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Ioannikii Malynovskyi as an Enlightener of the History of Law

Author(s): Mariia Matviichuk,Vasil Popeliushko,Oleh Herasymchuk,Serhii Gongalo,Nataliia Borzhetska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Malynovskyi; way to education; higher education; legal education; science; university; lectures; textbook;

Aim. The purpose of the study is to research the career of Professor Ioannikii Malynovskyi in higher education, his contribution to its development, the goals of the university education. Methods. In the study several different methods were used in the system and interaction. A dialectical method, which boils down to the fact that all phenomena in society have a beginning and an end. The historical method was used to take into account historical traditions, socio-cultural roots of the state and law. A logicalsemantic method was also used to help define the conceptual apparatus used in the study. Formal-legal method was used to analyse and disclose legal concepts. Results. The research showed that Malynovskyi conducted scientific researches in the chosen field and by getting acquainted with the heritage of national and world culture. The professor made considerable efforts in education to democratise higher education, in particular, by admitting women to higher education in Western Siberia. He defined the goals of university teaching: 1) to learn to acquire knowledge, the method of scientific research and, 2) to get acquainted with the current state of science. The scientist was the first to create a chronologically consistent, comprehensive subject course on the history of Rus’ law. Conclusions. Malynovskyi’s contribution to the democratisation of higher education already belongs to history, but his scientifically based recommendations on the goals of university education and means of achieving it are not without relevance today, but especially on the practical side in training future legal practitioners which are topical for today.

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The Importance of Regional Triangular-India-Pakistan-Afghanistan and Russian Interests in the Region

Author(s): Emilia Alaverdov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Russia; India; Pakistan; Afghanistan, Asia; region; neighborhood; politics;

Aim. The paper aims to analyse the importance of such a tangled triangle as India-Pakistan-Afghanistan and its impact over the whole of Asia and its regional stability and security. The already complex region is complicated by interference of such great powers as Russia pursuing its interests in the whole regional politics and of each country separately. The paper examines the strategic interests and the level of cooperation and influence of India in Afghanistan and its implications for Pakistan. Methods. The study is mainly based on the following research methods: descriptive, analysis and document analysis, The paper is based on the books, scientific papers, studies and researches conducted by researchers in this field. Results. We can claim that the work clearly describes the significant role of India that makes its presence justified there to achieve its broader aims via Afghanistan. Although there will remain a sizeable role of US presence in Afghanistan, however, India is providing local socio-economic infrastructure and civil, military, and political services to promote peace and security in the war-torn country, which represents a threat and anxiety for the whole region. Conclusion. Regional cooperation between the five landlocked Central Asian republics, Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan opens up new directions and opportunities for the development of trade and economic relations. The Central Asian republics show great interest in the establishment of transport corridors through Afghanistan with access to the warm seas of the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. Iran and Pakistan are developing their ports in anticipation of increased exports/ imports and increased transit of goods.

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Homelessness as a Social Problem – Socio-Pathological Phenomenon – Qualitative Analysis

Author(s): Miroslav Tvrdon,Radoslav Lojan,Tibor Máhrik,Stefan Zaharia,Ekaterina Davydova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Homeless People; social problem; socio-pathological phenomenon; qualitative research; prejudices; causes;

Aim. In qualitative research, the authors identify the most frequent cases of homeless people staying on the street and identify general prejudices against homeless people who come into direct contact with the public. Methods. The study analyses and interprets the risk aspects of the real life of the homeless. Through qualitative research based on open coding, the creation of a system of categories, and analytical induction, the authors established a final hypotheses. Results. Studies confirm that homelessness affects not only the life of an individual, but also points to the experience of homeless society and the image of the homeless today. The authors analyse and identify the opinions of social workers who have experience with this target group. Conclusion. The scholarly and professional opinions and contributions in this study highlight the strength and diversity of homelessness. By conducting qualitative research, they identify prejudices against the homeless and the causes that contribute to homelessness.

