristics for differentiating benign from malignant pulmonary nodules

Author(s): Dirol Hülya,Ayse Keven,Ege Alkan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: pulmonary nodule; malignant; benign; chest computed tomography

Background: We have been encountering pulmonary nodules more frequently due to increased lung cancer screening programs and lung computed tomography imaging for other reasons. Although various guidelines have been developed regarding pulmonary nodules, uncertainty continues regarding the follow-up and management of pulmonary nodules.Aim of the study: To define the patient risk factors and pulmonary nodule characteristics that differentiate malignant nodules from benign nodules.Material and methods: Patients with pulmonary nodules detected between August 2014 and January 2019 in a university hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Data about patient risk factors (age, gender, smoking history, occupational and environmental risk factors, comorbidities, cancer history, and family history) and nodule characteristics (nodule diameter, nodule type, border properties, and nodule localization) were obtained. The features of malignant nodules and benign nodules were examined.Results: There were 40 patients with pulmonary nodules whose final diagnosis could be classified as benign or malignant. The mean age was 63.28±12.06 years. Twenty-two (55%) patients were female. Eleven (27.5%) patients had never smoked. Nineteen (47.5%) patients were asymptomatic. Two of the nodules were malignant. There were no significant differences in mean age, gender, smoking history, comorbidities, occupational and environmental risk factors, familial risk factors, nodule type, nodule localization, nodule size, or nodule border properties between the benign and malignant nodules.Conclusions: There is considerable overlap in nodule characteristics and patient risk factors between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. Despite a comprehensive clinical and radiological evaluation, it is not easy to determine whether a nodule is benign or malignant.

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The phenomenon of medical marijuana: a cross-sectional analysis of Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship pharmacy data

Author(s): Piotr Engelgardt,Maciej Krzyżanowski,Elżbieta Kuriata,Grzegorz Kuriata / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: cannabis; medical marijuana; epidemiology; health policy

Background: Therapy based on medicinal cannabis or medical marijuana has attracted much international attention in recent years.Aim of the study: To assess the sale of medical marijuana in the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship between March 2019 and September 2020, estimate medical marijuana demand, and attempt to explain at least some of the reasons for the identified discrepancies.Material and methods: The study used data on medical marijuana sales in the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship collected by the Voivodeship Pharmaceutical Inspectorate in Olsztyn.Results: Medical marijuana is sold in trace amounts in the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship, although the available data indicate a dynamic increase in sales.Conclusions: Medical marijuana is available for sale in pharmacies in Poland in the form of pharmaceutical raw material. Currently, its sale, at least in the Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship, is particularly small, though it is very likely that its future sales will increase. Despite this, there are no readily available reliable sources of information in Poland about the known benefits and dangers of medical marijuana use. In this situation, reliable knowledge needs to be disseminated to doctors and patients to safely achieve its therapeutic potential

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Consultations between midwives and couples affected by infertility using the Creighton Model as a diagnostic tool for health monitoring: a case report

Author(s): Weronika Woroniecka,Marta Neneman,Beata Sztyber / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: infertility; NaProTechnology; Creighton Model System; midwife visit; interview with infertile couple; health monitoring

Background: The Creighton Model is a standardized method of observation based on a couple’s knowledge and understanding of the natural processes of the times of fertility and infertility, as well as health indicators. The affliction of infertility is a significant problem and a challenge for modern medicine. There is a need for targeted activities that could provide education in the field of prophylaxis and teach patients how to make procreative decisions. These activities could be undertaken by midwives.Aim of the study: To introduce the Creighton Model as a tool for monitoring a woman’s health and fertility during meetings between infertile couples and midwives, who play a crucial role in emotionally and educationally supporting women and their partners and creating safe conditions for couples during obstetric consultations.Case report: The patient was a 41-year-old woman who was being treated for infertility for eight years. She has numerous diseases, has undergone several gynecological procedures and operations, and is under constant specialist medical care. Due to a desire to get pregnant, she and her husband follow the recommended treatment, have regular intercourse, and remain in an exclusive relationship.Conclusions: Use of the Creighton Model can detect abnormalities in the functioning of the body and then treat them. The process of infertility treatment using NaProTechnology includes methods recommended by PTMRiE and SPiN PTGP. Many factors affect the health and fertility of women and couples. Attention should be paid to applying a holistic approach to the patient. The role and presence of the midwife in diagnosis and treatment throughout the infertility process is currently insufficient, and there is room for change. Emotional and educational support, as well as building a sense of security during consultations with a midwife, are of key importance these days.

