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Psychosocial Rehabilitation Programs Applied to Patients with Schizophrenia by Psychiatric Nurses: Systematic Review

Author(s): Mahinur Betül Çalışkan,Elvan Emine Ata,Gül Dikeç / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Individual with severe mental illness; family; psychosocial intervention;

The purpose of this review is to review the studies related to psychosocial rehabilitation programs applied by psychiatric nurses to patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. The study was conducted on the Turkish Psychiatric Index (1) and Pubmed (7) databases between 15-31 May 2019 and 8 quantitative studies published between 2008-2019. The 27-item PRISMA Statement was used to evaluate the reporting characteristics. In this review which was written as a result of systematic screening, findings/results of 8 articles were presented as tables. In published studies, psychosocial rehabilitation programs which applied by psychiatric nurses to patients with schizophrenia; it was determined that there were trainings aimed at improving emotional expression, information technology programs including emotional recognition, psychoeducation programs after discharge, Auditory Hallucinatory symptom management program, music therapy and home visits. Also in the studies; with these psychosocial rehabilitation programs, it was determined that patients had many positive effects such as increase in social-cognitive functionality, quality of life and adherence, decrease in hospital stay and relapse, coping with Auditory Hallucinations, and improvement in emotional recognition. In the studies, it was found that there are limited number of studies conducted by psychiatric nurses in the psychosocial rehabilitation of the patient with schizophrenia and it is necessary to evaluate the results of the interventions performed by psychiatric nurses in this field.

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Employment of Individuals Diagnosed with Schizophrenia

Author(s): Sema Buz,Ecem Naz Nazlıer Keser,Fethi Anıl Mayda,Gizem Akoğlu / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Schizophrenia; employment participation; employment models;

Employment participation often has a positive effect on the psychosocial well-being of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. When the employment models of different countries for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are examined, it can be stated that each country has similar and different practices. Quota and sheltered employment are the most common methods which are used in the employment of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in Turkey. However, based on the literature, it is seen that there are individual (education level, disease prognosis, drug abuse), social (discrimination, stigmatization, social exclusion) and legal obstacles (lack of specific policy arrangements) to these individuals’ participation in employment. This study aims to reveal the problems experienced by individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in this area. Besides, another aim of this study is to offer various suggestions for increasing their participation in employment and ensuring their continuity in employment.

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Immunotherapy in Opioid Use Disorders

Author(s): Bahadır Geniş,Muhammed Emin Aksu,Zehra Arıkan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Opioid addiction; morphine; heroin; vaccine; antibody; immunotherapy;

Opioid use disorders are a deadly problem worldwide. Pharmacological therapies are effective for abstinence but remain inadequate in the treatment of addiction. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment modality in opioid use disorders. Immunotherapy aims to detect and capture substances by antibodies. Specific antibodies generated against substances bind a psychoactive substance and prevent them from passing through the blood/brain barrier. The psychoactive substance, which cannot pass through the blood brain barrier, will not be able to reveal both the euphoria effect and its side effects such as respiratory depression. Pre-clinical studies are partially sufficient in terms of effectiveness and reliability. However, long term high antibody levels could not be obtained in the blood following the vaccinations. The number of studies on opioid vaccines that have reached the clinical research level is very low. Thus, the effect of matter in the brain is prevented from occurring. Although effective results were obtained in preclinical studies, long-term high antibody levels could not be achieved in the blood. The number of studies that have reached the level of clinical research is insufficient. Efforts to increase the effectiveness of vaccines are ongoing. Although positive results are obtained in these studies, there are some difficulties vaccination studies. The financial burden of vaccine development, the use of multiple substances in opioid dependents, immune system suppression by the opioids, and changes in the degree of opioid purity are some of them. Despite all these difficulties, immunotherapy is the treatment that the researchers and patients expect with hope.

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Mental Health and Protective Measures of Community and Healthcare Workers in the Covid-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Filiz İzci,Filiz Kulacaoğlu,Engin Emrem Beştepe / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Community mental health; covid-19; health workers; pandemic; preventive measures;

Pandemic is an epidemic that exceeds international borders and generally affects people around the world. In addition to economic and psychosocial problems, pandemic causes additional mental health problems such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, anger, fear, and denial. A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale that crosses international boundaries, usually affecting people on a worldwide scale. The pandemic causes additional mental health problems such as anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, anger, fear, and denial besides economic and psychosocial problems. However physical and mental health of medical staff is affected, who carry major responsibilities both socially and professionally. With this compilation, we aimed to emphasize the importance of the psychological needs of both healthcare workers and the community these days that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected all of the worlds.

