Lithium was discovered by the Swedish Arfvedson at the beginning of the 1800s and began to be used in psychiatry for the past 1950s. Lithium, as a mood stabilizer, is the gold standard and first choice treatment agent for the treatment of bipolar disorders in adults. However, it is mostly difficult in clinical practice to predict which patient would respond to the treatment with lithium well due to the huge variation in patients’ characteristics. Clinicians seem to focus primarily on identifying a clinical phenotype to foresee lithium treatment response. In this article, researches on predictors of the lithium treatment response were reviewed and evaluated in four titles as clinical, biochemical, neuroimaging and genetic predictors.
Attachment and Sex with Robots: An Assessment from Mental Health Perspective
Author(s): Ümit Morsünbül / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 4/2018
Keywords: sex;attachment;robot;sexuality;
Nowadays, when robot technology advances very quickly, the place and level of robot in human life lead to great debate. The perspective of mental health experts about living with robot, wanting to marry with robot, and sex with robot is very important. In this review, the literature about using robot in infant, child, elderly care and intimacy, attachment and sex with robots tried to investigate from perspective of mental health.
Keywords: attachment;interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships;rejection;
The rejection sensitivity, which is defined as waiting to be rejected, being ready to perceive, and being overreacted to rejection, is seen as an important fact affecting the social and psychological adjustment of the individual, the interpersonal relationship. The relevant literature, which states that the rejection sensitivity has a cognitive-affective processing dynamic, sees it as an advocacy motivational system intended to protect the possible rejection of the self from possible other people. On the other hand, the most important source of rejection sensitivity is parents, and in this context, they are closely related to attachment and parenting styles; at the same time it is stated that the rejection sensitivity is related to some psychopathologies and that most people affect romantic relations. Moving from these points, the purpose of the study is guiding the possible empirical work to be done in the future for the rejection sensitivity which is in the focus of the interpersonal relationship success.
The effectiveness of schema therapy in the treatment of depressive disorders was examined in this meta-analysis study. As a result of the literature review using various databases, a total of 35 studies which were carried out in 2007-2017 were reached, 7 of which included in this meta-analysis. For these 7 experimental studies, the country (culture), the type of depressive disorder, the number of participants, the number of sessions, the type of session (individual or group), the duration of the session (minute), and the whole session process (week) were determined as hypothetic moderator variables. The results of the analysis using the random effect model showed that schema therapy had a high level of efficacy in the treatment of depressive disorders. It had been determined that none of the hypothetic moderator variables had moderator functions.
An Example of a Model for Practicing Community Mental Health Nursing: Recovery
Author(s): Beyhan Bag / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 4/2018
Keywords: nursing;psychiatry;
There are some uncertainties about the services that will be offered to patients with mental disorders in the community mental health centers opened in our country. One-fourth of the employees in these centers are nurses. This is an important figure that could affect the quality of the services offered. In order to improve the quality of the services offered, nurses need models that can be applied in the field. In this sense, “Recovery” model, is a model that is quite suitable for the community mental health services which centers the individual as a part of its basic philosophy. The aim of this study is to define the “Recovery” model and to discuss it as model for the treatment and maintenance of patients by nurses working in community mental health centers.
The rational choice approach has become more prevalent in many disciplines in recent years. The rational choice theory of neurosis maintains that patients consciously and deliberately adopt neurotic disorders when confronted with intolerable levels of stress. Despite the striking differences, rational choice theory of neurosis continues Freud's framework of thinking as it employs a new concept of repression. According to this new theory, all therapies exert their effect either by disrupting patients’ ability to preserve unawareness, increasing the cost of the symptom, decreasing the patient’s emotional distress, or eliminating the stressor. Repression is defined as a conscious coping mechanism by which the individual deliberately employs distractive measures to eliminate stress-related thoughts from attention in this theory. This article aims to review the definition of rational choice theory and its integrative therapeutic approach in psychiatry.
In order to have a baby due to infertility, couples often resort to assisted reproduction therapy. In cases of pregnancy, even if the meaning of pregnancy is a happy and enjoyable process for these couples, the burden of infertility diagnosis and treatments can turn into a challenging process. Especially women can experience emotions such as not accepting pregnancy, fear of losing their baby, worrying about their health, uncertainty. It is known that pregnant women after infertility treatment can be ignored among spontaneous pregnancies. In qualitative studies at international literature, pregnant women with assisted reproductive treatments do not easily adjust to gestation and postpartum period. With this review, the experiences of the mother who became pregnant after infertility treatment were reviewed and analyzed theoretically.
A loss is an adverse external event which a person has no control over and changes one's belief system and cognitions. Normal grief is a normal reaction to loss and refers to the distress resulting from bereavement. However, complicated grief is a syndrome where normal grief is unusually prolonged because of complications in the natural healing process; namely the insufficient integration of a new situation into pre-existing cognitive structures and distorted beliefs during the grieving process. Complicated Grief is a disorder characterised by an inability to accept the death, intense yearning, avoidance, somatic distress, social withdrawal and suicidal ideation and has a distinct cluster of symptoms which can be distinguished from other psychiatric disorders. The aims of this review are to give an overview of abnormal forms of grief reactions and risk factors, to introduce proposed diagnos-tic criteria for complicated grief, to inform about the assessment tools, and to demonstrate the distinction between complicated grief and other psychiatric disorders.
