Review of the resolutions of the Supreme Court Criminal Chamber concerning substantive criminal law passed in 2022

Review of the resolutions of the Supreme Court Criminal Chamber concerning substantive criminal law passed in 2022

Author(s): Ryszard A. Stefański / Language(s): English / Issue: 2 ENG/2023

Keywords: serving in the state security bodies; statute of limitations; driving license revocation; reporting a crime; suspension of the statute of limitations;

The scholarly and research-focused article aims to analyse resolutions and rulings of the Supreme Court Criminal Chamber concerning substantive criminal law passed in 2022 as a response to the so-called legal questions. The subject of the analysis covers such issues as: the crime of failure to report a crime (Article 240 § 1 of the Criminal Code); suspension of the statute of limitations for criminal offenses due to the COVID-19 pandemic; a student of the Faculty of Public Order of the Academy of Internal Affairs in Szczytno as a person not serving in the state security bodies; and revocation of a driving licence in the event its holder who is a member of a military unit performing tasks outside the country commits an act consisting in driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol (Article 135(1) of the Road Traffic Act). The fundamental objective of this scientific research is to evaluate the legitimacy of this body’s interpretation of the regulations encompassing legal issues referred to the Supreme Court for resolution. The primary research theses aim to demonstrate that the so-called legal questions referred to the Supreme Court play an important role in ensuring the uniformity of common and military courts’ judgements, given that the body’s stance relies on in-depth reasoning. The research findings present an original perspective developing the interpretation found in the analysed resolutions in a creative way. While the research primarily focuses on national aspects, the article holds significant importance for the scientific community. This is due to its detailed dogmatic analysis and substantial theoretical discourse. Moreover, its practical utility is evident as it enriches the Supreme Court’s arguments and addresses circumstances that justify diverse opinions.

Disability pension granted due to the reduction of prospects for success in the future

Disability pension granted due to the reduction of prospects for success in the future

Author(s): Krzysztof Mularski,KRZYSZTOF GRZESIOWSKI / Language(s): English / Issue: 2 ENG/2023

Keywords: disability pension; reduction; prospects; success; future;

The aim of this article is to interpret the conditions for, and the content of, a claim for an appropriate disability pension granted due to the reduction of prospects for success in the future (referred to as the third disability pension condition under Article 444 § 2 of the Civil Code). The chosen subject of analysis is primarily justified by the relative lack of attention this disability pension has received in legal literature compared to pensions granted due to other conditions specified in Article 444 § 2 CC. The authors focus on resolving some of the interpretative doubts in the civil law related to the phrase “reduction of the prospects for success in the future”. The derivative conception of legal interpretation serves as the foundation for their analyses. The article posits that a claim for a pension due to the reduction of prospects for success in the future is available to every natural person (including a conceived child) who has suffered a bodily injury or health disorder resulting in a loss of the ability to work (in the broad sense of the term), including the ability to perform household chores and, consequently, the material or financial benefits such work would provide. According to the authors, the provision’s apparent role is to resolve interpretative doubts regarding the pecuniary benefits that the aggrieved party would likely obtain in the future. This likelihood is higher than low or small, but lower than the probability bordering on certainty (or at least very high), which is the usual requirement for lost benefits in order to be granted a disability pension. This result of the interpretation is fully justified in both functional and systemic interpretative directives, as the legislator, to a certain extent, favours the interests of the person who suffered personal injury over those of the entity responsible for the damage.

