Greece as a Sophistication of Necessary Reality: Perceptions and Images from the Narratives of Women Immigrants from Bulgaria

Greece as a Sophistication of Necessary Reality: Perceptions and Images from the Narratives of Women Immigrants from Bulgaria

Author(s): Marina Nikolova / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/2006

The mass immigration of women from Bulgaria to Greece in the last decade – from the middle of the 1990s until now – could be described in words such as ‘need’, ‘hope’ and ‘illusion’. An important argument when deciding to migrate in the direction of Greece is the romantic image of the country associated with the ancient civilization and culture, on the one hand, and, on the other, the neighbouring geographical position which is thought also as a common ‘Balkan’1 attitude and, even more, as a way of behaviour and living. From the moment that emergent financial necessity pushes someone to the decision to migrate, those perceptions give a value and a kind of psychological confidence by meaning of predisposition and lead to the choice of receiving country. Greece, as a state neighbouring Bulgaria and as a member of the EU, with better financial opportunities, has become an attractive destination for Bulgarians. And, what is more, it possesses some identifiable references that immigrants themselves hold in mind: it’s the Balkans – we have something in common in the way we function in contrast to west Europeans.

Generative AI – a Threat or an Opportunity for Universities

C – a Threat or an Opportunity for Universities

Author(s): Lars STRANNEGÅRD / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: essay; 10.7206/kp.2080-1084.591; Universities; Strannegard Lars;

Shudders have been sweeping globally through the education system recently, touching the very core of academic activity. At international conferences, principals and academic staff are asking themselves, and each other, similar questions about examinations and the content of courses. There has always been an awareness that pupils and students can cheat on their assignments. Plagiarism and the use of writers from other countries are examples of the deceitfulness that has been feared. Teachers have tried to curb cheating by appealing to morality, describing how to make references correctly and clarifying where the line falls between using other people’s texts and plagiarism. Tools such as “Ouriginal” are currently used to match and detect text theft.

Competition Law Aspects of Amazon’s Business Model

Competition Law Aspects of Amazon’s Business Model

Author(s): Rastislav Funta / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: business model; competition law; digitisation;

Digitisation is changing not only our society but also markets, strategies and business models, which has increased competition in many markets. At the same time, large companies with a digital business model, such as Amazon, in particular, are experiencing a rapid rise, which has triggered a debate about fair competitive conditions. However, it is not only the company’s significant market power that is a cause for concern. The increasing vertical integration of platform operators such as Amazon, which makes them direct competitors of their own platform users, also raises competition law issues. Against this backdrop, it is the aim of this article to analyse Amazon’s business model in more detail from a competition law perspective. The analysis aims to identify which parts of the company’s business model and the resulting strategies may be seen as problematic under competition law.

Trait Emotional Intelligence and Multiple Intelligences as Predictors of Academic Success in Serbian and Greek IT Students

Trait Emotional Intelligence and Multiple Intelligences as Predictors of Academic Success in Serbian and Greek IT Students

Author(s): Veljko Aleksić,Dionysios Politis / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: academic success; IT; trait emotional intelligence; multiple intelligences

Even though research on predicting the academic achievement of IT students is not scarce, the inclusion of trait emotional intelligence and multiple intelligences as predictive factors is somewhat novel. The research examined associations between identified profiles of trait emotional intelligence and multiple intelligences, and academic success in the sample of 288 IT students, 208 from Serbia and 80 from Greece. The results show that trait emotional intelligence and multiple intelligences profile both proved to be important predictors of academic success. Another predictor of IT students’ academic success was related to their prior schooling success. The results indicate that fostering a student-centered learning model through tertiary education, with special emphasis on students’ personal dispositions and traits, could be crucial for their academic success, especially in the multidisciplinary field of information technology.