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The Impact of Violent Religious Extremism on Various Cultural Components of Pakistani Society

Author(s): Syed Subtain Hussain Shah / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: violent religious extremism; cultural components; Pakistani society;

Aim. The aim of this research paper is to investigate threats of religious extremism to the various cultural components of Pakistani society. Religious extremism has rapidly increased in Pakistan since the 1970s, but this study is particularly focused on its impact on cultural elements of the country in the post 9/11 and post-Arab Spring eras. Methods. The author applied the process tracing method of qualitative approach for examining chains of the events related to the question of the impact of religious extremism on the various cultural components of Pakistani society. The situational analysis also explored the various situations connected with threats of extremism to Pakistani culture. Results. The study identified the threats of religious extremism to a number of cultural aspects of Pakistani society, such as schooling (education), traditional literature (Sufi poetry), customary art and folk music, social cultural networking, and sports in the tribal areas and other regions in the country. Conclusion. The cultural life of a state encompasses various traits of the cultural aspect of national security. In the case of Pakistan, initially two important developments; Islamization of the country and Afghan Jihad in the 1970s both severely affected the society. Then, the eras of post 9/11 and post Arab Spring further witnessed the fast emergence of threats by religious extremists to the cultural elements in various parts of the country, including its tribal regions bordering Afghanistan, and these trends also impacted other regions of the country.

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Responsible Governance in Containing the Spread of COVID-19 in a Developing State

Author(s): Debarshi Mukherjee,Subhayan Chakraborty,Subhasis Bhadra,Khandakar Kamrul Hasan,Jena Lokesh Kumar,Ranjit Debnath / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Government Policies; e-Learning; COVID-19; Northeast India; vaccine hesitancy;

Aim. The study aims to scan through the public institutional policy implementation in tackling the global pandemic and framing universal policies for responsible governance. It also measures the impact of training interventions and non-training implications in containing the spread of COVID-19 at the grassroots level. Methods. The samples were drawn empirically from pathological tests conducted over 23 weeks to precisely examine the success of the State Government’s approach in lowering COVID-19 mortality and spread. Through trend analysis, the outcome has been predicted. The study establishes a link between acknowledged ideas and government practices, providing insight into how relevant the implementation of planned state-craft programs is. Results. The findings indicated that government-imposed policies account for timely pandemic containment, and even a tiny developing state lacking advanced medical facilities and technology can set an example in combating the epidemic. Conclusions. The temporal analysis is based on the inputs acquired from government publications and other sources, allowing us to assess policy initiatives that encompass training interventions and non-training implications as prioritised by the State Government. The paper shows that a good emergency preparedness and response system is needed to prevent huge losses in any sector. This includes the already-struggling health sector, which India needs to put first to avoid more tragedies.

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The Holy Exclusion: Religious Belief or Gender Bias? Strategies for the Embodiment of Gender Equality among Different Religions in Contemporary India

Author(s): Juhi Gupta / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Women; religion; influence; equality; gender; feminism;

Aim. Religion in India continues to remain a male-bastion with men occupying positions of leadership in religious institutions and wielding inordinate control. Against this backdrop, this research analyses the recent emergence of women claiming their space in religion, with specific focus on decision making powers, accessibility to religious careers, and rights and entitlements to religious finances and accruements. Methods. The review made use of extensive and in-depth analysis of secondary sources of research and informative materials available, specifically on the subject matters of religion, women and modern feminist campaigns. Major sources utilized were newspaper articles, journal articles, scholarly research on related topics and court hearings and judgments of relevant cases. Results. The analysis reveals that there is clear progress by feminist movements in challenging inequality in religion, by demanding equal access to places of worship and questioning religious practices that exclude them. Women are calling out male leadership where they have abused their power under the guise of faith. Feminist movements are also demanding women’s participation in the financial endowments that accrues to religion. Women are also making a determined entry into careers related to religion. The growing number of institutions that provide religious training to women are not only enabling women to take up priestly and other religious roles, but also equipping them to question patriarchal interpretation of scriptures. Conclusions. While the rising feminist movement towards obtaining equality within religion becomes quite apparent, one of the contributing factors could be the consistency of the judiciary in upholding the constitutional rights granted to women. Specifically, the Supreme Court, with its judgements and progressive interpretations of religious laws, has aided women in their struggle. Since the questioning of patriarchal control of religious structures is happening almost parallelly across

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Causes and Consequences of Postponing the Decision to Marry in the Opinion of Young Adults

Author(s): Aleksandra Rabenda-Nowak,Kamila Wylęgły / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: family; marriage; informal relationship; cohabitation; postmodern society; young adults;

Aim. The aim of this article is to analyse why young adults in the postmodern world postpone the decision to marry. The authors want to present the reasons for this situation on the basis of surveys conducted with young adults aged 18-35 years old, taking into consideration both psychosocial and economic-cultural factors. Methods. In the research procedure, the authors used the survey method and the questionnaire interview technique. The unsupervised survey questionnaire was distributed to the respondents online. The research sample consisted of 28 persons in the age group of young adults. All the respondents were in informal partnerships. Results. Among young adults aged 18-35 years old, reasons for postponing marriage may be divided into psychosocial, related to the pressure of society to carry out developmental tasks and social roles; as well as economic and cultural, focusing on cultural changes and economic standards of young people. Conclusion. Young adults see the consequences of postponing the decision to marry, but it seems like changing cultural and social circumstances of the postmodern world allow them to make a conscious decision regarding their future. They have a neutral or positive attitude towards postponed marriage.