Stepparents’ upbringing obligation towards their stepchildren

Stepparents’ upbringing obligation towards their stepchildren

Author(s): MONIKA LEWANDOWSKA-URBANOWICZ / Language(s): English / Issue: 2 ENG/2023

Keywords: upbringing obligation; stepparent (stepfather/stepmother); stepchild; spouse; parental authority; biological parent; reconstructed family; parental responsibility;

The article explores the issue of reconstructed families, focusing specifically on the roles of individual family members and the processes that occur within such families. Due to the complexity of the above processes, the article concentrates on the deliberations about the stepparent’s upbringing process towards the stepchild, determining its content, scope and role. The article analyses of the stepparent’s duty towards the stepchild, highlighting its normative sources, and assesses this duty in relation to the parental authority of the spouse and the parental authority of the other biological parent outside the reconstructed family. The deliberations presented in the article aim to support the primary thesis of the article that in order for the foster parent’s current custody of the child to be effective, the stepparent’s situation in terms of upbringing obligation should be made independent of the biological parent’ situation, which stems from their parental authority. The article proposes introducing for example, an institution of the so-called “adoptive parent’s care” that would encompass some rights and obligations typical of parental authority and independent of the parental authority of the child’s biological parent. This could serve as an equivalent to the concept of parental responsibility found in English law.

Submission of the point of law which raises serious doubts in civil proceedings for the resolution by the Supreme Court

Submission of the point of law which raises serious doubts in civil proceedings for the resolution by the Supreme Court

Author(s): Małgorzata Sekuła-Leleno / Language(s): English / Issue: 2 ENG/2023

Keywords: points of law; Supreme Court; uniformity of the case-law;

The institution of questions of law, as a result of which the court ruling in the case is bound by the view of the Supreme Court expressed in its resolution, is an exception to the constitutional principle of subordination of judges solely to the Constitution and statues (Article 178(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland). The point of law which raises serious doubts because divergent interpretation of the same provision exist in the case-law could be submitted when in the opinion of the appellate court each of these interpretations can be adopted in view of its significant legal arguments, and neither the position of the jurisprudence nor the doctrine of law explains which interpretation should be chosen. The point of law submitted to the Supreme Court for resolution under Article 390(1) of the Code of Civil Procedure must meet three basic requirements. Firstly, the point of law must be of an abstract nature and concern the interpretation of legal provisions, as it is unacceptable to present to the Supreme Court a question of law simply to get an answer on how to settle the case. Secondly, the point of law needs to concern a legal doubt which needs to be clarified in order to examine the legal remedy; in other words, in order to use the right set forth in Article 390(1) of the CCP, a link must exist between the presented point of law and a decision to be made on the merits of the case, and such link needs to be demonstrated through the juridical consistency of the point of law formulated at the outset and the reasons thereto, and through the proper reference to the facts of the case in such generally defined question of law. Thirdly, the point of law to be resolved needs to concern a legal issue which raises serious doubts; if ordinary doubts arise, the court of second instance needs to settle them on its own. The significance of the issue or the discrepancies in the jurisprudence and literature regarding the ways of its resolutions are not per se independent premises for raising a question of law.

New procedure for electronic deliveries in administrative proceedings

New procedure for electronic deliveries in administrative proceedings

Author(s): Agata Cebera / Language(s): English / Issue: 2 ENG/2023

Keywords: Electronic delivery; informatisation of administration; public law; electronic communication; administration;

This study focuses on the new procedure of electronic deliveries in administrative jurisdictional proceedings, as regulated by the provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure. The primary research objective was to describe de lege lata the modes of individual deliveries, indicating their mutual hierarchy, while also addressing several issues related to the relationship between the Code and the Act on Electronic Deliveries. Both normative acts necessitate co-existence, and thus determining which of them and in which situational variants will be qualified as lex generali. This task is by no means facilitated by the fact that the characteristics of the framework regulation can be found in the Code, while the Act “model” regulates the rules of communication involving public entities. The main thesis presented in the study underscores the need for a systemic interpretation of the provisions of the latter Act. The author also believes that the definition of the scope of exclusions from the application of the Act was not designed appropriately. The issues raised have not been the subject of articles thus far.