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Stress in COVID-19 Pandemic: Negative and Positive Outcomes, and the Possible Role of Preventive Interventions

Author(s): Gizem Arıkan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic; stress; coping; preventive intervention;

The first aim of this review is to examine stress models and theories that can help prevention of stress in individuals and society due to Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The second aim is to pinpoint the importance of preventive interventions with relevant examples. Thus, innitially, General Adaption Syndrome model will be covered. Then, Transactional Stress Model that captures the role of individual differences in stress processing will be examined. In order to understand how stress can trigger psychological proplems and to understand the factors associated with positive change Diathesis Stress, and Shaefer and Moos’nin (1998) models will be presented. Furthermore, in this review the stress-related effects of similar pandemies, preventive interventions targetting various groups and related research will be covered. Finally, psychosocial support and psychological assistance examples from different countries and Turkey will be included. The review will provide guidance for researchers and professionals, who focus on the effects of COVID-19 and process aftermath of COVID-19.

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Integration of Narrative Therapy with Expressive Art Practices

Author(s): Şule Baştemur,Esra Baş / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Narrative therapy; expressive art; narrative art therapy;

The purpose of this research is to provide information about what is narrative therapy and how expressive art practices can integrate into narrative therapy. Since the nature of narrative therapy’s structure is suitable for integration with art practices, this review study focuses on narrative therapy and narrative art practices. For this purpose, in this study, what the narrative therapy is, how it came up, where therapy can be used, theoretical foundations, human nature perspective, basic concepts, the role and characteristics of the therapist, therapeutic purposes, techniques and stages of the therapy are emphasized. Then, information was given about how expressive art practices can be integrated with narrative therapy. Finally, activities, case examples and practices are included.

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Dementia Caregivers and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Systematic Review

Author(s): Elçin Yorulmaz,Gülay Dirik / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Cognitive behavioral therapy; caregivers; dementia; Alzheimer disease;systematic review;

Dementia is seen in increasing numbers, and people diagnosed with dementia need other people’s care. Caregivers are generally family members of the person and may experience psychological difficulties and may need psychological help. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) based interventions applied to family caregivers of people with dementia. In order to review CBT based interventions for family caregivers of people with dementia, researches published between 1990-2020 in EBSCHOHost (including Medline), Web of Science and Cochrane (including PubMed and Embase) databases were scanned. These screening and reporting were carried out in accordance with the PRISMA Statement used in reporting systematic reviews. In the first identification, 819 studies were obtained. When repeated studies were excluded, considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 studies were included for this review. It was determined that CBT based interventions can be applied individually and as a group, and these applications can also be carried out face-to-face, via telephone and the Internet. Although the duration, frequency and evaluations of the sessions differ in the studies, it is seen that CBT interventions have positive contributions to family caregivers of people with dementia, dementia patients receiving care, and communication between them. When evaluated in general, it is concluded that CBT is effective for family caregivers of people with dementia. The findings of the studies were discussed in the light of the related literature and suggestions were made for future studies.

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Emotion Regulation and Reflections on Psychiatric Nursing

Author(s): Mahire Olcay Çam,Gülsenay Taş / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: Emotion; emotion theories; emotion regulation; psychiatric nursing;

It is not possible for the human being who experiences many emotions and gives meaning to these emotions for a day, to live a life away from experiencing emotions. A thought of not seeing the person we love with us, seeing our parents and even touching any object causes an emotion to appear. The adventure of defining and making sense of emotion from the earliest ages to the present day continues today. When emotion is evaluated as processes that provide adaptation by shaping human behavior, excesses seen in emotion are evaluated as diseases, and the needs of individuals to understand, live, sustain and stop emotions are gathered under the concept of emotion regulation. This concept does not only concern psychiatric nurses closely for the clinics in which they work, but it is also an answer to the needs and regulations of their own feelings. For this reason, the aim of this review is to evaluate the concept of emotion regulation from the emotion theories and evaluate its reflections on psychiatric nursing.

