The Labyrinth of Literature

The Labyrinth of Literature

Author(s): David Damrosch,Ag Apolloni / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2022

Keywords: world literature; translation; transation theory; Goethe; Ismail Kadare; Balkan literature;

David Damrosch is a well-known American literary historian, a Professor at Harvard University and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He founded the Institute for World Literature in 2010 and has previously been the president of the American Comparative Literature Association. Some of his books are What is World Literature?, Comparing the Literatures, The Buried Book and Around the World in 80 books.

The Novel as a Bricolage

The Novel as a Bricolage

Author(s): Eronita Kqiku / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2022

Keywords: bricolage; auteur; découpe; collage; bildungsroman; puzzle; irony;

The subject of this study is Stefan Çapaliku’s novel “Everybody gets insane in their own way,” published in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Here we analyze the novel’s structure because bricolage means a particular way of structuring. In addition, we determine the status of the novel’s writer because he takes several roles which change depending on the analytical point of view. Since bricolage means a way of structuring, the structure of the fable is another matter of discussion. The text is structured through some postmodern techniques, such as découpe and collage, that define its type. Also, other postmodern elements of the novel are discussed here, such as irony, black humor, fragmentation, metafiction, minimalism, transtextuality, etc.

The Greek Model of an Albanian Novel

The Greek Model of an Albanian Novel

Author(s): Ag Apolloni / Language(s): English / Issue: 25/2022

Keywords: catharsis; architext; hypotext; hypertext; intertext;

This article discusses the relations between the most known Albanian novel, The General of the Dead Army, Greek myths, Homer’s Iliad, and especially Aeschylus’s tragedies, Agamemnon and The Persians. Here we analyze how Greek texts (myths, epic poems, tragedies) have served as models to the Albanian author Ismail Kadare to write his novel. Moreover, we discuss even a function of an alternative catharsis. Therefore, the Greek mythology and literature model as an architext in relation to Kadare’s hypertext is seen in several plans: theme, motive, idea, function, etc.

INTERVIEW WITH THE NORWEGIAN WRITER NILS-ØIVIND HAAGENSEN

INTERVIEW WITH THE NORWEGIAN WRITER NILS-ØIVIND HAAGENSEN

Author(s): Raluca-Daniela Duinea / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: NILS-ØIVIND HAAGENSEN; INTERVIEW;

Nils-Øivind Haagensen (b. 1971) is a Norwegian journalist, poet, writer and the head of Flamme Publishing House. He was born in Ålesund and at present he lives in Oslo, Norway. He made his literary debut in 1998 with the volume of poems Hender og hukommelse (Hands and Memories). In 2001 he published his first novel, Det radioaktige (The Radioactive). In 2004 he was awarded Sultprisen (Hunger Prize) for his literary work, and in 2013 he was nominated for Nordisk råds litteraturpris (Nordic Council Literature Prize) with the volume of poems God morgen og god natt (Good Morning and Good Night, 2012). He was also awarded the Stiftelsen Kjell Holms kulturpris (Stiftelsen Kjell Holm Culture Prize, 2017). In 2019 he published the novel Dette norske livet (This Norwegian Life), and in 2013 he published the novel Liten (Little). Sangria i parken (Sangria in the Park, 2021) is his most recent novel published by Oktober Publishing House. He also published a series of volumes of poems Det uregjerlige (Hard to Control, 2020), Stor (Big, 2018) and Spredning (Spreading, 2014).

BOOK REVIEW:RODICA FRENTIU, YASUNARI KAWABATA: DREAMS OF THE FLOATING WORLD, CLUJ-NAPOCA: PRESA UNIVERSITARA CLUJEANA, 2023, 324 P.

BOOK REVIEW:RODICA FRENTIU, YASUNARI KAWABATA: DREAMS OF THE FLOATING WORLD, CLUJ-NAPOCA: PRESA UNIVERSITARA CLUJEANA, 2023, 324 P.