Advantages and disadvantages of remote work in six areas of project management depending on the frequency of remote work

Advantages and disadvantages of remote work in six areas of project management depending on the frequency of remote work

Author(s): Wiesław Danielak,Robert Wysocki / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: remote work; COVID-19 pandemic; project team;

The aim of the article is to identify the advantages and dis- advantages of remote work in six areas of project management depend- ing on the frequency of remote work. The study is of theoretical and empirical nature. The theoretical part presents the factors influencing remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its empirical part pre- sents the employees’ opinions on the impact of working remotely (online) during the COVID-19 pandemic on working in project teams. Methodology: Literature review and critical analysis of web research. A study was conducted on a group of 82 respondents working remote- ly on projects, members of the Project Management Institute Poland Chapter (PMI PC). Six areas of project management were analysed, including: working time, communication, labour costs, work envi- ronment, risk of computer malfunction and conditions for teamwork. The data obtained through questionnaire surveys was analysed using a statistical package. Factor analysis was used for statistical analyses. To extract the factors, the principal components method was adopt- ed, and the VARIMAX procedure was used as the rotation method. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed.Findings: Project team employees discover a number of positive and negative effects of working remotely. The positive ones include: thepossibility of adapting work to private life, greater punctuality of per- formed tasks, saving time and money as it is not necessary to travel to work, increased satisfaction with the effects of work and a sense of security against contracting the virus due to the lack of contact with other employees. The negative ones include: limited direct contact with other employees, no traditional conversations over coffee for discus- sions and conversations with colleagues, limited access to company resources, no financial support from the employer, increased costs of office work at home, susceptibility to cyber-attacks, increased stress due to problems with remote cooperation with other employees and weakening interpersonal relations.Implications: The study provides new evidence on the most salient risks and challenges faced by remote workers in project teams. They demonstrate different factors affecting remote work depending on the frequency it is performed.Originality/Value: The research results fill the research gap and broad- en the knowledge about the impact of various factors on the remote work of project team employees during a pandemic. They constitute practical recommendations and are a source of knowledge for manag- ers of various levels and employees working remotely.

Internal Audit as a Tool to Reduce the Risk of Fraud and Abuse

Internal Audit as a Tool to Reduce the Risk of Fraud and Abuse

Author(s): Agnieszka Skoczylas-Tworek / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: audit; fraud; abuse;

Objective: The purpose of the publication is to present auditing as a tool to reduce the risk of fraud and abuse. The article describes the role of auditing in minimizing fraud, its application in business entities and its effectiveness. It presents the role of both internal and external auditing in reducing fraud. Methodology: Both the qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in the publication. The former was used for the purpose of presenting the applica- tion of auditing in business practice, and the latter to describe the effectiveness of its operation. Findings: The results of the analysis showed that auditing is an effective tool for reducing fraud and abuse. Significant effectiveness in this regard is exhibited by internal audit services. Value Added: The publication is part of a series of articles describing tools for reducing fraud and abuse. It shows the application of selected tools at the organizational level and their effectiveness. It also helps answer the question concerning the validity of the tools’ implementation and provides a premise for further research to develop a comprehensive model for combating fraud in business entities. Recommendations: Research on the use of auditing as a tool for reducing fraud and abuse should be conducted with a breakdown of entities by industry. This will allow verification of which industry is characterized by the greatest use of auditing in this regard. It will also make it possible to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken to minimize the risk of fraud by industry entities.

The gender of accountants and their approach to balance sheet valuation in light of surveys

The gender of accountants and their approach to balance sheet valuation in light of surveys

Author(s): Dominika Florek- Sapkowska,Angelika Kaczmarczyk,Piotr Luty,Katarzyna Piotrowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

