A Reinterpretation of the Bulgarian Particle си

A Reinterpretation of the Bulgarian Particle си

Author(s): Kjetil Rå Hauge / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2000

The Bulgarian particle cu occurs both in ad-verbal position, as a verbal clitic, and as an element added to certain indefinite pronouns and adverbs. It is claimed that this particle has pragmatic meaning rather than lexical meaning, and that it serves as a mitigating device; that is, a linguistic means of softening the expected negative perlocutionary force of a speech act. More specifically, it serves to counter the expectations of the hearer, and this invariant meaning is present both in its ad-verbal and ad-pronominal use. Asyntactic test for distinguishing verbs with this particle from verbs with a lexicalised cu is suggested, and cases of lexicalised usage of the ad-pronominal cu are pointed out.

Т. Avgustinova. Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian

Т. Avgustinova. Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian

Author(s): Yovka Tisheva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2000

Review of: Т. Avgustinova. Word Order and Clitics in Bulgarian [ Saarbrucken Dissertations in Computational Linguistics and Language Technology. Volume 5]. Saarbrucken, 1998. 184 p.

Why use machines for empirical discovery in linguistics?

Why use machines for empirical discovery in linguistics?

Author(s): Vladimir Pericliev / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2000

The article is a report of four discovery systems, operating in linguistics. All of these address „empirical“ discovery, or discovery from data. The first program models the familiar induction methods of John Stuart Mill, the second performs componential analysis of kinship terms, the third is a general concept-discrimination program, and the fourth can discover word order universals and write a report in English, summarizing its discoveries. These systems are briefly described and some arguments are offered in favour of machine-aided empirical discovery in linguistics. The arguments refer to the strength of machines in computationally complex tasks, the guaranteed consistency of machine results, the portability of machine methods to new tasks and domains, and the potential machines provide for our gaining new insights.

An Economic Analysis of Iran’s 2017 Judicial System Reforms: Ways with Long-term Effects to Improve Judicial System’s Litigation Delay

An Economic Analysis of Iran’s 2017 Judicial System Reforms: Ways with Long-term Effects to Improve Judicial System’s Litigation Delay

Author(s): Zahra Sohrabi Abad / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: judicial system; World Bank; efficiency; Kaldor-Hicks; law and economics

Litigation delay is a serious concern for judicial systems. In 2017, Iran enacted regulations for digitizing the judicial system in order to address this problem. This article shows whether this new policy has been an efficient move and shows solutions with morelong-term results for overcoming the litigation delay. To analyze the recent reforms efficiency,I review Iran’s dispute resolution performance using secondary data from Doing Business research and the Research Center of the Iranian parliament reports in measuring the doing business environment from 2016, before adopting those regulations, and then until 2019. Finally, it is concluded that Law & Economics methodology is suitable for analyzing the efficiency of 2017 Iran’s policy, which also provides ways to achieve more sustainable results to overcome the litigation delay. The main finding of this study is that according to the Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, Iran’s recent reforms related to digitizing the judicial system have been an efficient move; however, due to the nature of these reforms, this efficiency does not last permanently.

Access to justice regarding plans and programmes related to the environment – Polish law in the light of Article 9.3 of the Aarhus Convention

Access to justice regarding plans and programmes related to the environment – Polish law in the light of Article 9.3 of the Aarhus Convention

Author(s): Magdalena Bar / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: access to justice; Aarhus Convention; challenging of plans and programmes; environmental plans and programmes

Article 9.3 of the Aarhus Convention grants members of the public (meeting certain requirements, if a Party to the Convention so specifies) access to a review procedure (access to justice) to challenge acts or omissions by private persons or public authorities that contravene provisions of its national law relating to the environment. According to Article 2.4of the Convention, non-governmental organisations should also be considered as “members of the public”. According to the jurisprudence of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee, the activities of public authorities covered by the requirements of Article 9.3 of the Convention include adoption of plans and programmes which may have an impact on the environment. In accordance with Polish law (often following the requirements of EU law), administrative authorities adopt a whole range of plans and programmes relating to the environment or having an impact on the environment. These documents are developed either by regionalor local authorities (self-governmental authorities or regional government administration) or at the central level. Polish law provides very limited opportunities to challenge plans or programmes. With respect to documents created at the central level, there are no such possibilities at all, and with respect to documents created at lower levels, certain, limited, rights in this respect are granted only to private entities whose legal interest has been violated. The possibility for NGOs to challenge plans or programmes is completely excluded. Such a situation should be considered non-compliant with the Aarhus Convention.