Personality Traits, Approval Motivation, and Empathy as Predictors of Cognitive Regulation of Emotions and Behavioral Self-Control in Codependent Women

Personality Traits, Approval Motivation, and Empathy as Predictors of Cognitive Regulation of Emotions and Behavioral Self-Control in Codependent Women

Author(s): Anastasia Kolenova,Ekaterina Denisova,Anna Kukulyar,Pavel Ermakov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: codependency; codependent women; codependent behavior; personality traits; approval motivation; empathy; cognitive regulation of emotions; behavioral self-control

This study examined psychological characteristics and behavioral regulation in codependent women. The study aimed to identify personality traits, approval motivation, and empathy levels as predictors of behavioral regulation in codependent women. A total of 102 women (mean age 30.39 years) in relationships or related to alcohol, drug, or non-chemical addicts participated. Psychological testing and survey were used to assess codependence, aggression, empathy, need for approval, cognitive regulation of emotions, and self-regulation strategies: codependency Self-Inventory scale (CSIS; B. Weinhold, J. Weinhold); questionnaire “Auto- and Aggression to others” (E.P. Ilyin); method “Diagnosis of the level of empathy” (V. V. Boyko); Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (adapted by Yu.L.Khanin); The questionnaire of cognitive regulation of emotions (Rasskazova E.I., Leonova A.B., Pluzhnikov I.V.) and the questionnaire “Style of self-regulation of behavior” (Morosanova V.I.). Results suggest that personal characteristics, approval motivation, and empathy can predict the severity of codependence, manifestation of aggressiveness, self-regulation strategies, and cognitive regulation strategies in codependent women.

Systematic Review About Students’ Conceptions of Engineering Accessed Through Drawings: Implications to STEAM Education

Systematic Review About Students’ Conceptions of Engineering Accessed Through Drawings: Implications to STEAM Education

Author(s): Jefferson Rodrigues-Silva,Ángel Alsina / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Draw an Engineer Test; drawing; precollege engineering; STEM education; STEAM education

We aim to review students’ conceptions of engineers and engineering accessed through their drawings. Accordingly, we enrolled in a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocols. For that, we established the Web of Science as the source of information. After applying eligibility criteria, the search resulted in ten records. We observed that many reviewed studies enrolled in research designs which contained comparisons of groups, cohorts (cross-age) or pre-post-tests. However, they generally overlooked appropriate statistical tests. Overall, the studies evidenced that most students conceive engineers as males who work individually in manual activities and outdoor environments. The major contribution of this study is providing an overview of the investigation of children’s conceptions of engineering. Additionally, we call attention to the need for more research, teacher training, and carefully planned and executed activities that enhance students’ conceptions of engineers and engineering instead of worsening stereotypes—especially considering current curriculum proposals, such as STEAM education embracing engineering at precollege levels.

Project-Based Learning in Early Childhood Education in Serbia: First Experiences of Preschool Teachers

Project-Based Learning in Early Childhood Education in Serbia: First Experiences of Preschool Teachers

Author(s): Biljana Stojanović,Dušan R. Ristanović,Predrag Živković,Mirsada Džaferović / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: project-based learning approach; preschool age; preschool teacher

The aim of the research was to examine the attitude of preschool teachers towards the implementation of project-based learning within the system of preschool education in the Republic of Serbia, with a special emphasis on the identification of its advantages and disadvantages. The research sample comprised 410 preschool teachers from 9 cities in Serbia. The findings showed that preschool teachers have a moderately positive attitude towards the benefits of the project-based learning for children and preschool teachers (M=4). The respondents also agree with all the statements from the questionnaire which relate to the difficulties in implementation of the project-based learning approach. A statistically significant difference among preschool teachers in relation to the academic level and length of work experience, occured only in case of one item, which is related to the lack of didactic materials (p=0,008; p=0.02).