Author(s): Robert-Giulian Andreescu / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: RODICA FRENTIU; YASUNARI KAWABATA; Review;

Literary interpretation is a complex art which always involves more than the work being analysed and can never be reduced to a decoding of the author’s thoughts. As obviously important as those two aspects are, delving into them exclusively would mean ignoring the author as a person, both in the sense of ignoring the influence of one’s life on one’s writing style and thematic choices, but also in the sense of ignoring the societal trends in thinking that inevitably affect all people within that context. This explanation was necessary as avoiding that mentality is one of the qualities of Rodica Frenţiu’s book, Yasunari Kawabata: Dreams of the Floating World (2023).

BOOK REVIEW: NILS-ØIVIND HAAGENSEN, E A TA? (ER HUN DIN?/ IS SHE YOURS?), TRANSLATED FROM NORWEGIAN BY RALUCA-DANIELA DUINEA, CLUJ-NAPOCA: CASA CĂRȚII DE ȘTIINȚĂ, 2023, 232 P.

BOOK REVIEW: NILS-ØIVIND HAAGENSEN, E A TA? (ER HUN DIN?/ IS SHE YOURS?), TRANSLATED FROM NORWEGIAN BY RALUCA-DANIELA DUINEA, CLUJ-NAPOCA: CASA CĂRȚII DE ȘTIINȚĂ, 2023, 232 P.

Author(s): Georgiana Bozîntan / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: NILS-ØIVIND HAAGENSEN; Review;

Nils-Øivind Haagensen is a Norwegian poet, writer, journalist and the head of Flamme Publishing House. He debuted as a poet in 1998 with the volume Hender og hukommelse (Hands and Memories) and as a novelist in 2001 with Det radioaktige (The Radioactive). In 2013 he was nominated for Nordisk råds litteraturpris (Nordic Council Literature Prize) for the volume of poetry God morgen og god natt (Good Morning and Good Night, 2012). Among his latest publications are the novels Dette norske livet (This Norwegian Life, 2019) and Sangria i parken (Sangria in the Park, 2021).

BOOK REVIEW: LINDA BOSTRÖM KNAUSGÅRD, COPIL DE OCTOMBRIE (OKTOBERBARN/OCTOBER CHILD), TRANSLATED FROM SWEDISH BY ROXANA-EMA DREVE, BUCUREȘTI: PANDORA, COLL. “ANANSI CONTEMPORAN”, 2023, 168 P.

BOOK REVIEW: LINDA BOSTRÖM KNAUSGÅRD, COPIL DE OCTOMBRIE (OKTOBERBARN/OCTOBER CHILD), TRANSLATED FROM SWEDISH BY ROXANA-EMA DREVE, BUCUREȘTI: PANDORA, COLL. “ANANSI CONTEMPORAN”, 2023, 168 P.

Author(s): Ioana Hodârnău / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: LINDA BOSTRÖM KNAUSGÅRD; Review;

After the micro-novel Bine ai venit în America (Velkommen till Amerika/ Welcome to America), this year saw the publication of a new translation of a text by Linda Boström Knausgård, Copil de octom¬brie (Oktoberbarn/October Child). Both titles were translated from Swedish into Romanian by Roxana-Ema Dreve, at Pandora Press.

BOOK REVIEW: LUCYNA HARMON (ED.), KOSINSKI’S NOVEL THE PAINTED BIRD IN THIRTEEN LANGUAGES, LEIDEN/BOSTON: BRILL, 2022, 229 P.

BOOK REVIEW: LUCYNA HARMON (ED.), KOSINSKI’S NOVEL THE PAINTED BIRD IN THIRTEEN LANGUAGES, LEIDEN/BOSTON: BRILL, 2022, 229 P.

Author(s): Antony Hoyte-West / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: LUCYNA HARMON; Review;

Set in an unidentified country but ostensibly charting his own experiences during the time of the Holocaust, Jerzy Kosinski’s harrowing 1965 novel The Painted Bird has been translated and disseminated across the world. Of the over two dozen tongues that Kosinski’s best-known work has appeared in (aside from its original English), Kosinski’s Novel The Painted Bird in Thirteen Languages presents detailed scholarly analyses of the translations into selected Slavic (Polish, Russian, Serbian/Croatian, Ukrainian), Germanic (German, Norwegian), and Romance (French, Romanian, Spanish) languages, as well as Greek and Persian.