Structural and Functional Neural Correlates of Anorexia Nervosa
Author(s): Deniz Atalayer / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 3/2018
Keywords: anorexia nervosa; neural correlates;
The findings from neuroscience have shaped our understanding in the past decade regarding the way we perceive psychiatric illness. In addition to the more conventional theories that are based solely on the psychological and sociocultural factors to explain psychiatric disorders, there is growing evidence supporting a multifactorial etiology with genetic and neurological components. Anorexia nervosa, a life-threatening psychiatric disorder with relentless restrictive eating resulting in extremely low body weight, is one such illness that may be categorized as a brain disorder based on the recent findings. Although inconsistencies exist, several studies investigated the structural and the neurochemical alterations in the brain as well as the functional significance and the cognitive manifestations of these abnormalities in anorexia nervosa patient. This review aims to summarize the current literature on the neural aberrations and several treatment approaches targeting these abnormalities in anorexia nervosa.
In most basic terms impulsivity is defined as a tendency to act without control. Impulsivity has been implicated in the onset, symptomatic expression, and maintenance of overeating. Specifically, high impulsivity and associated poor inhibitory control, along with sensation seeking and reward sensitivity, as well as negative affect have been found to have an interaction effect on emotional eating, which may lead to binge eating and obesity. Moreover, associations between overeating and impulsive behaviors such as difficulty in response inhibition, planning, attention, addiction, or risk taking etc. have been previously shown. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence from psychology regarding the potential role of the impulsivity trait in overeating, with implications on the treatments for obesity and binge eating.
Grief is a normal, dynamic and multidimensional process, which relates to the individuality and uniqueness of reactions to loss. However, complicated grief is a syndrome where normal grief is unusually prolonged because of complications in the natural healing process. Approximately one third of grieving individuals develop complicated grief symptoms. The individuals suffering from complicated grief tend to report clinical complaints that refer to anxiety, depression, psychical symptoms and life-threatening behaviours. The aims of this study were: to identify which psychother-apy-based interventions were designed for the treatment of complicated grief; and to make an infer-ence about the effect of these interventions.
Author(s): Buse Şencan / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: Theory of mind; mentalizing; major depressive disorder;
Theory of mind refers to the ability to explain the appearing behavior of others with reference to their mental state. Theory of mind ability is thought to be an integral part of maintaining social functioning and interpersonal relationships. One of the important clinical features of major depressive disorder is the deterioration of social and interpersonal functions. Since interpersonal difficulties of people with major depression have become widespread, it is of great importance to have a more detailed understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms of these social deficits. The aim of this article is to find out current state of research on theory of mind in depressive disorders. When the findings of the studies are considered, it is thought that the difficulties in the social and interpersonal areas seen in the individuals with major depressive disorder may be due, at least in part, to the distortions in their ability to interpret the emotional stimuli and mental states correctly.
Author(s): M. Olcay Çam,Merve Uğuryol / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: Mental Disorder; Recovery; Culture;
The structure that composes individuals' attribute, meaning and value is defined as culture. Emotions, thoughts and behaviors are shaped by the culture in which the individual lives, and these behavioral patterns become meaningful in the social network in which they are experienced. While some of these behavioral patterns are accepted by the society, some are excluded. Behaviours other than those accepted by the society manifest themselves in the expression of symptoms of mental disorder. While the cultural structure is addressed both on the basis of the mental disorder statement, and shows the effects of the individual in there recovery process defined as living with mental disorder statements, coping with disorder, regaining control of life and finding meaning from life. In this respect, it is thought that considering an individual's cultural background of an individual with a mental disorder and taking care of the positive effects of the culture during the recovery process would have significant contribution. There view written with this purpose will examine the effects of culture on symptoms of mental disorder and the way to recovery from mental disorder.
Author(s): Didem Acar,Gülay Dirik / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: Written emotional disclosure; trauma; stres; psychological health; physical health;
It has been supposed for years that expressing feelings and thoughts about stressful or traumatic events is helpful for health. In this regard, Pennebaker developed “Written Emotional Disclosure Paradigm” that refers to the importance of not only verbal but also written disclosure of feelings and thoughts. He suggested that written emotional disclosure improves physical and psychological health. The studies pointed out that individuals who are healthy or have health problems experience positive changes in various health outcomes when they wrote for 3-4 consecutive days, for at least 15 minutes and after about 2 months from traumatic or stressful experiences. Also, important findings from studies that examine who can benefit from this paradigm attracted attention. The aim of this article is to review the structure of written emotional disclosure paradigm, its effects and benefits, mechanisms of action underlying these effects, its procedure and relationship with individual differences on the basis of the studies in the literature and to discuss the implications of these studies in terms of practice.