The Importance of the Digitization Process for the Promotion of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Serbia: Empirical and Statistical Findings

The Importance of the Digitization Process for the Promotion of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Serbia: Empirical and Statistical Findings

Author(s): Branislav Sančanin,Aleksandra Penjišević / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: cultural heritage; digitization; national identity; media

Timely, comprehensive, and continuous protection, as well as the use and presentation of authentic tangible and intangible cultural-historical heritage of a certain area can greatly contribute to the economic, ecological and social development of the community and the strengthening of the competitive position. Digitization should relax all previously known forms of cultural expression and enable access to the broadest audience and their participation in cultural life. This paper has the ambition to contribute to a more comprehensive appreciation of the digitization process, facilitate access to digital content and motivate new thinking about the continuous improvement of the availability of movable and immovable cultural assets, as well as intangible cultural heritage. A primary questionnaire was created in order to assess the views and opinions of the citizens of the Republic of Serbia on the importance of the digitization process for the promotion of cultural heritage. The research sample was an opportunistic, convenient sampling of residents of the Republic of Serbia from all 5 regions (n=138). The importance of the digitization process for the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage has been established. Modern technologies are insufficiently represented in the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage, while this attitude is supported by a slightly higher percentage of respondents with the highest level of education. The importance of the digitization process for the promotion and preservation of cultural heritage has been proven, and respondents with the highest level of education attach the highest degree of importance to it. The greatest contribution can be seen in the preservation of the national identity and cultural diversity of the national communities, of our region, with social networks being the media that can contribute the most to the promotion of cultural heritage.

Cyber-victimization and Its Impact on Victim’s Psychosomatic Status

Cyber-victimization and Its Impact on Victim’s Psychosomatic Status

Author(s): Elena A. Makarova,L. Elena Makarova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: victimization; bullying; cyber attack; violence model; cyber-bullying model; motivation; aggressive personality; cyberspace aggression; cyber-victimization

Cyberbullying is an important issue to discuss and investigate. This study is a theoretical and empirical research aimed at proving cyber-victimization’s negative impact on psychosomatic health. A direct relationship between these two phenomena is that poor mood regulation in childhood entails dissatisfaction with surrounding world causing rage against weaker peers, victimization, which affects victims’ psychosomatic status. Methods used are literature analysis for the research and empirical part assessing aggressiveness in children (Buss-Darkey Inventory), their emotional state and psychosomatic health problems caused by victimization (authors’ questionnaire. As a result young victims’ psychosocial problems are seen as having negative consequences in later life. Because of these consequences, bullying becomes a hot topic and causes researchers, parents’, as well as school teachers and school psychologists’ concern. Cyberbullying will continue as long as electronic gadgets and communication devices are plugged in and used which is becoming an increasing problem due to dissemination of information, telecommunication technologies and the involvement of children and adolescents in the widespread digitalization of various spheres of life. In conclusion we recommend teachers and parents to develop understanding of cybervictimization, besides to pay attention to their children’s emotional intelligence development that should help them resist victimization and avoid health problems.

Online Course Viewings and Their Effects on Performances in Covid-19 Distance Education Period

Online Course Viewings and Their Effects on Performances in Covid-19 Distance Education Period

Author(s): Demir Erdem,Aykut Hamit Turan / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: distance education; final scores; live lecture attendance; recorded lecture viewing

Despite numerous studies examining student preferences in terms of live and recorded lecture viewings, the effects of lesson viewings on online platforms have been limitedly studied. In this study, the rates of attending live lectures and viewing lecture recordings in the Covid-19 era were examined, and attendance and viewings effects on final scores in these courses were evaluated. For this purpose, data from online education systems of live and record viewings for Turkish Literature, mathematics, and biostatistics classes in the spring semester of 2021-2022, belonging to 13 Turkish universities and 2082 students, were utilized. We found that (1) Thirteen percent of the students did not view any live or recorded courses, and approximately one-third did not enter the final exam; (2) The students in state universities have significantly higher record viewing rates than those in private universities with medium effect size, (3) Females present significantly higher live viewings and record viewing rates than males with small effect sizes; (4) Biostatistics has moderate-high correlations between viewing rates and final scores. On the other hand, there are no or weak relationships between the viewing rates and final scores for Turkish literature and mathematics, in which study materials can be widely accessed from many sources different from biostatistics.