Core Competencies and Resource Allocation in the Performance of Bottled Water Industry

Core Competencies and Resource Allocation in the Performance of Bottled Water Industry

Author(s): James Ichoroh,Kellen Kiambati,Levi N. Mbugua / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: government intervention; interaction effect; strategic repositioning; structural model; water sector standards

Research question: This paper examines the influence of core competencies, resource allocation and water sector standards on the performance of firms in the bottled water industry. Motivation: For firms in the bottled water industry to remain afloat, their performance against their targets needs to be assessed (Murugesan et al., 2016). Examining trends over time is essential since stakeholders and investors are concerned with enhanced performance. This study conceptualizes that the performance of firms dealing with bottled water are influenced by core competencies (Hirindu, 2017), resource allocation (Catherine & Lee, 2017) and that there is an intervening effect of water sector standards. Idea: The idea behind this study is to model the relationship among core competencies, resource allocation and firm performance in the bottled water industry and also to examine the moderating effect of water sector standards in explaining firm performance (Ichoroh, 2021). Data: The study used quantitative cross-sectional survey design of which the population of interest comprised of 80 licensed bottled water manufacturing firms in Kenya. Open and closed ended questionnaires were administered to managers of bottled water firms. Data on demographic characteristics, firms core competencies, resource allocation and sector standards were collected. Tools: Factor Analysis was used to scale, classify, delineate patterns and enhance hypothesis testing, while structural equation modelling was applied to infer whether the survey items matched the measured constructs. Findings: The indicators of core competences had 57% variation on firm performance and increase in core competences by a factor of 0.804% led to improvement of firm performance by 1%. The indicators for resource allocation had 17% variation on firm performance and the marginal effect was 1.738%. The water sector standards intervening effect in the relationship between core competence and firm performance was found not to be significant but the intervening effect of water sector standards on resource allocation and firm performance was significant. Contribution: The study gives indicators of repositioning strategies in the bottled water industry and provides insights to the government on policy regulations and standards.

Working from Home, Work-Related Attitudes, Work-Life Balance and Employee Well-Being – Implications for HRM in the Post-COVID Era

Working from Home, Work-Related Attitudes, Work-Life Balance and Employee Well-Being – Implications for HRM in the Post-COVID Era

Author(s): Biljana Bogićević Milikić,Ana Aleksić Mirić,Nebojša Janićijević / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Working from Home; Work-Related Attitudes; Work-Life Balance; Employee Well-Being; Post-Covid Era; Human Resource Management

Research Question: This paper explores the relationship between working from home, work-related attitudes, work-life balance and employee well-being. Motivation: The paper is inspired by an evident lack of research of factors that possibly cause differences in the employees` work-related attitudes, work-life balance and employee well-being especially in the Covid Era. In this paper, we search for a better understanding of the relationship between working from home, work-related attitudes, work-life balance and employee well-being. Idea: The paper aims to identify factors that make a difference in certain work-related attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment), work-life balance and employee well-being in working from home environment in order to provide for better understanding of employees` behaviour in the Covid Era and the implications for more effective Human Resource Management of working from home employees in Post-Covid time. Data: Primary data were collected through a questionnaire with 2,171 employees, over the period from the end of March till the beginning of May 2021. The sample included only respondents who have experienced working from home from the beginning of the Covid 19 pandemic in Serbia. Tools: Statistical analysis was performed (using descriptive stats, t-test for testing equality of means, chi-square test and ANOVA, and some non-parametrical tests). Findings: Preliminary findings signify a lack of previous experience in applying the working from home practice; an increase in the length of working hours; some resistance to working from home; most employees would choose a balance in which office work dominates, but there is also work from home, at least one day a week; the dominant majority of employees report feeling cheerful and moody, calm and relaxed and active and energetic when working from home, while slightly different results are recorded in the field of physical well-being; overall work-life balance is not interrupted. Contribution: This paper contributes to the research of factors of work-related attitudes, work-life balance and employee well-being while working from home by bringing original field data from Serbia. From the standpoint of HR policies and practices, it offers valuable implications for managers working in post-Covid Era.