Penal (financial) sanctions for non-payment of agreed amounts of tax obligations: nomocracy under martial law in Ukraine

Penal (financial) sanctions for non-payment of agreed amounts of tax obligations: nomocracy under martial law in Ukraine

Author(s): Anna Barikova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: monetary obligation; tax audits; tax debt; debt repayment; statute of limitations

The relevance of the research of applying penal (financial) sanctions for non-payment of agreed amounts of tax obligations has been determined by multifaceted and controversial relations that arise regarding tax and fee collection, competence of controlling bodies, powers and duties of their officials, responsibility for violations of tax legislation. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of applying penal (financial) sanctions for non-payment of agreed amounts of tax obligations. Contemporary general philosophical, general scientific and specific scientific methods have been used. The procedure for bringing the payer to financial responsibility and fintech model when applying fines have been addressed. It has been adduced that the date from which the period during which a fine could be imposed is calculated is the date of payment of the agreed amount of the tax liability, and not the date on which the statutory payment period for the agreed monetary liability expires. The specificity of the date from which this period is calculated, has been dealt with in terms of the tax authority conducting a chamber audit on the timeliness of payment of the agreed tax (monetary) obligation, and the application of fines for late payment by the taxpayer of the agreed monetary liability is the date of actual payment of the agreed amount of the tax liability. The practical value of the results is that they could beused to establish specific temporal limits for calculating the period during which a chamber check could be conducted on the timeliness for paying the agreed monetary obligations.

The application of the Principle of Prevention to land-based sources of marine pollution: an International Law approach

The application of the Principle of Prevention to land-based sources of marine pollution: an International Law approach

Author(s): Francesco Maletto / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Marine environment; marine pollution; prevention; due diligence; environmental damage

Despite being a major environmental issue, marine pollution from land-based sources has not been addressed through a clear and coherent international legal framework. The aim of this article is, therefore, to reconduct such fragmented framework to a single international rule, with the potential of effectively tackling the issue. This led the investigation to focus on the Principle of Prevention, which, despite being a cornerstone of international environmental law, has remained quite evanescent as to its normative content. With this in mind, the article attempts to reconstruct the actual content of the rule with specific regard to the issue at stake. In order to do so, it has been essential to identify the standard of “diligence” States are held to in such regard and to verify how such “due diligence” interacts with the primary rule and contributes to fill it with normative content. The result is a single legal rule with a renewed potential, especially in terms of enforcement opportunities.

Report on the International Scientific Conference “Contemporary threats to parental responsibility. Selected legal aspects” organised within the framework of the 2022 Central European Professors Network

Report on the International Scientific Conference “Contemporary threats to parental responsibility. Selected legal aspects” organised within the framework of the 2022 Central European Professors Network

Author(s): Maria Masłowiec / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: parental responsibility/authority/care; Central Europe

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive report on the conference “Contemporary threats to parental responsibility. Selected legal aspects” held on 5 December 2022 in Miskolc and organised by University of Miskolc – Central European Academy as part of the Central European Professors Network. It includes a presentation of individual papers by conference participants from Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia. The conference was the final event crowning the activities of the research group dealing with parental responsibility, the outcome of which will be publishing of a monograph.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Author(s): Krzysztof Waliszewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: financial inclusion; bank account; SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; CEE countries

A society’s financial inclusion – understood as possessing and actively using a bank or non-bank account – is one of many indicators of sustainable growth and economic development. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the process of financial integration through the use of modern technologies in finance, financial innovation and the need to have an account to receive aid from government crisis shields or to confirm official activities through a trusted profile in a bank. Furthermore, EU regulations have accelerated the process of financial integration through the institution of a basic bank account and open banking solutions. Financial education programs and activities of financial institutions under the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)/Environment Social Governance (ESG) strategy have also contributed to improving financial literacy, which directly reduces financial self-exclusion. The aim of the article is to check whether financial inclusion has increased during the pandemic and to identify socio-demographic determinants of this inclusion such as sex, age, in or out labor force, education, and wealth level in selected CEE countries. The article uses statistical data from The Global Findex research conducted since 2011 and by the World Bank, covering the period 2011-2021. The empirical study confirmed that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the largest increases in the percentage of people aged 15+ with a bank account were recorded, and the studied Central and Eastern European countries differed in this respect. Selectedsocio-demographic variables differentiated the level of financial integration in the analysed countries. The level of financial inclusion in selected European countries increased in the considered period, especially in countries with the initially lowest level of financial inclusion (Ukraine, Bulgaria). Financial inclusion was positively influenced by professional activity, at least secondary education, age of 25 and above, and high income. The greatest degree of financial inclusion was differentiated by education, and then by professional activity. However, sex was not shown to differentiate the level of financial inclusion.