Multicultural Competence as a Teacher’s Metacognition to Achieve a Positive School Climate

Multicultural Competence as a Teacher’s Metacognition to Achieve a Positive School Climate

Author(s): Gergana Dyankova,Simona Nikolova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: transgressive education; multimodal educational environment; preschool age

Our modern times are marked by socio-economic and cultural processes whose effects are rapidly crossing national borders and creating a global community for which multiculturalism is no longer just a concept but a social reality. As a key tool for its harmonization, intercultural education is determined, which provides conditions for interaction between cultures and prepares multicultural individuals. There is a need for the teacher to acquire the appropriate intercultural readiness and competence to enable her to posit the climate in the classroom. At the same time, there is a lack of research on the psychological climate in culturally mixed classrooms, characteristic of most schools today. The aim of the study is to investigate the importance of teachers’ “intercultural readiness” factors for achieving a positive psychological climate in a multicultural educational environment. The research instrument synthesizes questionnaires on the classroom, on the organization of the educational environment and on the psychological climate and adapts them to the level of primary school education. The sample consisted of 95 teachers from Attica in Greece. The data were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS and one-way ANOVA was applied. The research assumption is confirmed that universities preparing pedagogical specialists are responsible for developing master’s degree programs in intercultural education or courses for additional professional qualification with a focus on the formation of intercultural competence as a teacher’s metacognition.

The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Higher Education Students’ Perceptions of Educational Applications and Platforms

The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Higher Education Students’ Perceptions of Educational Applications and Platforms

Author(s): Katarina Rojko,Erman Nuša / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: e-education; e-learning; higher education teaching; educational applications; educational web platforms

The contemporary development of education is marked by the rapid expansion of online educational applications and platforms. Consequently, it is becoming clear that teachers must consider them and in light of their changing role, know what they can offer in their field to be able to recommend them to students to get additional knowledge or even to integrate them into their teaching. As students in the field of computer science and informatics are particularly accustomed to considering online knowledge resources, we decided to investigate their perception of educational applications and platforms. Based on the analysis of the results of their testing of educational platforms and applications, we found that for them the most important is content, followed by personal preferences, reason, user experience, price, etc., and only in the last place is a certificate. The most frequent word in their research reports proved to be knowledge, which we included under the code reason, followed by research, content, time, free, variety, and quality. It also turned out that students’ experience of testing educational applications and platforms is predominantly positive and has even improved over the course of the last three years, which we attribute to the effects of the Covid-19 coronavirus epidemic. The comparison of pre-pandemic and post-pandemic data also revealed that positive sentiment came to the front, while students now prioritize user experience, reason, and quality over the content and personal preferences compared to the pre-pandemic period, while they are still aware of the need for exploration.

Characteristics of Students’ Burnout and Perfectionism in China and Russia

Characteristics of Students’ Burnout and Perfectionism in China and Russia

Author(s): Olga Mikhailova,Elizaveta S. Farennikova / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: emotional burnout; perfectionism; mental states; Russian and Chinese students

The problems of studying the relationship between manifestations of perfectionism and emotional burnout are of considerable interest to modern psychology. Prospective participants in such a study are representatives of various professional communities and students as future specialists. The purpose of this work is to consider the manifestations and relationships of emotional burnout, self-esteem, mental states and perfectionism among Russian and Chinese students. A total of 80 people took part in the study (40 Russian and 40 Chinese students). Research Methods applied: 1) multidimensional scale of perfectionism by P. Hewitt and G. Flett, adapted by I.I. Grachev; 2) the burnout questionnaire by K. Maslach adapted by N.E. Vodopyanov; 3) a technique for diagnosing self-assessment of mental states by G. Eysenck. As a result of the use of comparative and correlation types of analysis, intercultural differences and interrelations between the characteristics of perfectionism, self-assessment of the emotional state and characteristics of emotional burnout were found. Respondents from China showed lower results on the “aggressiveness” scale compared to Russian respondents. Russian students showed higher scores on the “anxiety” scale than Chinese students. Meanwhile, Chinese students, compared to Russian respondents, showed higher results in self-confidence and their future. In the course of the study, both groups showed average indicators of rigidity, but the level of rigidity in Russian students was higher than in Chinese students. In conclusion of this scientific study, the main recommendations for the correction of emotional burnout and self-regulation of perfectionism and mental states among students are proposed.