The influence of COVID-19 on production operations planning

The influence of COVID-19 on production operations planning

Author(s): Zoran Rakićević,Ognjen Anđelić,Goran Popović,Bojana Branković / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Production operations planning; COVID-19; supply chain; survey interview; literature review

Research Question: This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on production operations planning. Motivation: Due to the prevalence of the coronavirus pandemic, a disturbance has occurred in the global production and supply chain systems. By disturbing transportation and distribution mechanisms, the COVID-19 pandemic has directly influenced value chain participants, which makes the planning process more difficult. The current crisis caused by the virus has revealed the fragility, vulnerability and low resilience of systems that were previously considered to be best practices in global value chains. Idea: The paper provides new ideas to researchers and practitioners in the field of operations management, that can improve business practices in the current business environment caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data: In order to identify problems and expose potential solutions, we conduct a contemporary literature review combined with interviews with experts from supply chain operations. Findings: Experts from supply chain practice, as well as scholars and researchers identified mostly the same issues in planning business operations, that occur as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic disruption. Contribution: This paper outlines the main issues and challenges that arise as a result of the pandemic. The paper also provides guidance to improvements in operations planning with the purpose to increase sustainability and resilience in future emergencies.

Impact of Digital Technologies on Business Performance in Serbia

Impact of Digital Technologies on Business Performance in Serbia

Author(s): Ernad Kahrović,Atif Avdović / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: digital economy; digital technology; digital business transformation

Research Question: The main goal of the study was to investigate the degree to which Serbian businesses accept and use digital technologies as part of the digital business transformation process. Motivation: The main aim was to research the specific determinants of the digital economy, digital technology and digital business transformation. Through an empirical analysis, digital technologies were classified as primary and secondary and the motive was to examine whether digital technologies affect revenue growth, productivity improvement, increase in market share, customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction, reduction in operating costs, development and use of digital products, digital market expansion and digital platform development. Idea: The main idea behind the study was to determine to what extent the said technologies are employed in Serbian businesses, as well as to develop a model of the impact of digital technologies on business performance, which may serve as a basis for further research. Data: The research was conducted from October 2020 to March 2021. A questionnaire was sent to over 500 email addresses of Serbian companies, and 98 questionnaires were filled in and duly returned. We displayed the most important characteristics of our sample and that way pointed out its randomness and representativeness and explained the choice of data analytics methods we use. Tools: The research instrument was a questionnaire including the general information (Part I). Part II included the question regarding the primary and secondary digital technologies used in their daily business activities. In Part III, the participants were required to state the specific outcomes their company expects to obtain as a result of digital business transformation. Findings: Mobile technologies, social networks and cloud computing were found to be dominantly employed technologies by the Serbian businesses from the sample. In percentage terms, the second class of disruptive technologies was shown to be insignificantly present in the Serbian companies. Finally, it appears that the role and importance of robotics and artificial intelligence have started to be recognised on the business scene. There is a significant impact of digital technologies on business performances, and we also give correlations between specific digital technologies and business performances, and intensity and statistical significance of impact in each case. We have also determined that some significant technologies make a latent, indirect impact on performances and shown the way that occurs. The analysis is performed after standardizing the ordinal scale values of variables making the results more accurate. Contribution: The paper provides the state of affairs regarding digital technologies use by Serbian businesses, as well as that of digital business transformation.

Enabling Equal Opportunity in Logistic Regression Algorithm

Enabling Equal Opportunity in Logistic Regression Algorithm

Author(s): Sandro Radovanović,Marko Ivić / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Algorithmic decision-making; Algorithmic Fairness; Fair prediction models; Logistic Regression; Equal Opportunity

