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E-GOVERNANCE, A CHALLENGE FOR GENERAL SECURITY

Author(s): Afrim TAHIRI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: E-Administration; transparency; public security; public official

Transparent administration means open to the citizen, without compromising his data and security, which can have consequences for individual and collective well-being. Interventions from outside which make even experts in the field conjecture about the ways of putting e-administrative services into use and the consequences that total openness has for general security. Based on the recent cyber attacks in the region, the challenge for the public administration is its transparency and modernization. In addition to modernization, the administration must maintain its own security from outside interference. This paper shows some factors that can affect the security of administrative data and consequently the security of the state and its vital mechanisms. Qualitative, empirical and interpretive methods have been applied in the treatment of the topic. The work brings a series of recommendations, including the application of a standard, respecting the principle of transparency and modernization of the administration, to be more vigilant for general and individual security. The application of this standard, also recommended by experts in the field, paves the way for alignment with the prevailing standards within the European Administrative Space, and that safety in the general interest is primary.

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THE LEGAL NATURE OF MARRIAGE AND ITS PURPOSE

Author(s): Albina ZEJNELI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: marriage; spousal relations; court proceedings; judicial disputes

Marriage is an institution that is established by law as in our country and in many other countries (legislation), where for the connection of which certain conditions are required to be met in order to respect human rights and adequate protection of marriage.Spousal relations between husband and wife are guided by equality between them, the position of spouses has not been the same in all stages of the historical development of marital relations.Equality between men and women can also be considered as part of human rights and that men and women have the right to marry and to found a family without any limitation due to race, sex, nationality or religion, and are equal during the conclusion of the marriage, the continuation of the marriage and its dissolution.In order to preserve the marriage, the legislations in force in different countries have provided for the possibility of reconciliation of the spouses, in which the court tries to explain to the spouses the importance of the marriage, the consequences that will be caused in case of divorce.

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BRIEF ANALYSIS ON CHANGES DURING THE LAST TWENTY YEARS AND PROPOSALS FOR ISSUES RELATED TO NEW AMENDMENTS IN THE ALBANIAN CONSTITUTION

Author(s): Andon Kume / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Constitution; amendments; constitutional reform; Albania

This study presents, in a summarized way, the process for the drafting of the basic act of the state in Albania since the declaration of independence, November 28, 1912. The behavior of the current political class towards the Constitution, the presentation of problems and issues that can be discussed in the framework of a comprehensive constitutional reform, are also subject of analysis in this study. The first legislative document at the level of the basic act of the state is the Organic Statute approved in 1914, during the time of Prince Wied, in which the monarchy was announced as the form of government system in Albania. Among other acts, with constitutional power, that were approved until after the end of the second world war, the Fundamental Statute of the Kingdom, 1928 stands out. The constitutions that were approved in 1946 and 1976 have sanctioned the dictatorship of the proletariat as the system of government in Albania. In these constitutions, private property and free initiative were not allowed. The main constitutional provisions, 1992 and the approved Constitution, by referendum in November, 1998, sanctioned the Parliamentary Republic as a government system in Albania. The Constitution of Albania contains special provisions to preserve its "solid core". Its provision 177 regulates this need in accordance with international standards. However, the Albanian political class, in many cases, driven by its political interests, has made changes to the Constitution, which have negatively affected, especially to the balance between powers, in the functioning of the rule of law and the "check and balance" principle. The Constitutional amendments in the framework of the reform in the judicial system and amendments that made possible the implementation of the law "On ensuring the integrity of persons elected, appointed, or holding public functions”, also known as the decriminalization law are evaluated as positive and effective developments. In order to restore to the Constitution, the qualities it has lost as a result of the amendments made with political context, it is proposed that the Albanian legislative body should organize and implement a comprehensive constitutional reform. The issues related to the need for strengthen the basis on which is developed the state of law, initiative and free market, should be important part of this constitutional reform. For all constitutional amendments that are proposed in this study it is important to formulate solutions that are compatible with the expected political, economic, social and democratic developments, in line with the process of Albania's membership in the EU.