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A Systematic Overview of Adolescents’ Smartphone Habits and Internet Addiction During the COVID-19 Era

Author(s): Yıldız Ay Yılmaz,Fuat Aydoğdu,Nilüfer Koçtürk / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Internet addiction; smartphone addiction; adolescents; COVID-19;

In order to prevent the spread of the virus during the COVID-19 epidemic period, measures such as maintaining social distance, quarantine practices, and keeping schools closed have been taken in many countries. In this process, individuals’ internet use has also increased in order to restore interpersonal relationships that have decreased with staying at home. In addition, the transfer of educational activities, which are risky to be carried out face-to-face during the epidemic period, to online platforms, as in many countries, brought about an increase in the time spent on devices with internet providers in adolescents. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the results of studies examining the concepts of internet and smartphone addiction in relation to the use of the internet in the COVID-19 period. In this context, in this systematic review, “What is the status of adolescents’ smartphone and internet addictions in the COVID-19 Era?” The question has been tried to be answered. As a result of the searches made in the databases, fourteen studies were reached and these studies were examined in depth. The findings showed that adolescents’ internet/smartphone addictions were higher than before the epidemic, the prevalence of internet/smartphone addictions increased in general, and internet/smartphone addictions were associated with adolescents’ mental disorders and problems.

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Perfectionism: Its Structure, Transdiagnostic Nature, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Author(s): Servet Kaçar Başaran / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Perfectionism; perfectionist concerns; perfectionist strivings; transdiagnostic factor; cognitive behavioral therapy;

The term perfectionism is often characterized by insisting that everything should be perfect and flawless, believing in only one truth, and having difficulty transforming perspectives and thoughts. Although perfectionism is not a newly introduced concept in the literature, it has recently become one frequently aired both in research and daily life. The popularity of the concept in empirical studies stems from both its dual nature and its alleged roles in the origin, emergence, retention, and treatment of various psychological disorders. Indeed, despite the abundance of evidence that perfectionism is multifaceted within two major dimensions (perfectionist strivings and perfectionist concerns), it is still debated that the dimensions in different numbers better represent the construct. In addition, the relevant literature hosts diverse views and criticisms about which sub-dimensions the two higher-order dimensions will consist of, whether the conceptual content of a combination of these sub-dimensions is positive or negative, and how to calculate the total impact of the sub-dimensions. On the other hand, previous research consistently addressed the relationship of perfectionism with different psychopathologies and comorbidities. In this respect, it is also deemed important to discuss perfectionism in psychotherapy because even settling perfectionist traits may bring about improvements in more than one disorder associated with perfectionism. Thus, the Cognitive Behavioral Approach (CBT) conceptualized perfectionism (clinical perfectionism) and presented techniques for therapy. Moreover, the evidence is also proliferating for the efficiency of CBT for perfectionism. Therefore, in this article, the current literature on the structure, transdiagnostic nature and cognitive behavioral therapy of perfectionism has been reviewed.

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Self-Compassion-Focused Writing Practices: A Systematic Review

Author(s): Burcu Ebru Aydoğdu,Gülay Dirik / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Written emotional disclosure paradigm; self-compassion-focused writing; systematic review;

In the current systematic review study, it is focused on examining the interventions of ‘self-compassion-focused writing’, which is a method that combines the concept of self-compassion, which has gained attention in the psychology literature in recent years, and the Written Emotional Disclosure Paradigm which is based on expressing emotions by writing. For this purpose, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, EbscoHost and DergiPark databases were searched through various keywords. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 31 studies determined to be fit for purpose were examined in terms of sample characteristics, methodology and results. It was observed that the studies were generally conducted with college students and predominantly female, the results were compared with the active intervention groups, random assignment was made to the groups, and repeated measurements were taken. Generally, it has been determined that self-compassion-focused writing provides positive changes on psychological (depression, positive/negative affect), body-related (body satisfaction, body image) and physical (pain) variables. In the reviewed studies, it was concluded that self-compassion-focused writing generally tended to produce stronger positive results compared to active control groups (traditional writing, self-esteem-based writing). Besides, it was observed that the positive changes obtained in studies that carried out follow-up evaluations tended to continue partially. The results show that self-compassion-focused writing is a promising method.

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A Review on Mental Illness and Stigma

Author(s): Nurdan Zühre Çilek,Cengiz Akkaya / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Psychotic disorders; bipolar disorders; depressive disorders; anxiety disorders; substance abuse;

The concept of stigma is a universal problem that has been the subject of many studies. The phenomenon of stigmatization in psychiatric disorders is also an issue that should be particularly emphasized. Studies have reported that the diagnostic groups most exposed to stigmatization are psychotic disorders, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. The stigma process is shaped especially by the clinical features of psychiatric disorders and the society’s attributions to the causes of psychiatric disorders. In order for the interventions to be developed to prevent stigma to be effective, it is thought that the causes of stigma must first be understood. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to review the stigmatization processes separately according to the types of psychiatric disorders.