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A Needs Analysis for Embedding Sustainable Finance Competences into Vocational Business Education in the Baltic Region

Author(s): Svetlana Surikova,Ieva Margeviča-Grinberga,Tamara Pigozne,Jani Siirilä / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: competencies; needs analysis; sustainable finance; vocational education and training;

Aim. The aim of this article was to analyse relevant literature as well as financial services sector professionals’ expectations on future sustainability competence needs among vocational business graduates as part of an ideation process to design an open online course within the project “Sustainability in Finance – SuFi” (2020-2022). Methods. The online mixed-method survey was elaborated using Google Forms and Webropol and distributed via email among finance services industry professionals in Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Aland Islands. In total, 221 responses were obtained. The qualitative and quantitative data analysis was performed using NVivo and SPSS. Results. Qualitative data analysis revealed that the conceptual knowledge of business graduates was the most frequently mentioned category, followed by procedural knowledge. Among the key competencies in sustainability, the most necessary was intra-personal competence, followed by inter-personal competence. Quantitative data analysis revealed that the top three sustainable finance competencies in demand within respondents’ organisations were: to understand relevant driving sustainable forces, to think and operate with a long-term perspective, and to communicate sustainable financial information in a meaningful way. Conclusion. In the Baltic Region’s finance sector, there is a need for a more holistic view for understanding the market as part of society as a whole and also the meaning of understanding long-term horizons. The competencies that financial services sector professionals found important for vocational business graduates in future work were used as an input for elaborating vocational business education study courses.

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Philosophy of Education in Postmetaphysical Thinking

Author(s): Peter Kondrla,Patrik Maturkanič,Martin Taraj,Viktoria Kurilenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: postmetaphysical thinking; innovation of educational process; educational goals;

Aim. The aim of the article is to define the possibilities of education in the concept of postmetaphysical thinking. The definition takes into account the need to understand education as an open process of developing an authentic personality. Concept. The article is built around a comparison of metaphysical and post-metaphysical thought. It describes the fundamental differences between both types of thinking, with a focus on the importance of others and openness in the interpretation of fundamental pedagogical categories. Results. Creation of a basic framework for the innovation of pedagogical practices. The proposed framework views pedagogical success as a means of finding a sense of self, leaves room for alternative solutions, and emphasises the importance of students’ individual abilities. Conclusion. It allows for pedagogy based on acceptance of otherness. Through the pedagogy thus interpreted, it creates a path for creative solutions to educational problems while developing not only the individual abilities of students but also their capacity for tolerance, which is a prerequisite for the functioning of a democratic society, through the pedagogy thus interpreted. Cognitive value. The article presents problems that arise when using classical pedagogy, i.e. pedagogy based on metaphysical thinking. The aim of classical pedagogy is the passive passing of knowledge and the production of graduates with the same abilities and knowledge.

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A New Window on Interaction: Does Mindfulness Play a Role?

Author(s): Fatemeh Khonamri,MahSa Soleimani,Zdenka Gadušová,Libor Pavera / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: mindful task; English reading classroom; foreign language teaching;

Aim. The paper aims to investigate the students interactions engaged in mindful tasks in an English reading classroom. It attempts to explore whether there is any connection between being mindful and having a good interaction. Methods. For the research a case study approach was utilised, in which eight BA students majoring in English language and literature at the University of Mazandaran participated. They were divided into two groups of non-mindful and less mindful, each having four members based on their scores from Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The data was collected in three sessions of critical reading practice, in which both groups were engaged in different forms of critical reading tasks. The less mindful group was encouraged to engage in some mindful activities prior to the critical reading tasks. All the sessions were video recorded and then transcribed for analysis. The transcribed data were analysed by the researcher and a second rater. Results. The results of the data analysis demonstrated that there were some minor differences in interactions of non-mindful and less-mindful group in critical reading tasks. The less-mindful group seemed to have more interactions than the non-mindful one. Conclusions. Due to the study limitations the results cannot be generalised. Originality. Mindfulness is a fairly new concept in English language teaching which is attracting attention as an alternative to promote learning. However, within the context of education, there have also been a select few studies that have focused on the benefits of mindfulness in English reading classrooms.