The article aims to show the relationship between the gender of accountants and their approach to balance sheet valuation (valua- tion of assets and liabilities) and validation of the research tool. The authors assumed that such a relationship exists.The method of analysis of sources (literature), deductive reasoning and survey research were used. The study used a questionnaire containing 16 questions addressed to members of the Accountants Association in Poland. The survey used answers collected in 3 problem areas. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used to analyse the primary data. Due to the sample size, additional tests with the exact method and Monte Carlo were performed for each analysis using the Chi-square test. The statistical analysis shows differences between women’s and men’s practical approaches to valuing assets and liabilities. Most of the rela- tionships between the variables are statistically significant.The main limitation concerns that the quantitative study was prelimi- nary and related to the sample size.The obtained results are the basis for further research in the field of showing the relationship between gender and selected methods of balance sheet valuation in accounting, as well as other thematic areas in accounting (reliability of reporting information, simplifications in accounting, tax aspects).The article fills the research gap in balance sheet valuation regarding the gender of the person keeping the books of accounts. The pilot stud- ies open another dimension of research in selecting valuation methods in accounting. The results of the pilot study partially fill the research gap concerning insufficient knowledge on the impact of gender on accountants’ approach to balance sheet valuation. The pilot studies open another dimension of research in selecting valuation methods in accounting.

Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Standing of Companies Listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Standing of Companies Listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

Author(s): RAFAŁ JÓŹWICKI / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: stock exchange; capital market; impact of the pandemic on the capital market;

Objective: The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic can be observed in many as- pects of the functioning of people, economic entities, organisations and countries. One of the areas where this phenomenon has left its mark remains the stock markets. Company listings are influenced by both investor emotions and the economic and financial condition of individual companies. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on individual industries represented by companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Methodology: In order to achieve this goal, an analysis was made of the value of changes in the so-called sector indices in the period from the beginning of 2020 to the end of the first half of 2022. This approach to the study will make it possible to determine which industries were most significantly affected by the economic change and what the nature of the possible change was. Quarterly data was used in the research. Findings: The results obtained made it possible to note that among the thir- teen analysed sectors, we can observe those that lost their value as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic (WIG-medicines, WIG-food, WIG-banks, WIG-clothing), but also those that significantly increased their value in the period under study (WIG-motorisation, WIG-construction, WIG-energy, WIG-IT). Value Added: The study conducted will allow for a better understanding of how investors react to crisis events and how this translates into the listing of compa- nies on the stock market. Recommendations: The research results obtained require further analysis to establish deeper links between the Covid-19 pandemic and individual sectors of companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange, which will be the subject of the author’s further studies.

How to Increase Motivation and Job Satisfaction – Empirical Case Study

How to Increase Motivation and Job Satisfaction – Empirical Case Study

Author(s): Cidália Oliveira,Margarida Rodrigues,Nayra Martins,Ana Pinto Borges,Rui Silva / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Purpose: Job satisfaction is becoming increasingly important, especially since the end of the last millennium, as there are numerous organizations that have fostered its relevance to increase job-commitment in their companies. On one side, managers have to learn how to handle and to manage efficiently the dynamic capabilities and their soft skills so as to adapt the environment in which collaborators operate. On the other side, the environment is adapted by employees. Although there is a wide research in this area, there is still a gap in the literature, as the latest literature review points to adverse situa- tions of burnout and job stress with effects on organizational commitment, mediated by job satisfaction. Bearing this highlight in mind, this paper aims to explore the current state of research related to job satisfaction and its im- pact on organizational performance. It intends to analyze job satisfaction of employees towards the whole organization, as well as towards organizational managers and leaders. Design/methodology/approach: The first part of this paper is based on the systematic literature review, embracing scientific papers related to job satisfac- tion, derived from the Web of Science and from Scopus databases, mapping analysis and bibliographic coupling using the R Bibliometrix software. Further- more, bibliographic coupling and most co-occurrent keywords in the title, key- words and abstracts were listed. The next part of the research paper is based on the questionnaire analysis; the methodology used is qualitative and exploratory in nature in order to deepen the knowledge of managers and leaders and the perceptions of employees, based on two case studies. Findings: The topics covered in this study include, among other things, mo- tivation, leadership, and influence of human resources policy, which need to be deepened in practical and ‘in-loco’ contexts. The topics have been tested empirically through questionnaires, based on which it was concluded that the overall level of employee satisfaction with the companies in which they operate is high, both as far as the organization itself and their managers are concerned. It was concluded that leaders adopt a transformational leadership style, moti- vating and inspiring their employees, and that employee satisfaction is related to their leaders’ attitudes and motivational factors. Originality/value: This research provides deeper knowledge on an empirical area, helping to fill in the gap related to the necessity to synthesize this impor- tant knowledge area, providing the contribution of various studies in this field and paving the way to further research.The achievements of this paper open new avenues for other researchers be- cause of the knowledge gaps identified in the existing research that lead to future research inspirations. Research limitations: Unavailability of business associations in the central region (a non-profit organization to support entrepreneurs in the central region) to par- ticipate in the study; work modality was not taken into consideration. Although the databases used, i.e. ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus, are the best-recog- nized databases in the academic field, restricting the research to those databases only might be considered a limitation. A further restraint is directly linked to the study’s methodology, as it aims to recover and explore a large range of existing research and it does not result in a detailed analysis. Consequently, for future research, multiple-case studies would enrich this research area.