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THE STANDARD OF PROOF IN THE COURT PROCEDURES AND IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION PROCEDURE

Author(s): Arta Bilalli-Zendeli,Arbër ADEMI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: evidences, standard of proof; balance of probabilities; clear and convincing evidences; proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Due to the different topics and rules, there are many similarities and many differences in the procedures in front of the courts and in front of the international arbitration tribunal. In both of them, there is always a dispute that must be solved. In national courts, the procedure is regulated by national laws and in arbitration tribunal, it is regulated by specific rules (national and international). At the end, it is relevant for both of them, that the court or/ the arbitration tribunal brings a right and fair decision. For realizing their interests and justifying their claims, the parties must bring evidences and prove in front of the court/ the tribunal. Beside that, they are also obliged to convince the court/ the tribunal that their evidences are based and that it must bring a decision in his/her favor. If the party fails to convince the court/ the tribunal, he/she can lose the case. In court procedures, the level of convincement of the judge is called the standard of proof. While there are three main standards in court procedures (the standard of proof in the balance of probabilities and the standard of clear and convincing evidences for civil cases and the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt in criminal cases), the theory does not operate with none of them in the arbitration procedure. But, nevertheless, there is also a procedure that takes place and there is a duty in convincing the tribunal in an arbitration procedure. Presenting how are those standards defined and how do they work throughout the procedures is the main objective of this paper.

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SUCCESSION OF STATES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Bujar AHMEDI,Arbër ADEMI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: state succession; international agreements; citizenship; public goods

It is not uncommon for one state to cede territory to another, whether through force, peaceful means, or any other means. A state may lose control of a territory and be replaced by another state or a group of states. In such cases, concerning issues may arise, which public international law addresses and attempts to resolve. The legal norms, and the practice that must be followed in order to solve these issues are referred to as "succession of states", which is a theory and practice of international law that has evolved in a new direction, particularly since the end of World war I. In comparison to other institutions of international law, however, this sector still lacks a comprehensive legal structure to govern numerous disputes between nations. The Vienna Convention on the Succession of Nations of 1978 and 1983 is the sole instrument that attempts to govern numerous concerns when new states are formed within the international community. Therefore, this article provides conceptual and practical insights into the subject of international law so that the reader may become acquainted with this institute of international law which is no less important today.

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DIPLOMATIC MISSION: PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES

Author(s): Bujar AHMEDI,Shqiponjë AHMEDI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: diplomacy; diplomatic privileges and immunities; international law; diplomatic mission; foreign policy; diplomatic practice

Nowadays, one of the most crucial means for achieving the state's foreign policy objectives through designated officials is diplomacy. The state as a subject of international law in relations with other states is represented through its own bodies. Therefore, through diplomatic representations, states interact with one another, watch out for their interests, notify one another, and advance ties between them. Unquestionably, they have long been accorded certain rights, or have benefited from certain privileges and immunities, in order to successfully perform their tasks and activities. In this study, we would therefore attempt to provide information on the facilities provided to representatives of diplomatic mission in the states where they are accredited, freedom of movement and communication, privileges and immunity of members of the diplomatic mission, as well as cases from the practice of international law, keeping in mind that the foreign service of a state is composed of a large number of members who make up its diplomatic mission and who enjoy privileges and immunities.

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GUARANTIEES OF THE ENFORCEMENT ACT OF THE RNM AND OTHER IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ACTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE PARTIES, PARTICIPANTS AND THE THIRD PARTIES

Author(s): Bukurije Etemi-Ademi / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Enforcement Act; enforcement system; protection of parties; participants and third parties; guarantees

The primary purpose in the initiation of the enforcement is to provide legal protection to the initiator of the process, i.e., "realization of the creditors’ claim". Today, the form and manner in which this demand will be determined and enforced is a much-discussed issue, but it still generates endless debates. In the RNM, on the one hand, we have a legal regulation that is based on the enforcement procedural principles, which are a guarantee for the protection of the rights of the parties, participants and third parties in enforcement! On the other hand, we have enforcement practice, which is evident from the cases of collisions mainly between parties, but also participants and third parties during the enforcement! Creating a balanced system where all subjects involved in the procedure will be satisfied with the enforcement epilogue is a bit difficult, so in this paper we will focus on the specific situations that make the enforcement process difficult! This is because the nature of enforcement is repressive; the obligation to act, not act or endure; the debtor's financial burden for fulfillment; the difficult economic situation of the debtor and unlimited other elements do not facilitate the enforcement process at all! In RNM, the bailiff is the one who bears the responsibility for the precise implementation of the enforcement principles, as a public force and at the same time independent in providing legal protection for all parties involved in the enforcement. Participating parties and third parties always have the right to prove the opposite, by submitting legal remedies in order to avoid the illegality committed during the enforcement.