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Pedagogical Problems During the Pandemic: A Study of Issues and Challenges in Teaching

Author(s): Basem Okleh Salameh Al-Hawamdeh / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: pedagogical problems; pandemic; educational transformation; issues and challenges in teaching; online learning in education during crisis;

Concept. COVID-19 has pressed the need for social distancing that was unprecedentedly invoked across societies during the pandemic. The governments that launched emergency steps to divert physical learning systems into online pedagogical alternatives created critical possibilities and adverse challenges for both tutors and learners. The study aims to review several cases concluding that the closure of schools and colleges has impacted around 94% of the student population across globe. The present study tries to comprehend the transformation (both expansion and constraints) in the pedagogical processes comparing results and feedback from both developed and developing nations. Result and Discussion. The study made a far-reaching analysis on the sweeping impact of COVID-19 at the integrative three-tier educational level i.e., primary, secondary and higher education in two separate perspectives i.e., teachers and learners. The restrictive movement policies adopted by governments have changed the conventional (face-to-face) educational practices. The findings suggest that different populations faced different problems during the pandemic because of number of reasons which is discussed and highlighted in the study. Originality. In order to map efficacy and efficiency, the principles, difficulties, and praxis of online educational pedagogy have been comprehensively examined in the study. The key contribution of the research is the result claiming the potential of technology as well as the obstacles faced by students while learning, due to digital mechanisms.

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Covid-19 Pandemic and Human Rights – Myth or Reality?

Author(s): Miroslav Tvrdon,Amantius Akimjak,Katarína Slobodová Nováková,Yulia Biryukova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: pandemic situation; changes; legislation; hoax; myth; reality;

Aim. During the pandemic situation of Covid-19, various true or false information about the spread, treatment, prevention, and vaccination against Covid-19 began to spread in the media, as well as in the real world. It is necessary to fight against various hoaxes on the basis of modern and especially scientifically documented information. Method. This study addresses human rights and change in society before and during the Covid-19 pandemic situation. The authors of the study worked with specific texts and with the help of literary and textual analysis, as well as analytical and synthetic methods. Basic human rights and freedoms during the pandemic were pointed out, together with various myths which circulate among non-professional individuals Results. The results of the study confirm that the pandemic situation of Covid-19 requires constant explanation, exploration, and confirmation of professional and scientific studies by experts in the media as well as within the social life of people, just to reject various hypotheses of people who are not experts in the field and who disseminate false and scientifically and technically unsubstantiated information.

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Mediation Principles in the Civil Society and Features of Their Application in the Educational Environment of Ukraine

Author(s): Anzhelika Sheremet,Tetiana Blashchuk,Serhii Ishchuk / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: mediation; alternative dispute resolution, principle; rule of law; confidentiality and voluntariness; educational environment; civil society institutions;

Aim. The main purpose of research presented in this article is to analyse mediation principles and features of their application in the educational environment of Ukraine. Methods. The study is based on the analysis of enacted regulations and their comparison in different countries, as well as information obtained from the study of literature, including works by authors of both legal and other social sciences where mediation is used as a means of compromise, including psychology, medicine, ecology, along with the use of tools and comments specific to the study of law. To study the prospects and effective application of mediation principles in the educational environment, sociological surveys of various participants of the educational process were conducted. Results. The results of study showed that certain types of mediation principles are applied in different countries taking into account the peculiarities of national legal systems. Notwithstanding, such principles as the rule of law, the principle of equality (equal rights) of the parties, the principle of voluntariness, confidentiality and mediator behaviour (independence and impartiality, trust and justice) are applied in most of the studied national models of mediation, consequently they can be called fundamental. The survey results have revealed the readiness of the educational environment to introduce mediation as a tool for resolving conflicts in the educational environment. Conclusions. The specifics of the implementation of mediation principles in Ukraine and their correlation with the principles of the judicial process require further research.