On The Question of A Human’s Personality Resources in a Changing World: Volitional Control, Trust, Anxiety

On The Question of A Human’s Personality Resources in a Changing World: Volitional Control, Trust, Anxiety

Author(s): Yulya Selezneva,Irina Vladimirovna Abakumova,Igor Kupriyanov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: self-regulation; volitional control; trust; trusting relationships; anxiety

The article attempts to describe the features of a person’s volitional regulation regarding the aspect of the implementation and realization of his intention in action in a challenging situation of the modern world: complexity, uncertainty, stress. The approaches to the study of will in psychology and philosophy have been analyzed. The role of trust in the implementation of a person’s choice and the realization of intention in action has been shown . The following empirical methods were used: the psychometric technique “Self-confidence” by T.P. Skripkina, the Scale of interpersonal trust by J.Rotter in the adaptation of S.G. Dostovalov, the methodology of “Life orientations, SOHO” D. A. Leontiev, express diagnostics of propensity to unmotivated anxiety (V.V. Boyko), “Control in action” by Yu. Kull in S.A. Shapkin’s adaptation. According to the results of our study, we can conclude that there are differences in the realization of the intention to act, depending on the different ratio of the level of trust in oneself and in the world. Self-trust can be a component and an important resource of self-regulation.

Student Motivation and Learning: The Impact of Collaborative Learning in English as Foreign Language Classes

Student Motivation and Learning: The Impact of Collaborative Learning in English as Foreign Language Classes

Author(s): Hysen Kasumi,Mirvan Xhemaili / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: motivation and learning; collaborative learning; English as Foreign Language teaching approaches and techniques

Teaching approaches and techniques shape classroom practices and ultimately contribute to students’ learning and achievement. While abundant research exists on how such practices impact student learning in EFL classes around the world, this research still remains scarce in Kosovo. Therefore, the current research addresses this existing gap by exploring the link between teacher classroom practices and student learning. Participants of this study included 10th and 11th grade students across six municipalities in Kosovo (N=237). The respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire inquiring about practices adopted by teachers to teach EFL. The results reveal disparate teaching practices adopted by teachers to teach the material. To that end, female students report enhances participatory and collaborative approaches used by teachers and in the meantime an overall higher perception of the chances given by teachers to express opinions and ideas in class, compared to male students. Similarly, 10th grade students reported higher opportunities provided by the teacher in class to express opinions as well as collaborate with other students to complete tasks. Finally, significant positive correlations are evident between certain collaborative and participatory approaches utilized by teachers in class as well as students’ motivation. Evidently, students enjoy problem solving tasks and are much more active in cases when they collaborate with other students. In conclusion, this study sheds light on how students perceive teacher techniques and teaching methods used in EFL classes.

Learning Through Games and Its Impact on the Development of Student’s Knowledge During the Pandemic Period

Learning Through Games and Its Impact on the Development of Student’s Knowledge During the Pandemic Period

Author(s): Besa Havziu,Aneta Barakovska,Lulzim Memedi,Teuta Ramadni Rasimi / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: play; learning acitvities; socializaton; teaching

Learning through play in the teaching process is a technique that has received a lot of attention since play itself increases the focus of students, and develops memory, creativity, and creative skills in students. However, the COVID-19 pandemic period was a very challenging period for every character included in the educational system, where many techniques used with physical presence were evaporated, or transformed in another form, as played through gamification. The objective of our research was to analyze the level and form of implementation of games as a teaching technique during COVID-19 in primary schools, among teachers N=120, students N=80 from I do 5th grade, and parents N=100 in Kosovo and North Macedonia. Results showed that there is a strong correlation of the implementation of games as a technique by parents and teachers in the implementation of the pandemic and the students learning and mental health, respectively their learning success has risen and their mental health was improved.