Can a Vlogger Help to Build Brand Awareness? The Impact of Vloggers on Customers’ Attitude towards Brand Advertisement and Purchase Intention

Can a Vlogger Help to Build Brand Awareness? The Impact of Vloggers on Customers’ Attitude towards Brand Advertisement and Purchase Intention

Author(s): Joanna Krywalski Santiago,Xiaolin Su / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: vloggers; attitude towards vlogger; attitude towards brand; purchase intention;

Objective: This study derives from the postulates of the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) and the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991) to explore the impact of vloggers on customers interested in beauty products. Particularly, this study examines whether the attitude toward vlog- ger’s recommendations impacts the attitude toward the brand advertisement, and what their influence on consumers’ purchase intention is. Methodology: This study applies a cross-sectional mono method of quan- titative analysis. The data collection was assisted with the use of survey by questionnaire built on Qualtrics and distributed in China. We use partial least squares structural equation modelling to analyse the data and test the pro- posed hypothesis. Findings: Vloggers have a considerable impact on customer perceptions due to their proximity to customers who often portray vloggers as ‘friends’ and value their opinions. This study shows that it is not the perceived usefulness of shared information or vloggers trustworthiness that matter when forming the follow- ers’ attitude towards vloggers, but more attention should be given to informa- tion quality and the perceived benefits of information derived from vlogs. The strongest relationship in this study showed to be the one between the attitude towards a vlogger and the attitude towards a brand, which emphasizes the im- portance that content creators can have in building brand awareness. Value added: This article provides a clear picture on exploring the impact of vloggers on customer perceptions. The results of the research can be used to guide companies on how to use vloggers in their marketing campaigns. Recommendations: Considering the growth of social media and the various forms of content available, the companies should know how to apply those new media in their marketing strategies. As the importance of traditional media seems to decline, mostly among younger generations, those new medias are growing, and their application brings new opportunities and challenges.

Exploring Diversity Management to Avoid Social Washing and Pinkwashing: Using Bibliometric Analysis to Shape Future Research Directions

Exploring Diversity Management to Avoid Social Washing and Pinkwashing: Using Bibliometric Analysis to Shape Future Research Directions

Author(s): Federico Lanzalonga,Basilio Petrolo,Federico Chmet,Valerio Brescia / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: diversity management; social washing; pinkwashing; literature review; bibliometric analysis;