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Searching for entrepreneurship: The perception of the phenomenon

Author(s): Angelika Andrzejczyk / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: entrepreneurship; entrepreneur; economic bibliographies; sources of knowledge; ethics;

In the article, the picture of entrepreneurship, its empirical/conceptual context, discipline diversity and orientation emerging from the bibliography searching process according to relevance in Google Scholar were assessed. Preliminarily, a comparison with other forms of obtaining scientific information about entrepreneurship was made. Some evidence has been found on the directions of the possible influence of this source of knowledge on the perception of the entrepreneurship phenomenon. The popular scientific databases/search engines in terms of entrepreneurship terms retrieval were compared. After selecting Google Scholar, a set of articles about entrepreneurship was analysed. The method of literature analysis and criticism was used. In order to develop interest in entrepreneurship, it is necessary to analyse the publicly available sources of economic knowledge more often in order to prevent possible distortions of the image of phenomena and efficient detection of unfair practices. The research popularity of entrepreneurship is high, but the limitations faced by readers interested in it may slow down the progress of scientists’ achievements and the creation of a separate field, and may even cause a loop/stagnation disproportionate to the interest in this area of science. It is worth paying attention to the popularization of scientific databases/search engines, and becoming familiarized with the results of the research in this field.

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The crucial role of entrepreneurship education at university using different educational practices

Author(s): Adam Damrath / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: entrepreneurship; education; students; universities; government policy;

In 2020, the world was unexpectedly struck by the coronavirus pandemic. Regulations introduced by the governments have affected many businesses. The key problem is a good preparation of entrepreneurs for similar crises. One of the main factors influencing entrepreneurial activities is entrepreneurship education, mainly at the university level. The article aims to analyse different education practices focused on learning entrepreneurship, especially at universities, in selected countries. The work is analytical and descriptive.

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Fair Trade: Shortcomings and contemporary challenges

Author(s): Maksymilian Fiedoruk / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: Fair Trade; international trade; sustainable development;

The aim of this paper is presenting the Fair Trade movement in pragmatic categories, disassembling the core components to discuss them more closely, and drawing an image of what Fair Trade really is. This article has also confronted over 60-year-old fundamentals of Fair Trade with modern global problems and new political doctrines, shedding the light onto future prospects of the movement. By collecting the data and analysing the mechanisms of the Fair Trade model, this paper has attempted to discuss the current shape and effects of Fair Trade, exposing the flaws and the assets of the organization to see if its role is significant in the world trade system. The conclusions are mainly negative — Fair Trade has a minimal share in global trade, presents discussable effects on economic well-being of people and outdated agricultural doctrine, putting in question its sustainability. Fair Trade has rarely been subject to analysis from this perspective, and it can prove to be a starting point for future research.

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Digital exclusion of elderly citizens: Polish experiences based on the project Adult Social Inclusion in a Digital Environment (ASIDE)

Author(s): Zofia Gródek-Szostak,Luis Ochoa Siguencia,Agata Niemczyk,Renata Seweryn / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: digital exclusion; seniors; ASIDE; project management;

The dynamic development of digital technologies and their widespread use in everyday life, especially by younger generations, forces urgent initiatives to counter the digital exclusion of older people. Adult Social Inclusion in and the Digital Environment (ASIDE) has offered activities to support inclusive education and digital skills, raising competences for digital social inclusion of adult social educators and adult social volunteers. The aim of the article is to present the experiences of the ASIDE project in the field of digital inclusion of seniors. Research methods typical of this type of study were used: critical analysis of the literature on the subject, analysis of project documents, analysis of published secondary data.