Research Question: This paper aims at adjusting the logistic regression algorithm to mitigate unwanted discrimination shown towards race, gender, etc. Motivation: Decades of research in the field of algorithm design have been dedicated to making a better prediction model. Many algorithms are designed and improved, which made them better than the judgments of people and even experts. However, in recent years it has been discovered that predictive models can make unwanted discrimination. Such unwanted discrimination in the predictive model can lead to legal consequences. In order to mitigate the problem of unwanted discrimination, we propose equal opportunity between privileged and discriminated groups in the logistic regression algorithm. Idea: Our idea is to add a regularization term in the goal function of the logistic regression. Therefore, our predictive model will solve both the social problem and the predictive problem. More specifically, our model will provide fair and accurate predictions. Data: The data used in this research present U.S. census data describing individuals using personal characteristics with a goal to provide a binary classification model for predicting if an individual has an annual salary above $50k. The dataset used is known for disparate impact regarding female individuals. In addition, we used the COMPAS dataset aimed at predicting recidivism. COMPAS is biased toward African-Americans. Tools: We developed a novel regularization technique for equal opportunity in the logistic regression algorithm. The proposed regularization is compared against classical logistic regression and fairness constraint logistic regression, using a ten-fold cross-validation. Findings: The results suggest that equal opportunity logistic regression manages to create a fair prediction model. More specifically, our model improved both disparate impact and equal opportunity compared to classical logistic regression, with a minor loss in prediction accuracy. Compared to the disparate impact constrained logistic regression, our approach has higher prediction accuracy and equal opportunity, while having a lower disparate impact. By inspecting the coefficients of our approach and classical logistic regression, one can see that proxy attribute coefficients are reduced to very low values. Contribution: The main contribution of this paper is in the methodological part. More specifically, we implemented an equal opportunity in the logistic regression algorithm.

Modelling and Forecasting Volatility on Electric Power Exchange SEEPEX

Modelling and Forecasting Volatility on Electric Power Exchange SEEPEX

Author(s): Ivica Terzić,Zoran Jeremić,Tatjana Latas / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Electricity price; Forecasting; Modelling; Volatility; ARMA; GARCH; SEEPEX

Research Question: The launch and the beginning of trade on the South East Electric Power Exchange (SEEPEX) in Belgrade, early in 2016, opened the issue of forecasting volatility and price movements in the market. Motivation: The issue is of vital importance for all market actors for the purpose of maximising profits, reducing risks, planning production and making investment decisions. Forecasting volatility and price movements in electric power markets is important for traders with profit maximisation and yield-to-risk ratio optimisation in mind and, equally, for producers, large industrial consumers, investors and portfolio managers. Idea: Exploring models and techniques to forecast volatility in electricity markets and subsequently testing statistical methods based on time series data, the ARMA-GARCH being the preferred model, with a view to identifying optimal methods for this market. The volatility of the power market and price movements have been tested during a given period. The results can be used to gauge market parameters and opportunities to extrapolate future volatility and movements in electricity prices. Data: For the purposes of this analysis, a time series involving price movements and trade volumes were used, covering a period between the SEEPEX trade launch and the end of 2019. Tools: In the empirical part of the paper, "Stata 13" statistical and econometric software was used to explore stylised facts and model the volatility of SEEPEX electricity price returns. Findings: The authors offer an overview of different methods used in the research, having selected different specifications of the ARMA-GARCH model as the most reliable in predicting volatility in the given market. The exponential GARCH model with student-t error distribution is believed to have provided the best overall performance in modelling the SEEPEX return volatility, as well as the best volatility forecast. Contribution: This is one of the first empirical studies of the Serbian power market that deals with risk modelling. Forecasting time-varying electricity exchange volatility is important for all market participants interested in variance forecasts to be used to calculate risk and hedging measures.

Women in Corporate Governance in Banking: A Bibliometric Analysis

Women in Corporate Governance in Banking: A Bibliometric Analysis

Author(s): Evica Delova Jolevska,Violeta Cvetkoska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: corporate governance; banking sector; women; text mining; bibliometric analysis; research hotspots

The vital players on the financial market in developing countries, banks, need strong corporate governance to ensure better performance and stability. This is the first study that investigates the impact of women in corporate governance in the banking industry and identifies research hotspots. The focus is on journal-published papers indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) database. Descriptive analytics is used to show how papers are distributed in the observed period as well as by publisher, category in the WoS, and the most cited authors and papers. Content analysis is used to examine how women impact corporate governance in the banking industry. By mining the abstracts, research hotspots are identified for the entire examined period and for the last five years. In the last five years, 70.4% of papers have been published, indicating that researchers' interest in this area is growing. Emerald Publishing Group LTD is the top publisher, while the most cited authors are Berger, A.N., Kick, T., and Schaeck, K. The keywords "approach, responsibility, difference, institution, commitment, financial performance, and risk" were the most frequently used in the whole analyzed period, while in the last five years, the most commonly used keyword is "value". The positive impact of women in corporate governance prevails, especially on CRS disclosure data, bank performance, stability, and value. Our findings may serve as a starting point for further research for academics, researchers, and banking professionals, as well as for shareholders and regulatory bodies when composing the bank boards.