From Work Life to School: Theoretical Approaches for School Burnout
Author(s): Zekeriya Çam,Selahiddin Öğülmüş / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: Burnout; school burnout; school burnout theories;
The concept of burnout, which was dealt within the context of working life in the beginning, has begun to be examined by adapting it to the school environment. Burnout, defined as a decline of energy physically, emotionally and in the feelings of achievement of the work that is being done as well as a decline in the sense of personal achievement, is used similarly to describe school burnout. In recent years, it has been reported that this concept, addressed within the context of school, results in depression, absenteeism, lack of connection with school and dropout. When the literature is examined, it is seen that the approaches to the concept of school burnout in the theoretical sense are mostly conservation of resources theory, demands-resources model, social cognitive theory, existential perspective and developmental process model. The aim of this research to include explanations of the aforementioned theories on school burnout and based on these theories to present suggestions to the field of mental health and future researchers.
Bibliotherapy with Preschool Children: A Case Study
Author(s): Ege Akgün,Gökçe Karaman Benli / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: Bibliotherapy; early childhood; illustrated children's book;
Bibliotherapy is based on influencing the behavior and attitudes of written sources that people read, shaping or changing by their effects. Bibliotherapy can be used to help individuals cope with people’s problems by gaining inside themselves through books. Bibliotherapy can be divided into two classes as “clinical” and “developmental bibliotherapy”. Clinical bibliotherapy is used by mental health professionals in problem situations. Developmental bibliotherapy is also used by specialists or trainers to prevent or address daily life problems that may be encountered during normal development. The aim of this study is to theoretically evaluate and exemplify the use of bibliotherapy with preschool children.
Emotional intelligence refers to comprehending the feelings of oneself and others, utilizing these feelings to cope with daily-life demands, showing empathy, adaptability to change, managing stress, self-motivation and establishing successful relationships. Many authors state that there is a social deficit in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children and adults with ADHD were found to have lower ability in recognizing emotions from mimics and sounds, have more aggressive behavior, lower frustration tolerance and impaired self-control. Therefore, some authors suggest the addition of a new core symptom in the diagnosis of ADHD, which could clearly identify problems at the interpersonal interaction besides attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Considering the fact that abilities associated with emotional intelligence can be learned and improved, developing emotional intelligence can be thought as a target for therapy by individualized education for patients with ADHD.
Psychoeducation and Work Practices in Chronic Mental Disorders
Author(s): Nazan Deniz Turan / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: psychoeducation;mental disorders;work;
The unemployment, one of the difficulties faced by individuals with the chronic mental disorder who are stigmatized and marginalized by the society in terms of social identity, is an important problem. Providing occupation and a regular job for individuals with chronic mental disorders has a great importance in terms of increasing their functionality in the society. In this context, patients with chronic mental disorder, who are stigmatized and identified by the society, are examined in this review, in terms of "social identity theory".
The Roles of Self-Esteem and Attachment within the Framework of Terror Management Theory
Author(s): Volkan Koç / Language(s): English
/ Issue: 1/2019
Keywords: terror management theory;attachment;self-esteem;
Built upon the idea that human beings, as the only species whose members are aware of their own consciousness and future death, have to come up with a system to deal with this awareness, Terror Management theory aims to shed light on the mechanisms that human beings have developed in order to avoid the cold fact of death. According to Terror Management Theory, culture serves as an anxiety buffer against death by offering either a literal or symbolic immortality. The sense of protection and safety provided by the parental care in childhood is sought in the worldview in adulthood; just like a child acting in a way to please her/his parents to maintain their affection and care, an adult attains the sense of safety by acting in compliance to her/his worldview. At this point, self-esteem comes into the equation; individuals with high self-esteem experience more sense of compliance with their worldview than those with low self-esteem, and they feel less anxiety when their mortality is reminded to them. Recent research links these with attachment styles. Relationships with the environment and the primary caregiver in early childhood can be determinative on self-esteem. In this study, it is aimed to review the ideas presented here and developed within the framework of Terror Management Theory, and to discuss the benefits that can be drawn from their findings, especially in regards to clinical applications.
Keywords: Lithium; neurotoxicity; iron accumulation; ceruloplasmin;
Lithium is a mood stabilizer that Australian psychiatrist John Cade and the Swiss Baastrup and Schou’s pioneering studies brought in the treatment of bipolar disorder. In current guidelines, it is still consid-ered as first line therapy for acute mania, depression and remission periods. Along with numerous neurotrophic and cytoprotective effects, lithium may rarely cause neurotoxicity. Neuro-toxicity might be related with dose dependent or independent. Mechanism of neurotoxicity has not been identified yet. A possible reason of lithium neurotoxicity is that lithium complicates iron efflux from neurons by inhibiting the tau cascade. Accumulation of iron may increase hydroxyl radical formation, resulting in oxidative neurotoxicity. On the other hand, mechanisms that may alleviate iron deposition should also be considered. This review will address the cardiac and met-abolic side effects of lithium and clinical features and biochemical regimes of neurotoxicity, and its relationship with iron accumulation.
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