NEW LOCALS OR THE NEWLY-MIGRANTIZED? THE MARKERS OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATIONS’ VISIBILITY: THE UKRAINE CASE, 2014-2021

NEW LOCALS OR THE NEWLY-MIGRANTIZED? THE MARKERS OF THE INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATIONS’ VISIBILITY: THE UKRAINE CASE, 2014-2021

Author(s): Svitlana Balinchenko / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: migration; (in)visibility of displaced persons; Ukraine; protracted internal displacement; blind-spot effect; anopticism; panopticism

The article analyzes internal displacement with attention to the visibility of thedisplaced populations in the host communities. The study is based on the Ukraine case of protracted internal displacement, during the 2014-2021 period, from the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian war, and just before the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine. It employs the methodology of Causal Layered Analysis and secondary analysis of the national survey data on internal displacement. Regarding the distortions of visibility, I suggest hypovisibility (anopticism) and hypervisibility (panopticism), through the VASE-approach that includes visibility, access to decision-making, sense of belonging, and estimation of common perspectives as the indicators of adaptation of the newcomers in the receiving communities. The visibility of the displaced populations is reviewed through the systemic and myth/metaphor levels. The labels of “burden”, “problem” or “capital” applied to the displaced populations in the narratives and official documents are referred to as a visibility-related issue that has an impact on social cohesion.Keywords: migration, (in

THE ISSUE OF SECURITY IN THE ELECTIONS PROGRAMMES OF CANDIDATES FOR THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE IN 2019

THE ISSUE OF SECURITY IN THE ELECTIONS PROGRAMMES OF CANDIDATES FOR THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE IN 2019

Author(s): Paweł Pietnoczka / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Ukraine; issue of security; elections programme; presidential elections

The aim of the article is to present the programme priorities in the field of security policy, announced by each candidate running for the office of President of Ukraine in 2019. In addition, it also attempts to show how they intended to: ensure state security, bring the war in the Donbass to an end, restore the territorial integrity – thus, to regain Kyiv’s control over the Donbass and Crimea, as well as where they were going to look for allies capable of providing support to Ukraine on the path to achieving the above-mentioned goals. An analysis of the elections programmes of each candidate will allow us to answer the questions. Attention was paid to the programme demands of those candidates who reeived at least a five per cent support in the presidential elections. Hence, the elections programmes of the participants of the second round of the elections, namely those of Volodymyr Zelensky, Petro Poroshenko, and also Yulia Tymoshenko, Yuriy Boyko, Anatoliy Hrytsenko, Ihor Smeshko as well as Oleh Lyashko, were subjected to analysis.

SLOW STRENGTHENING OF LATVIA’S RESILIENCE IN PREVENTING AND COMBATING CORRUPTION: AN ANALYSIS OF CAUSES

SLOW STRENGTHENING OF LATVIA’S RESILIENCE IN PREVENTING AND COMBATING CORRUPTION: AN ANALYSIS OF CAUSES

Author(s): Nataliia Khoma,Ihor Vdovychyn / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: corruption; anti-corruption policy; EU; Latvia

The aim of the article is to present the authors’ assessment of the effectiveness of the anti-corruption policy in Latvia, to establish the compliance of national anti-corruption strategies with the EU goals in terms of preventing and combating corruption. The research methods aim at confirming a hypothesis that in order to deepen anti-corruption reforms and strengthen resilience in the fight against corruption, it is not enough for Latvia to conduct only institutional reforms, but it is important to promote anti-corruption values. The study is based on the methodology of new institutionalism and axiological analysis. The authors argue that if the role of non-democratic values is significant, it will slow down the progressive institutional reforms needed to bring Latvia’s anti-corruption policies fully in line with EU development strategies.