Objectives: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been a significant focus of environmental, social and governance sustainability research. Diversity management is one of the challenges faced by corporate governance in achieving SDG 4, 5, 8, and 10. However, rapid demographic changes in the global workforce create significant challenges for human resource development pro- fessionals when focusing on diversity management. This paper aims to define the different perspectives of diversity management to avoid sustainability dis- tortions such as social washing and pinkwashing, which promote the percep- tion that policies or products of a given company are socially responsible. Methodology: The analysis of the existing literature can provide the informa- tion necessary to answer the research questions using rigorous scientific re- search methods. In the present study bibliometric analysis was used to enable a thorough and reliable analysis of knowledge on the topic and the identification of future progress. Bibliometric analysis was used to investigate the final pool of 126 peer-reviewed articles. Findings: Contributions include advancing the understanding of diversity man- agement, highlighting the dominance of communication bias, and strengthening the connection between social sustainability and the individual by identifying social exchange theory as a tool for explaining the ongoing changes in corporate governance.Value added: The paper aims to answer research questions related to the journals relevant to the study of diversity management, the geographical structure of the research flow on diversity management, and the possible implications for future research on this topic. Recommendations: In light of the clusters identified, it is recommended that forthcoming researchers explore the fitting theories that can be used to eluci- date the phenomenon of diversity management. In addition, interdisciplinary research can facilitate a deeper understanding of issues concerning identity and gender, thereby enhancing the knowledge of diversity among managers. The paper recommends that future studies emphasize the differences in di- versity management between national and multinational companies expanding the knowledge by conducting multiple case studies.

Audit Committee’s Characteristics and the Cost of Debt

Audit Committee’s Characteristics and the Cost of Debt

Author(s): Inês Borges Santos,Ana Isabel Morais,Inês Pinto / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: audit committee ́s characteristics; auditors; cost of debt; corporate governance;

Objective: This paper examines the association between audit committee characteristics and the cost of debt, with the aim of gaining new insights on how this corporate governance mechanism contributes to the reduction of debt costs. Methodology: Using a sample of FTSE 100 companies listed in 2018 and 2019, our study investigates how audit composition and characteristics, such as finan- cial and industry expertise, gender, tenure and diligence affect audit committees’ oversight role, and therefore the impact on the companies’ level of risk and the cost of debt. Findings: The results show that overall audit committee’s characteristics do not impact the corporate cost of debt, except for the gender of the audit committee’s chair. Companies with audit committees managed by a chairwoman experience a lower cost of debt. The results also confirm that external auditors influence the cost of debt. As additional test, we conducted a principal compo- nent analysis to construct a corporate governance index of audit committee ́s characteristics, and we obtained similar results. Overall, the study results seem to suggest that the cost of debt is more significantly influenced by external auditors than by the characteristics of the audit committee. Value Added: This paper contributes to the literature on corporate governance by showing how audit committees characteristics affect the cost of debt. Recommendations: This study improves the understanding of the way debtholders may assess audit committee’s characteristics and auditors when assessing companies’ financial risk and the corporate cost of debt.

The Efficiency of Sustainability Engagement Reported by Banks in Poland, Croatia and Romania

The Efficiency of Sustainability Engagement Reported by Banks in Poland, Croatia and Romania

Author(s): Justyna Fijałkowska,Beata Zyznarska-Dworczak,Przemysław Garsztka,Ivana Mamić Sačer,Maria-Silvia Săndulescu,Daša Mokošová / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: CSR/sustainability; efficiency; banks; value; CEE; 2-stage DEA;

Purpose: This study aims to verify the efficiency of economic, organisational,social and environmental dimensions of sustainability performance. Methodology: Disclosure analysis and 2-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) examining the efficiency of sustainability engagement of listed banks in Poland, Croatia, and Romania disclosed in the annual and CSR/sustainability reports for 2015–2018. Findings: There are apparent differences between the efficiency of sustaina- bility engagement in the banking sectors of the three countries examined in the study. Banking sectors in all these countries are on different stages of their paths to value creation via the efficiency of sustainability engagement. Practical implications: The results of this study may help compare sustainability engagement and understanding of the further directions of sustainable development in the banking sector in both the analysed and other countries, as well as in other institutions from other sectors. These results may be important for the decision-makers in determining the actions focused on improving efficiency on the way to value creation. Originality/value: Since only a limited number of studies examine the effi- ciency of sustainability engagement, especially in CEE countries, little is known about value creation, understood as the efficient use of the resources and activ- ities concerning sustainability. This paper contributes to filling in this gap. It also proposes an alternative approach, analysing the relationship between sustain- ability engagement and value creation based on efficiency rather than on the direct impact on financial results giving ambiguous results. This approach may be extended to different sectors and other countries.

SITUATIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO MILITARY STUDENTS IN AZERBAIJAN

SITUATIONAL METHOD OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO MILITARY STUDENTS IN AZERBAIJAN

Author(s): Rena Jumshud Mammadova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: foreign language; teaching English; situational language teaching; content; linguistic skills;

Teaching English to military students is considered to be a branch of ESP. English teachers working in this field face some problems, which are firstly related to choosing methods of teaching that would be effective within the specific framework of the military linguistic context. The given article aims at presenting the practical effects of the situational model or situational language teaching (SLT). In this paper, the authors tries to investigate the roles of both - the teacher and the learners (cadets) in SLT and to determine why is it suitable to be used for military English teaching.

THE PROBLEM OF AGGRESSION IN THE SURROUNDING REALITY AND LITERATURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF ELFRIEDE JELINEK'S NOVEL "DIE KLAVIERSPIELERIN"

THE PROBLEM OF AGGRESSION IN THE SURROUNDING REALITY AND LITERATURE ON THE EXAMPLE OF ELFRIEDE JELINEK'S NOVEL "DIE KLAVIERSPIELERIN"

Author(s): Łukasz Kominek / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2023

Keywords: Die Klavierspielerin; aggression; Jelinek; security; society;

The purpose of this article is to explore the North Atlantic Alliance's efforts to adapt to new threats created by the Russian Federation and to forecast future actions, which may be undertaken in this area. The following research problem was formulated in the work: What actions is and may be taken by the North Atlantic Alliance in the future to adapt to new threats created by the Russian Federation? In the course of the research process, it was determined that the new challenges and threats to the North Atlantic Alliance arise from the Russian Federation's efforts to revise the international order, through economic rivalry and political pressure with the key role of military force, as the basis for achieving strategic foreign policy goals. Military force is used by Russia both in the form of symmetrical military actions and hybrid forms of influence. The war in Ukraine has shown that the Russian Federation is capable and ready to conduct open armed conflict. The evolution of threats allows to assume that armed force will be the main argument used by Russia to achieve its strategic goals over the next decade. NATO's adaptation to the challenges of the international security environment consists primarily of expanding Allied deterrence and defense capabilities, increasing the quantity and quality of the armed forces deployed on the Alliance's eastern flank, conceptual and organizational changes that will adapt the North Atlantic Alliance's operations to the challenges and threats created by the Russian Federation. It is presumed that NATO's future adaptation activities may be related to increasing defense spending by member states, intensifying the process of acquiring equipment and armaments and developing the capabilities of NATO's armed forces in nuclear deterrence and the use of precision-guided weapons.

CULTURAL TRANSCENDENCE AND URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES OF FAIRS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES OF PERU

CULTURAL TRANSCENDENCE AND URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES OF FAIRS IN THE CENTRAL ANDES OF PERU

Author(s): Yuslet Rodriguez-Valverde,Jasmin Quiroz-Anchirayco,Carlos Morales-Dávila / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: Jauja; Mantaro Valley; regional fairs; public space appropriation;

Motives: In the public space of the city of Jauja, culturally significant fairs have been held since thetimes of the Inca Empire. The diversity of agricultural production in Mantaro Valley favors theemergence of fairs as the main sites for the sale and exchange of local products in the city. The followingresearch question was formulated: what is the physical and spatial impact of the activities organizedin public space on fairs, the city, and the region?Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the physical and spatial impact of fairs in Mantaro Valley,and to explore fairs as urban-rural linkages in urban public spaces. The research methodology involvedparticipatory observation and a review of local urban policies.Results: The results of the study indicate that fairs promote social coexistence. The typologicaldiversity of fairs at the architectural level, their spatial organization, and impact on the urban structureof Jauja were identified.

SPATIAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNES IN URBAN REGION AS AN IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVE FOR SHAPING A METROPOLITAN AREA

SPATIAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNES IN URBAN REGION AS AN IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVE FOR SHAPING A METROPOLITAN AREA

Author(s): Paweł Smoliński,Jadwiga Biegańska ,Marta Wójcik,Daria Furdal,Donata Wysocka,Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: suburbanisation; metropolisation; urban transformation; spatial changes;

Motives: The main manifestation of suburbanisation, which is crucial process shaping settlementsystem in Poland, are suburbs, whose spatial expansion and qualitative characteristics lead to theformation of new functional and spatial structures between the central city and its surroundings.In this sense, the process of suburbanisation is closely related to metropolisation, i.e. the growingimportance in the economy of large urban regions or, more broadly, urbanised systems.Aim: The purpose of this study is to trace the spatial policy of the communes making up theBydgoszcz–Toruń Metropolitan Area (BTMA) concerning entries in their strategic and planningdocuments indicating the degree of metropolitan links.Results: It was shown that these records would determine further actions affecting the advancementof the metropolisation process in urban region of Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship. Against thestrategic and planning documents background, the vision for the creation of the Bydgoszcz–ToruńMetropolitan Area, present in the narrative of the two major cities, is quite different. It seems it willcomplicate the metropolisation process in the region.

WAYS TO IMPROVE LAND ASSESSMENT METHODS IN AZERBAIJAN

WAYS TO IMPROVE LAND ASSESSMENT METHODS IN AZERBAIJAN

Author(s): Akif Hamza Valiyev,Natig Mirzayev / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: land use; soil productivity; agriculture; soil quality; normative price of land; land evaluation; economic price of land; potential productivity;

Motives: The article examines various approaches to improving the assessment of agricultural landin Azerbaijan. The quality, potential productivity, and normative price (value in monetary terms)of farmland need to be determined to increase production and competitiveness of agriculturalproducts, to establish favourable land relations that meet modern requirements, and to promoteefficient land use. The existing methods of assessing the quality and economic value of farmland forthe needs of the land cadastre and determining the normative prices of land do not fully correspondto reality. Different and often contradictory approaches to land assessment have been proposed.Aim: The aim of this study was to optimize the methods of assessing the quality and economicvalue of agricultural land, determining the normative prices of land, and evaluating potential landproductivity in view of modern requirements.Results: Improvements in land valuation will promote reliable assessments of agricultural developmentand the establishment of efficient farming systems; they will improve agricultural land-use efficiencyand reliable determination of normative prices in market transactions involving agricultural property.These methods can be widely used to plan agricultural production, evaluate the operations of varioustypes of farms, improve remuneration policies in the farming sector, determine the optimal scopeof farming operations in view of natural conditions and economic factors, and resolve other issuesto promote the development of agricultural production.

CAREER CAPITAL AS A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESS ON THE LABOR MARKET – A CASE STUDY OF A SELECTED PROFESSIONAL GROUP

CAREER CAPITAL AS A FACTOR CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESS ON THE LABOR MARKET – A CASE STUDY OF A SELECTED PROFESSIONAL GROUP

Author(s): Aleksandra Wilk / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2023

Keywords: professional career; career development; career capital; employability; labor market;

Motives: On a rapidly developing and unpredictable market, it is the employees who are responsiblefor building their professional position and furthering their career. The career capital accumulatedduring professional life is the main tool that increases employees’ competitive advantage on the marketand determines their employability.Aim: The aim of this article was to identify the key factors that contribute to career capital on theexample of a selected professional group of laboratory diagnosticians. In addition, an attempt was madeto determine the impact of career capital on professional achievement and to identify the benefits ofinvesting in career development.Results: Career capital consists of professional and personal (individual, private) resources. Investmentin the development of career capital and the long-term process of accumulating its resources cangenerate numerous benefits for both the employee and the employer. Individual benefits can be bothtangible and intangible.