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A Casual Analysis in Research on History of Education

Author(s): Leonid Vakhovskyi,Tetiana Ivchenko,Svitlana Sechka / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: causality; determinism; causal analysis; teleological analysis; cause; effect; history of education;

Aim. The purpose of the study is to reveal the cognitive potential and limitations of causal analysis in historical and pedagogical research and to consider alternative methods of explaining historical and pedagogical facts. Methods. Methodological significance for the study were the principles of historicism, objectivity, historiographical tradition, taking into account the totality of facts. To implement the goal a set of theoretical methods was used: analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalisation, and systematisation of scientific positions, historical- genetic, historical-comparative, historical actualisation of the problem. Results. The essence of causality as one of the most important forms of interconnection and interdependence of phenomena and processes of being, expressing a special genetic relationship between them, reveals the specificity of functional and stochastic (random) causality. Historical forms of determinism were characterised: classical (linear), non-classical (non-linear) and neoclassical (fractal). Conclusion. The search for monocausal determination in the study of historical and pedagogical processes seems unproductive. To get a more complete and reliable picture of the cause-effect relations the causal analysis should be complemented by teleological analysis, which will make it possible to find out not only why, but also for what purpose certain actions were carried out. Only in this case is it possible to provide scientific and objective historical explanations and interpretations, the adequacy of understanding of historical and pedagogical facts, to find ideas and meanings in the past experience, which will help to solve contemporary educational problems, to predict the development of education in the future.

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A Lesson Design on the Subject of Religion as a Course Unit in Language Teaching

Author(s): Hasan Coşkun / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: German; religion; levels; planning; active learning method; materials;

Aim. The purpose of this qualitative research is the preparation, implementation and evaluation of a sample lesson focused on the selection of the subject of religion for the German courses taught in universities. The second purpose of this research is to contribute to international understanding between peoples with different religious beliefs. Methods. This research pertaining to religion is qualitative in nature. In this research, the document analysis technique was used. The research on the subject of religion was taken up during the 2021/2022 academic year in my selective German courses at the Hacettepe University. Results. The successful contribution of the lesson planning model mentioned in this article was also observed in the teaching activities in primary and secondary schools conducted earlier. It was also seen that the students who attended the German courses in connection with education or work in Europe. Conclusions. It was observed that the participants talked about Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism. It is important to remark that the interest of the participants in German lessons still continues. Therefore, effective lesson planning models and unique methods should be further developed. Originality. German language courses are offered as a foreign language learning practice in Turkish schools, private institutions and universities as elective foreign language courses. Students from all the departments of the university may attend the elective German language classes. To conduct the German courses effectively, a suitable method should be developed which will help the participants who come from different countries and students with different levels of fluency.

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Religious Tourism on the Example of Nation Pilgrim Places in Slovakia (Patronages of the Virgin Mary)

Author(s): Viliam JUDÁK,Lucia Petrikovicova,Amantius Akimjak / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: pilgrimage; pilgrimage route; religious tourism; wandering; basilica minor;

Aim. Pilgrimage belongs to the oldest non-economic forms of migration and is a phenomenon that has intertwined throughout the history of religions. The aim of the article is to emphasise the important position of religious tourism as one of its forms, based on the deep-rooted tradition of wandering in Slovakia, characterising important places of pilgrimage of national and perhaps partly international significance. Method. Terrain reconnaissance together with analysis of archival and parish documents. Results. Numerous Marian temples and chapels testify to the Marian veneration in Slovakia. Of the 5925 known patronages of churches and chapels (even those that have disappeared) in Slovakia, 1762 are dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Of these Marian patrons, 329 are consecrated to the Seven Sorrows of Our Virgin Mary. The result of field research is an analysis of six pilgrimage sites of national importance in Slovakia. Conclusion. Slovakia is a strongly Christian country with a tradition of wandering, as evidenced by many local and regional pilgrimage sites. Pilgrimage sites are understood as contact points that God has marked, they are the intersections where the ways of God meet the ways of people. There are mostly Marian pilgrimage sites in Slovakia and six of them (Marianka, Staré Hory, Levoča, Šaštín, Nitra, Ľutina) are of national importance.

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The Greek Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia under the pressure of normalisation in 1969–1989

Author(s): Jana Lukáčová,Peter Šturák,Martin Weis / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Greek Catholic Church; normalisation; society; freedom;

Aim. This article presents the status of the Greek Catholic Church during a defined period. It brings the functioning of this religion in the period of normalisation of society closer. Methods. Our study is the result of archival and document-based research, as well as expert studies and monographs dealing with the above-mentioned issue. Results. Although we can define the period studied in our research as a period of relative freedom when compared with the years 1950–1967, it cannot be perceived as a total liberation of the Church. Unfortunately, the political reality was also reflected in the life and functioning of the Church itself. The Greek Catholic Church and its leaders understood that without the necessary support from the state and regime, they would lose their freedom mainly attained in the first half of 1968. Conclusion. The Greek Catholic Church had to face several important and ground-breaking tasks that were to ensure its stability for functioning and administration after 18 years of its non-existence. This involved receiving state consent for Consecrator ThDr. Basil (Vasiľ) Hopko, leadership of the Greek Catholic Church in general, consolidation of relationships and conflict resolution between the Greek Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, or even the area of support and consent for building its own institute of theological formation.