THE COLORFUL WORLD OF DAVID SAMOYLOV’S POETRY

THE COLORFUL WORLD OF DAVID SAMOYLOV’S POETRY

Author(s): Sholpan Abisheva,Madina Moldagali,Samal Serikova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: David Samoylov; color images; monochromes; structure; semantics; antithesis

The article deals with the structure and semantics of color elements in the poetic texts by David Samoylov. Colorism manifests itself in three ways: as a color image recreated from the context, as substituted metonymy, and as words denoting color semantics. In this paper, using a continuous sample, the mechanism of manifestations of the basic monochromes “black – white” and the contaminated metatricolor “blue – green – red” is investigated on the basis of a complete collection of Samoylov’s poems. As a result of the article, a frequency dictionary of color elements was created, a semantic and structural analysis of five color images was carried out, and an ideological and thematic complex of the poet’s poetry was determined.

THE SOVIET COLONIALISM: CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS CODING OF MEANINGS IN THE THE WELL NOVEL BY ABISH KEKILBAYEV

THE SOVIET COLONIALISM: CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS CODING OF MEANINGS IN THE THE WELL NOVEL BY ABISH KEKILBAYEV

Author(s): Oral Arukenova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: Soviet colonialism; sublimation; birth trauma; Tengrism; nomadism; mythology

Abish Kekilbayev’s story The Well was first published in 1978 in the Kazakh language book Belaya Aruana. The story is one of the most striking works of Kazakh literature of the Soviet period and it has been translated into many languages of the world. It has been the subject of research by literary and cultural critics in Kazakhstan, Russia, Germany, the United States, Bulgaria and other countries, and it is still of interest for analysis and interpretation. In 2018, a feature film based on the novel was produced in Kazakhstan. This article examines the work as an example of coding during the ideological censorship of the Soviets and, from a psychoanalytical perspective, as a derivative of birth trauma. During the Soviet colonial period, ethnic myths acquired particular significance for Central Asian writers; they became a natural extension of the traditional folk epic and a way out of the situation: by engaging the mythical consciousness, they could encode meanings, presenting them in the form of socialist realism

THE FUNCTIONALITY OF DREAM REALITY IN AN EMIGRANT TEXT

THE FUNCTIONALITY OF DREAM REALITY IN AN EMIGRANT TEXT

Author(s): Ludmila Safronova,Elena Shmakova,Botagoz Baizhigit / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: emigrant text; intertext; dream; unconscious; initiation

(E)migration as a kind of initiation stage in the fate of an emigrant, when one’s life seems to start from scratch, typologically defines an emigrant text as a structure of incorporation into the social layers of a new society. This process happens mostly unconsciously and is characterized by certain typological markers, such as reference to mythological and folkloric sources, pretexts from home and world culture, stylizations, carnival, parodies, etc. In this sense, a collection by Ilya Lipkovich, Stan Lipovetsky and Igor Mandel titled “Morpheus and Orpheus. Both Dreams and Spirits: Eyewitness Dreams and Poet’s Commentary” is a model of emigrant writing, broadcasting archetypal conventional imagery systems and allowing a reader to survive the traumatic situation of the still incomplete transition.

The need for protection of environmental defenders from digital intimidation: an analysis of Article 3(8) of the Aarhus Convention

The need for protection of environmental defenders from digital intimidation: an analysis of Article 3(8) of the Aarhus Convention

Author(s): Lien Stolle / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Digital technologies are becoming increasingly important to environmental defenders, both in terms of tools that facilitate speaking out and/or taking action, and in terms of (digital) risks they face as a result of their involvement. A growing concern has been expressed about the use of various forms of online and technology-facilitated intimidation or “digital intimidation” against environmental defenders. While the existing research on cyberbullying, digital violence and online intimidation can provide some insight, few studies and data exist on the use of such tactics against environmental defenders in particular. By leaving this issue unexamined, there remains a lack of awareness about the risks and challenges environmental defenders may face in terms of online safety and digital intimidation, which may ultimately curtail public debate on environmental issues. Fortunately, the protections under Article 3(8) of the Aarhus Convention and the recently introduced Special Rapporteur for Environmental Defenders can be useful in providing protection against digital intimidation. This paper, therefore, looks at the application of Article 3(8) to digital intimidation, through the decisions of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee, and also considers the mandate given to the Special Rapporteur at the 2020 Meeting of the Parties. The analysis shows that there is certainly potential for protection against digital intimidation under Article 3(8) AC, but more explicit attention and awareness may be needed.