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Patent law and innovations of the Polish economy: Analysis of the current situation and recommendations for the future

Author(s): Kinga Karpińska,Anna Protasiewicz / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: innovation; patent law; patents; polish economy;

One of the key elements of modern economies is their innovation, measured in many ways. The measures of innovation most often include R&D expenditure (expenditure side) and patents (effects side). Undoubtedly, the level of expenditure on research activities is important, but the true picture of an innovative economy is provided by the side of the achieved results, i.e. patents. The purpose of the article is to analyze the impact of patent law (organizational, financial, and legal conditions, and thus the number of filed and patented solutions) on the level of innovativeness on the example of the Polish economy. The analysis was based on a review of domestic and foreign literature and legal acts on patent protection at the national, regional (European) and international levels on the one hand, and innovation in Poland and European countries on the other. To assess the level of innovativeness data from the Global Innovation Index, the Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the European Innovation Scoreboard were used. Comparison of these data made it possible to articulate several conclusions. First, patent law is considered too complex and unclear for research applicants. Moreover, the awareness of patent applicants in Poland is still quite low, especially if the entity is a small enterprise. An undoubted barriers to the patent activity are also the costs that must be borne during the entire patent procedure and the waiting time for the procedure to be completed. Future research should focus on surveying businesses in Poland about their views on patent law and possible changes to improve its operation, allowing for a more detailed analysis of the issue.

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Town design and town communications in the process of image creation of Wroclaw and Malaga

Author(s): Paweł Waniowski,Aleksandra Wojtaś / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: city image; territorial marketing; Wroclaw; Malaga;

Creating a positive image is one of the most important activities undertaken not only by enterprises, but also by territorial units. Cities and regions can see the need to create and maintain a good image as an important factor of competitive advantage facilitating opportunities for dynamic development. Nowadays, the most active in this respect are large urban centers which are managed in a creative way, and a good image, which is their most important intangible asset, definitely facilitates competition in increasingly demanding markets. The paper aims to present activities within town design and town communications, which, apart from town behavior, belong to the basic components of the process of creating the image of modern cities. One of the qualitative methods, which is a case study, was applied due to the possibility of making comprehensive comparisons based on the information identified. The examples of two culturally distant cities were used, namely the Polish city of Wroclaw and the Spanish city of Malaga, which, in many areas of creating their image, carry out similar activities. In both cities, the commercialization of city symbols is visible at the expense of historical and cultural aspects. The communication with stakeholders is similar, in which interactive techniques dominate, and particular activity manifests itself in social media and in the development of urban applications that perform both information and entertainment functions.

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Features of labor activity during a pandemic and its impact on the economy in Ukraine

Author(s): Nataliia Serohina,Nataliia Petryshchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: labor resources; digitalization; pandemic; profitability; social security;

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered the way the global labor market works. Labor activity during the pandemic is increasingly moving into the field of digitalization and electronic lifestyles. This trend has led to significant changes in the quality of the population’s life, as well as in the economic activities of manufacturers and sellers. This demonstrates the need for a more detailed study of trends in the development of the labor market and potential changes in the employment of labor resources. Some of the main structural components affecting the state of the country’s economy in a pandemic are highlighted. For the analysis, this includes the level of employment and the change in the profile of labor resources, as well as the income and losses of the country’s enterprises, and the GDP dynamics. This choice is due to the fact that labor resources are the productive force of the enterprise, which affects the efficiency of activities and profitability. In the existing conditions, the search for opportunities to improve the current order of labor organization is becoming relevant. The purpose of the article is to determine the main trends in the development of the Ukrainian economy, taking into account the negative impact of the pandemic, to identify the dynamics in the composition of the country’s labor resources, and to propose possible ways to reduce the negative consequences of lockdowns and production interruptions. The factor of profitability of the production spheres, which determines the socio-economic development of the state, is also considered. Depending on this factor, disproportions are formed at the levels of socio-economic development. Based on the data of state statistics and using the methods of empirical and mathematical research, the analysis of the dynamics of the main indicators has been carried out. Based on the data obtained on the sphere of work and financial performance of enterprises for 2020, an economic diagnostics of their unprofitableness was carried out. The method of horizontal and vertical analysis revealed a decrease in the employed population of the country, an increase in the unemployment rate, and a decrease in GDP. Calculations of the dynamics and structure of incomes and losses of Ukrainian enterprises made it possible to identify the most unprofitable sectors of the economy. In most cases, a change in the organization of work leads to the adaptation of the activities of the enterprise, taking into account certain conditions. The transfer of part of the workforce to work using remote methods allows not to stop production and support the country’s economy with the introduction of quarantine (lockdown). This serves as an adequate alternative compared to the prospect of dismissal of workers, which will affect not only the financial security of the population, but also the profitability of production spheres. In a pandemic, filling the budget is extremely important. This will allow funding to support entrepreneurship, vaccinations and social security for most of the population. Digitalization and remote work are a promising area that will take a significant place in the organization of work in the future. The main task of the state should be to create algorithms and standards for the social protection of people, as well as state support of enterprises.