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‘Lemonisation’ and information asymmetry on the educational services market in Ukraine

Author(s): Liudmyla Kozak,Vitalii Kovalchuk,Iurii Gudz,Anna Novak / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: education; educational services market; ‘lemonisation’ of the market; information technology; information asymmetry;

Aim. The article aims to analyse the manifestations of information asymmetry in the market of educational services to develop proposals for improving the communication programmes of higher education institutions of Ukraine. Methods. The authors describe the display of information asymmetry in the market of educational services based on a sociological study among the 1st and 2nd-year students of Ukrainian universities, which aimed to study the criteria for choosing an educational programme. The authors used correlation analysis to assess the statistical significance of the influence of individual criteria on the selection of entrants. The survey was conducted at the universities in Ukraine that provide educational services on the bachelor’s degree specialities of 073 Management and 075 Marketing. A critical and comparative analysis of state regulatory measures to overcome information asymmetry was also applied. Results. The annual decrease in the number of university entrants in Ukraine and around the world has led to increased competition among universities, resulting in an escalation of information asymmetry in the market of educational services and its ‘lemonisation’. Conclusions. According to the results of the sociological study, despite the high availability of sources of information, at the time of entering the university, the vast majority of students did not consider themselves sufficiently informed about the benefits of studying in the chosen educational and professional programme. Several state regulatory measures have been taken to provide quality educational services in Ukraine and ensure unbiased information about universities.

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Developing General and Subject Competences of Primary School Pupils in the Context of Integrated Education: the Case of one Lithuanian School

Author(s): Jovita Ponomariovienė,Daiva Jakavonytė-Staškuvienė / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: general competences; subject competences; integrated education; primary school students;

Aim. The aim of the research is to provide a scientific justification for the integrated development of general and subject-specific competences of primary school pupils. Methods. The exploratory qualitative case study was conducted in a private school in Lithuania. The integrated activities covered the content of Lithuanian language and science education, as well as general competences such as communication and digital competences. The activity was implemented in grade 4 with 12 pupils (8 boys and 4 girls). A semi-structured interview with the class teacher was also conducted. Results and conclusion. The data from the empirical study were analysed according to the following thematic clusters: interest in the activity, group work, searching for information in the encyclopaedia and in electronic sources, working with a robot when integrating the digital skills and the content of science education, descriptions of animals as a summarising and consolidating activity. The study found that if the educational process is well thought out, if the pupils are interested, they can work independently and support each other in explaining the content, while the teacher becomes an observer, a facilitator, and can concentrate on the pupils’ individual activities during this process. Well-designed tasks with the robot develop not only digital literacy skills, but also the reinforcement of subject content related to the use of concepts.

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Policy of the Russian Empire Regarding the Polish Population of Right-Bank Ukraine in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

Author(s): Oksana Aloshyna / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Russian government; Poles; Roman-Catholic Church; political oppression; Right-Bank of Ukraine;

Aim. The purpose of the scientific article is to reveal the specifics of the policy of the Russian Empire towards the Polish population on the territory of the Right-Bank of Ukraine. Methods. The research methodology is based on the principles of scientificity, historicism, systematics. During the research work, both general scientific (analysis and synthesis, systematisation and generalisation) and special scientific methods were used: problem-thematic, as well as system-structural. Results. The politics of the Russian government towards the poles had an important place in the socio-political life of Right-bank Ukraine. Using legislative documents and ordinances, the Russian government introduced a number of restrictive measures that were supposed to control and weaken the influence of Poles on the socio-economic life of the region. Conclusions. The Russian authorities tried to neutralise the influence of the Polish population and the Roman Catholic Church. Determining the presence of Poles and regulating their number depended on the strict control of the Russian government. The Poles were seen as a “dangerous element” threatening the policy of tsarist autocracy. That is why the authorities decided to undermine their socioeconomic position by depriving them of a significant number of privileges.

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