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Romantic Relationship Education: A Literature Review with Recommendations for Turkey

Author(s): Ayşe Esra İşmen Gazioğlu,Çare Sertelin Mercan,İlkay Demir / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Relationship education; romantic relations; emerging adulthood; adolescence;

Intimate relationships are the focal aspiration for human beings. Romantic relationship education is described as a road map for helping people to find strategies and solutions that fit their context, values and relationship goals. By using evidence-based skills training, people can learn techniques to navigate typical relationship challenges and safely express emotions. Being in a mutually satisfying committed relationship has proven to be associated with many positive outcomes including life satisfaction, physical well-being, better coping with major illness, as well as longer life expectancy and career achievement. Relationship education programs are developed by psychologists in Western countries as a preventive intervention for couples, adolescents and emerging adults before relationships reach crisis stage. There is, however, a lack of empirical studies to examine the effectiveness of relationship education within the Turkish cultural context. The overarching aim of this study is to review the relationship education programs within Turkish and international literature. This study provides an overview of the relationship education, and its scope, and theoretical foundations and also effectiveness of relationship education programs for couples, adolescents and emerging adults. The study further provides cultural, theoretical and practical recommendations for future directions in Turkish relationship education programs.

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Reliability of Forensic Interview with Child Victims of Sexual Abuse in Turkey

Author(s): Gülçin Orhan,Hatice Gülsen Erden / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Sexual abuse; forensic interview; child victim; reliability; child advocacy centers;

Sometimes the only evidence in child sexual abuse cases may be the declaration of the victim child. It is only recent phenomenon in Turkey that forensic interviews with child victims of sexual abuse prioritize the child victims and they are administered in a careful and delicate way that would not cause secondary traumatization, and they are conducted by professionals educated. Child advocacy centers and forensic interview rooms are formations where forensic interviews are conducted with children who are victims of sexual abuse. In this article, reliability of forensic interviews conducted with sexually abused child victims are covered on the basis of practices in child advocacy centers. From this point of view, the place of child abuse in Turkish law, institutional practices on this issue and the importance of coordination among institutions are mentioned. Subsequently, the importance of forensic interview for the investigation conducted with the child is explained, and basis components of the forensic interview process are listed. Afterwards, the characteristics of widely used protocols for forensic interviews in the world are mentioned and the reliability of victim’s statement effect and elements affecting the trustworthiness are touched upon. Last, the failures experienced in the system which includes forensic interviews in Turkey and suggestions to remedy these are assessed. Forensic interview should be done within the framework of a joint meeting protocol, increasing the frequency of forensic interviewer supervision training and making it compulsory, public prosecutor, judge, law enforcement officer and professionals working in the child protection system should also participate in the training of forensic interview with the child and consideration of all factors in the reliability evaluation of the forensic interview has been the suggestions conveyed in the light of the relevant literature.

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Investigation of the Tendency of People with Soft Facial Expressions to be Perceived as Innocent/Not Guilty

Author(s): Fatih Bal / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Soft facial expression; facial attractiveness; baby-faced; innocent perception;

The facial recognition process in the brain has a powerful emotional feature. This is why people can rarely be indifferent to facial expressions in their dealings with other people. Every face has a term. Some people appear reliable, helpful, kind, dangerous, harsh, and disloyal in this context. People perceive faces holistically rather than as a set of distinct features. Recognizing faces happens so naturally and quickly that we rarely think twice. Recognizing a face is instant and effortless. In a moment, we realize that we are indeed looking at a face, but we also define who they are and what mood they have. We can identify an individual’s identity, attitude, gender, race, age, and direction of attention in a second. Emoticons seem to jump straight into our brains from people’s faces. Conveying emotions is one of the most critical roles of the human face. Facial perception has been a topic of debate since the dawn of scientific research. The ability to recognize faces helps communicate with people and learn about the environment. Studies have shown that people with delicate facial features are more likely to be found innocent or innocent. Some people may seem sad, and some may seem threatening. In this study, the reason for this was reviewed using the “literature review” method. In this direction, soft facial expression, facial attractiveness, baby-faced, innocent perception processes were examined. As a result of the study, it was seen that people have stereotypes about facial appearance, and people with soft facial expressions are perceived as more innocent. Two different ways in the face recognition process are the consciousness in the upper layers of the cortex and the unconscious amygdala, which is in the limbic system, which is deep in the brain.