Debating academic boycotts and the war in Ukraine

Debating academic boycotts and the war in Ukraine

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: academic boycotts; War in Ukraine; academic communities in Europe; editorial;

The editorial team at New Perspectives welcomes you to Issue 3 of 2023. This issue contains three articles and a forum discussion on academic boycotts in the context of the War in Ukraine. Following extraordinary events within Russia, it has become clear that the war may be turning in Ukraine’s favour, as its allies continue to support the Ukrainian war effort, and Russia faces logistical challenges.

The contradictory behaviour of Russia in response to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution

The contradictory behaviour of Russia in response to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution

Author(s): Judas Everett / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Russia; Ukraine; Aggression; Restraint; 2014;

This article addresses the contradictory behaviour of the Russian Federation in reacting to the events of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. The Russian response saw significant aggression, but also seemingly involving inaction or even restraint in other areas. The question is what are some plausible explanations for this contradictory behaviour. In order to answer this question, relevant terminology is defined, then the subnational level is focused on and Most Similar System Design is utilised. Then cases involving significant aggression are considered, before moving on to those seemingly involving inaction or even restraint. Finally, these two elements are reconciled, producing a clear picture of the overall similarities, the inconsistencies and the crucial differences. The article finds the crucial differences to be the level of loyalty to the Kremlin and willingness to engage in collaboration or cooperation. The focus on loyalty to the Kremlin and the issue of willingness to collaborate is revealing.

New Polish Right – politeness and radicalism. A corpus analysis of Krzysztof Bosak’s (de)legitimation strategies on Twitter

New Polish Right – politeness and radicalism. A corpus analysis of Krzysztof Bosak’s (de)legitimation strategies on Twitter

Author(s): Marcin Kosman / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Corpus linguistics; legitimacy; legitimation; right-wing discourse; twitter;

The article discusses (de)legitimation strategies of Krzysztof Bosak, one of the leaders of the Confederation Liberty and Independence, a Polish coalition of right-wing movements. The success of the formation appears to be in line with that of other European (far) right-wing parties, which have become politically relevant in recent decades. Despite the Confederation’s growing position in European politics, there is a paucity of research devoted to the party. The present paper attempts to bridge the gap by focusing on Bosak’s 2020 presidential campaign and the politician’s use of Twitter. In order to investigate Bosak’s discourse in detail, corpus linguistic methods were used. As they allow the researcher to work on large samples of data, Bosak’s tweets were investigated at both qualitative and quantitative levels. The results suggest that the candidate focused on legitimizing Catholicism and conservative ideas. At the same time, he delegitimised the left and LGBT communities, framing the presidential campaign as a clash between the conservative order.

Leader trait analysis of Vladimir Putin: A translation studies approach to personality scores in translated English to Russian speech

Leader trait analysis of Vladimir Putin: A translation studies approach to personality scores in translated English to Russian speech

Author(s): Katherine Hallin / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Vladimir Putin; leader trait analysis; discourse analysis; foreign policy analysis; translation;

The study of how political leader personalities affect the foreign policy of their states is a longstanding query in foreign policy analysis, within which the use of leaders’ speech, or verbal statements, to explain how leaders behave is a methodologically productive subfield. One of the more prominent and reliable methodologies used to assess leader personality through leader speech is Leader Trait Analysis (LTA), developed by Margaret Hermann. However, because LTA was developed using English language vocabulary and grammar, its accuracy using Russian language speeches to discern leader personality traits has relied on translation. Translation is both inefficient and may not accurately transfer the semantics of speech upon which LTA’s results depend. Responding to this issue, this paper applies Mona Baker’s translation studies criteria to qualitatively compare the semantic equivalence, or maintenance of a text’s original meaning, between English translations used to create an LTA profile for Vladimir Putin and Putin’s original Russian speeches. The research identifies the preponderance of grammatical differences between English and Russian in limiting how well English translations of Russian speech maintain semantic equivalence relevant to assessing leader personality. It is concluded that an accurate understanding of Russian leaders’ personalities requires Russian language specific LTA profiling.