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The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the contemporary and expanded situation of urban mobility

Author(s): Svitlana Rakytska,Olga Kambur / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: urban mobility; traffic monitoring; transport approachability; COVID-19;

The COVID-19 pandemic has influenced all dimensions of human living, including, exponentially, the road transport situation in large cities. The factors of influence are subjective or objective, and have an multidirectional impact on the degree of traffic congestion, travel time to the destination and the situation of the environment. The characterization of the cumulative influence of these factors involves the use of statistical, analytical methods and models to parallel the situation “before” and “after,” as well as predict its development in the future.Predicated on the information of traffic congestion, it was exposed how the quarantine severity influenced the traffic intensity, particularly the largest cities in Ukraine: Kyiv, Odesa, Kharkiv, Dnipro. The influence of the time factor on the road situation is analyzed, and an assessment is made of how traffic flows are redistributed in accordance with the new conditions.The directions for improving transport accessibility and urban mobility in the context of the epidemic are proven: digital transformation, spreading the network of bike paths, organization of convenient pedestrian paths, nano-districts and micro-districts where everything needed is nearby.

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On Makovi on public goods

Author(s): William Barnett II,Walter E. Block / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: public goods; private goods; externalities; anarchism;

Makovi (2019) has traveled a long distance, all the way from his 20-yard line to his opponent’s 5-yard line. But, he needs a little push to score a goal. The present essay is our attempt to provide that for him in terms of public goods, externalities, and laissez faire capitalism.

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Investigating the causal relationship between economic growth, inflation, and unemployment in South Korea

Author(s): Mahmut Zeki Akarsu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: South Korea; economic growth; inflation; unemployment; VAR model;

Policymakers and economists consistently implement monetary and fiscal policy to control economic growth, inflation, and unemployment due to the fact that these three factors directly influence people’s living standards. Every country has a different economic characteristic structure. Economic growth and inflation have a strong correlation in some countries, while other countries have a strong correlation between economic growth and unemployment. Therefore, investigating the causal relationship among economic factors can provide us with a better understanding of how economic phenomena affect each other. In South Korea, economic growth, inflation, unemployment have been in balance since the 1998 Korean economic crisis. Hence, investigating the economic growth, inflation, and unemployment of South Korea will enlighten how these three economic indicators affect each other in a country that developed rapidly and had several economic crises. To investigate such a model, the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) is used with the data between the years 1980 and 2019 in order to verify whether Okun’s law or/and the Philips curve hold in South Korea. The research also determines if there is either a bi-directional or uni-directional relationship if economic growth, inflation, and unemployment have a causal relationship. The research demonstrates that GDP is the main factor in South Korea that influences the other economic factors. This research paper can contribute to academia, since it has a vital outcome which shows that the mobility of the unemployment rate in South Korea is directly correlated to the movement of GDP.

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Fisher consistent estimation of regression parameter in the proportional mean residual life model with frailty

Author(s): Magdalena Skolimowska-Kulig / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: proportional mean residual life regression model; frailty models; Fisher consistent estimation;

In the article, we consider the Fisher consistent estimation of the regression parameters in the proportional mean residual life model with arbitrary frailty. It is discussed that conventional estimation procedures, such as the maximum likelihood estimation or Cox’s approach, which are employed in common regression models, may also yield consistent inference in the extended models.

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Reasons to counterfeit: Supply, demand and distribution of counterfeit goods

Author(s): Aneliya Mussanova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: consumer goods; copyright; intellectual property rights; intern ational copyrights; international trade;

This research empathizes with the opportunities that drive demand for counterfeit goods. Governments, organizations and rights holders struggle to regulate the distribution and consumption of counterfeit products, so that consumer awareness has emerged as to what goods people counterfeit, and most importantly, why people intentionally buy counterfeit items. This article illustrates the incentives that inspire buyers to purchase counterfeit products, tactics that brand owners use to fuel their interest. It involves the development of demand, marketing tactics, and the implementation of consumer approach strategies by brands. It also reveals the complicated logistics and transporting routes creating manufacturing and transit hubs for counterfeiting,; it also demonstrates the lack of government intervention as well as the desperate need for policy revision. This article shows counterfeiting is phenomenon that governments, organizations, and most importantly, consumers all have equal interest in fighting against.

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