The Problem of Peer Violence Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

The Problem of Peer Violence Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students

Author(s): Jasmina Karić,Milena B. Kordić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: peer violence; cyberbullyng; deaf and hard of hearing students; programs to prevent peer violence

The work was created with the desire to point out the problem of peer violence among deaf and hard of hearing students. Due to their specific characteristics created under the influence of hearing impairment, deaf and hard of hearing students are exposed to a greater risk of peer violence compared to their hearing peers. The aim of the paper is to analyze the available literature from years 2002-2022 and determine whether deaf and hard-of-hearing students are exposed to peer violence and what its nature is. The following search engines were used to search the literature: Ebscohost, ScienceDirect,, KoBSON, Google Scholar. The results of the literature review show that deaf and hard of hearing students are exposed to peer violence and that the frequency of peer violence is higher among deaf and hard of hearing students compared to their hearing peers. Deaf and hard of hearing students are more often exposed to traditional forms of violence than to cyberbullyng. Research also shows that the frequency of peer violence is higher in special than in regular schools. As due to the nature of their communication and social functioning, deaf and hard of hearing students are actually not always able to recognize and report peer violence, the question arises of the actual level of frequency of peer violence among these students. The problem of peer violence among deaf and hard of hearing students indicates the need to develop programs for the prevention and stopping peer violence that will be adapted to deaf and hard of hearing students.

Competences of Physical Education Teachers in Education Supported by Digital Technology

Competences of Physical Education Teachers in Education Supported by Digital Technology

Author(s): Jelena Maksimović,Natalija Lazić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: physical education; digital technology; teacher; competences

The application of digital technology in teaching physical education provides a basis for its improvement in the direction of promoting physical activity and student development. As one of the most important subjects of the teaching process, teachers have a fundamental role in achieving the goals and tasks of physical education. Physical education teachers are required to develop competences based on which they would implement digital technology in physical education classes in compliance with the imperatives of modern digital education. Therefore, this research is focused on the competences of physical education teachers in education supported by digital technology. The aim of this research is to determine the competences of physical education teachers necessary to fulfil their role in education supported by digital technology. The method used in this theoretical research is the method of theoretical analysis. The technique of content analysis was used. The research instrument consists of the relevant literature on this topic. The theoretical analysis points to a need to expand and improve the digital competences of physical education teachers, which can be achieved by joint action of formal and informal education systems in developing programs that would provide a basis for the professional development and empowerment of physical education teachers to use digital technology with more certainty and purpose in teaching physical education.

Ethical Aspects of Science and Technological Innovations

Ethical Aspects of Science and Technological Innovations

Author(s): Dejan Dašić,Gruja Kostadinović,Milan Stanković / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Science; technological development; ethics; sustainable development

The progress of civilization depends on both science and ethics, on two different ideas. Unlike ethics, which deals with moral principles and ideals that guide human behavior, science is based on logical argumentation, empirical data, and methodical testing. However, as science develops, it often raises ethical questions that must be addressed. As a result, science and ethics are intertwined and both are essential for the moral and long-term advancement of science. This research examines the results of two interconnected processes: the quick development of science and technology and its moral ramifications, or the harm it does to people’s lives all around the world. The writers highlight the need for a qualitative shift in attitudes toward nature and society as a whole in order to address environmental challenges and remove the threat of a global ecological disaster by analyzing the substance and impact of these processes.

Designing a Multimodal Environment for Cognitive and Creative Activity in Pre-School Education – Competence of the Teacher

Designing a Multimodal Environment for Cognitive and Creative Activity in Pre-School Education – Competence of the Teacher

Author(s): Sofia Dermendjieva,Nikolay Tsankov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: pedagogical competence; transgressive behavior; multimodal educational environment; cognitive and creative activity of the child in pre-school age

This article focuses on the formation of pedagogical competence for the design of multimodal educational environment, the functionality of which is the foundation of the cognitive and creative activity of the child in pre-school age. It problematizes the need for adequate professional reflection of the teacher in the context of the transgressive approach and highlights the parameters of organizing pedagogical interactions that utilize multimodality as a communication phenomenon. The understanding that the competence of the teacher for designing a multimodal environment as well as cognitive and creative activities develops as transgressive and is continuously created in the cultivation of new knowledge and skills, while expanding the cognitive and practical limits of the subject, is affirmed. Based on this affirmation, the thesis that if a child has entered the “communicative state” and has engaged in multimodal educational interactions, the child appropriates the social experience by forming a transgressive attitude of behavioral response.