Book review of: Camilleri, M. A. (2017). Corporate sustainability, social responsibility and environmental management

Book review of: Camilleri, M. A. (2017). Corporate sustainability, social responsibility and environmental management

Author(s): Manard Simumba / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Book review of: Camilleri, M. A. (2017). Corporate sustainability, social responsibility and environmental management. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-46849-5

Historians in the Service of the Present: The United States and United Kingdom Experiences in Training Expeditionary Force Officers 1991–2008

Ajaloolased oleviku teenistuses: ekspeditsioonivägede ohvitseride koolitamine Ameerika Ühendriikide ja Ühendkuningriigi kogemused 1991–2008

Author(s): Tamir Libel / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: military history; The United States and United Kingdom Experiences in Training Expeditionary Force Officers 1991–2008;

The article discusses the role of military education and military history in the training of US and British officers after the Cold War. The first part of the article provides an overview of the main restructuring of professional military education after the Cold War. The following topics will be focused on: military education in general, the growing number of civilian specialties in cadet and military schools, and academic accreditation of professional military education curricula. The second part analyzes the change in the role of history teachers serving in US and British military colleges as a result of these reorganizations, the development of history teaching goals, the use of historical research by cadets in professional self-development, and the integration of history education with other learning areas of the professional military education system, such as war games and simulation exercises. The article concludes with a discussion of the impact of these developments on the role of military history in the military and academic worlds, and suggests some lessons learned from these developments for future restructuring.

Supervising Self-Efficacy During the Home Office Using Management Control Systems

Supervising Self-Efficacy During the Home Office Using Management Control Systems

Author(s): Antoaneta Angelova-Stanimirova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: self-efficacy; home office; management control systems; control; management control

Due to the unprecedented circumstances of the last two and a half years, the organizations are facing unprecedented challenges. After the official recommendations for work from home and the re-entry of employees to the office environment – many other questions arise. First, are the employees satisfied that they are back in the office? Is working from home possible? What are the results of the employees’ monitored working time from home? These and many other issues are a major focus of employers in the field of consulting services. The current article aims to explore the concept of self-efficacy and its follow-up based on management control systems. This study is theoretical. Methods of induction and deduction, including analysis and synthesis, are at the article’s core. The results show that well-established management control systems in organizations with consulting services can use the home office as a motivational tool.

The Possible Mechanisms of Firms’ Work After Covid-19 Pandemic

The Possible Mechanisms of Firms’ Work After Covid-19 Pandemic

Author(s): Orwa Al Zoubi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: organizational shifts; work mechanism; Covid-19 pandemic

This study aims to research the possible changes in the mechanisms of firms' work after Covid-19 pandemic. It implements a qualitative method by taking a purposive sample of 32 managers and deputies who were interviewed online at 8 companies in Austria. The results revealed that three companies achieved great success due to the nature of their work. Two companies achieved success due to new organizational and marketing mechanisms that were strongly taken to adapt to the new crisis. As for the remaining companies, the administrative slack and excessive bureaucracy prevented them from overcoming the repercussions of the crisis.

Reading English Texts in Primary School – Challenges and Shared Experience

Reading English Texts in Primary School – Challenges and Shared Experience

Author(s): Desislava Petkova / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: reading; learn to read; primary school; literacy; texts; primary

Reading is one of the basic skills that each child has to cover while in school. But there are some other skills that each child has to master before starts reading. In this article I will focus on the pre-reading skills, how to use them and how to make reading fun and easy for the children in primary school. They are all easy and fun to use, but I will focus on the problem that we do not have enough time to use them in state schools and what we can do to implement them in our classes.