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Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review

Author(s): Emre Han Alpay,Dilek Çelik / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: Post-traumatic stress disorder; complex post-traumatic stress disorder; ICD-11;

Complex trauma is a diagnosis that occurs due to repetitive, long-term and interpersonal traumatic events and its symptoms are different from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although many studies have been conducted on complex trauma for many years, it has not been accepted as a different diagnosis. The 11th Edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), published by the World Health Organization in 2018, includes complex post-traumatic stress disorder, a new diagnosis, besides post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) under the category of “Stress-Related Disorders”. In addition to the three diagnostic criteria of PTSD (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hypervigilance), 3 new symptoms related to self-organization have been added to this new diagnosis, namely emotion dysregulation, problems in interpersonal relationships, and negative self-concept. In this review study, firstly, the differences in the diagnosis of PTSD according to DSM-5 and ICD-11 were examined. Then, the history, definition and differences between complex PTSD disorder and other disorders were examined. Finally, studies on the methods used in the treatment of Complex PTSD were reviewed.

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Philosophy for Children and respect as a value in preschool education

Author(s): Yael Dafna Talias / Language(s): English / Issue: 6/2022

Keywords: Dignity; respect; honor; philosophy for children; conflict resolution;

After a long period of practical experience in the kindergarten and day care section of the department of education, an opportunity arose to expand my influence into the education of children aged birth-three. Despite the importance of high-quality educational programs for this age group, it was only recently that a bill was passed regarding licensing and supervision of educational frameworks for children under three. Based on a theory of change, this study will proceed from the assumption that any change of values with the caregivers would only be significant if it existed through nannies who love their work and want to pursue it long-term. Furthermore, caregivers, whose work experience will be valued by the organization, will be able to produce a similar experience for the children under their care. In this study, I try to find out whether recognition and respect support the relationship in the daycare and allows the caregivers to experience respect, meaning and influence.

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Against the (main) stream: feminist thinkers and the philosophical canon

Author(s): Ana Bălan / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2023

Keywords: feminism, philosophy; philosophical canon; diversity; intersectionality; feminist philosophers;

The philosophical canon has long been criticized for its lack of diversity, particularly in terms of gender. Feminist thinkers have challenged this tradition, arguing that it reflects a narrow and exclusionary view of the world. The present article examines the ways in which feminist philosophers have contributed to expanding the philosophical canon through their critiques of traditional philosophy and the inclusion of previously marginalized perspectives. Drawing on the principles of intersectionality, feminist thinkers have highlighted the ways in which various forms of oppression intersect and reinforce one another. By doing so, they have exposed the limitations of traditional philosophical approaches and expanded the scope of philosophical inquiry. This article argues that the work of feminist philosophers has not only enriched the philosophical canon, but also helped to challenge and transform the dominant cultural narratives that have historically excluded marginalized voices. Ultimately, this article advocates for greater recognition and inclusion of feminist perspectives in the philosophical canon, as a means of promoting a more diverse and inclusive understanding of the world.

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Gender equality normative and applied ethics in global automotive suppliers companies

Author(s): Angelica Laura Marcu / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2023

Keywords: gender equality; code of conduct; code of ethics; women in management; positions; global automotive suppliers;

The article investigates how gender equality normative ethics is applied in global automotive suppliers companies across the globe for women in management positions. Although women represent almost half of the global workforce, women have still not reached equality in terms of management positions in global automotive suppliers companies. There is a gap between the gender equality normative ethics present in almost all codes of conduct or codes of ethics of these companies and the gender equality applied ethics in terms of women in management positions. The paper argues that gender equality normative ethics is not detailed expressly and the applied ethics for women in management positions is lacking. The article identifies the gender equality representation of women in management positions in the global automotive suppliers companies based on the public codes of conduct or codes of ethics of these companies of the companies. In this paper, I try to identify what could be the next steps on a normative ethics so that gender equality for women in management positions can be achieved.

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Ontological Vertigo: a natural state

Author(s): Kathryn Elizabeth Cook,Eric Hamm / Language(s): English / Issue: 7/2023

Keywords: anxiety; anguish; ontological; Existentialism;

Doubt and uncertainty are treated as rather abnormal in society. Disturbing states of being, for example anxiety, impostor syndrome, guilt, and confusion, are common phenomena, yet viewed as something to address with psychology, overcome with virtues, or solve with goals and preoccupations to be a good person in decent mental health. If ontological vertigo is understood as a natural state of the human position between the finite and the infinite, the logical conclusion is that human existence is disorienting and uncomfortable. This study looks at the common modes of seeking groundedness: place, status, identity, vocation, potency, meaning, and essence. Existential positions are explored for endorsements of the state of anxiety. Lastly, the authors make an argument for considering ontological vertigo as a natural state instead of seeking false senses of stability.

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