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AN OVERVIEW OF THE DISPUTE BETWEEN NORTH MACEDONIA AND BULGARIA THROUGH THE OPTIC OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Author(s): Donika KAMBERI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Dispute settlement; North Macedonia; Bulgaria; Identity; EU accession

Often disputes and conflicts are present among states consequently, international law requires peaceful means for dispute settlement. From a legal perspective, the dispute settlement in international law constitutes some obligations for states to solve their disputes in harmony with the international law by using the peaceful means so they can choose between diplomatic, judicial and institutional means. Quite often bilateral disputes have been crucial barrier and obstacle for EU enlargement process to occur, especially in the South-Eastern Europe. The dispute between North Macedonia and Greece and North Macedonia and Bulgaria has had a significant impact in this direction. Clearly, when it comes to history, culture and identity states favor national interest over European interest. This paper strives to contribute in the recent debate about the dispute settlement between North Macedonia and Bulgaria regarding the identity issues. The neighbors have a long-lasting dispute, which resulted in Bulgaria vetoing North Macedonia’s path to EU accession. It is characteristic that the dispute between Bulgaria and North Macedonia is of ‘diverging narratives’ of the past and the dispute does not stop neighbors to cooperate on economic level. The paper goes beyond the political interpretations of the dispute and attempts to examine the legal background so in this paper I’ll try to explain the role of international law in the resolution of disputes between two states. The dispute between North Macedonia and Bulgaria it is becoming an acute problem in the region because it blockades North Macedonia’s path towards EU membership due to Bulgarian veto in this direction North Macedonia, for instance, has affected Albania’s European path through the current coupling of the two countries’ accession process, because the bloc is treating the pair as a political package. The issue is treated from both sides pointing out increasingly divergent interpretations of the past regarding language, history and culture and it is evident that there is no quick fix for this dispute however solving it will be a panacea for the long list of other regional disputes occurring in the Western Balkan region.

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THE GOVERNMENT VIEW AND CONSTITIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA TOWARD EU INTEGRATION

Author(s): Ebrar Ibraimi,Jordan Delev / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: International Relations; Constitution; North Macedonia; Bulgaria; EU Integration

North Macedonia, as a candidate country for admission to the European Union, has difficulties in fulfilling the criteria for membership, but also in solving the problems that arise with neighboring countries. The most significant recent accomplishments that substantially departed from the place of detention and contributed to the deepening of the reform momentum in terms of good neighborly relations are the historic Prespa Agreement between North Macedonia and Greece, as well as the Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborliness and Cooperation between North Macedonia and Bulgaria. This paper analyzes North Macedonia's path towards the European Union, the problems and challenges it faces on this path, including the amendments to the Constitution. Dilemmas are opening up about the European future of North Macedonia, which are closely related to the resolution of internal challenges, as well as relations between neighbors. At the end, conclusions and recommendations are issued to facilitate the path of North Macedonia towards the European Union.

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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY

Author(s): Fatbardha Ismaili / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Domestic; violence; criminal; responsibility; patriarchal attitudes

This paper will address domestic violence and criminal responsibility, as it is a widespread and ongoing problem that affects millions of families worldwide. The consequences of this violence can be devastating, with far-reaching effects on physical and mental health, as well as social and economic consequences for women and their families. The purpose of this paper is to research domestic violence and criminal responsibility as one of the most negative phenomena of our society, presenting a broad overview of this social phenomenon and to sensitise public opinion and responsible institutions to the issue of violence against women and domestic violence and to improve their capacity to respond effectively to such violence by fostering a victim-centred approach while holding perpetrators accountable and stopping the cycle of impunity. This paper collects existing data on the dimension of domestic violence and criminal responsibility and reviews the available literature on the consequences of abuse. It also explores the relationship between violence and other pressing issues, such as patriarchal attitudes and gender inequality, the lack of legal protections and services for survivors, and a culture of impunity for perpetrators.

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REFORMS OF THE JUDICIAL SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Fatbardha Ismaili / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Reform; judicial sector; rule of law; democratic

The research of this scientific paper is based on the necessary reforms in the justice sector with the purpose of development a system of autonomous, independent and impartial judiciary and institutions that gravitate towards the achievement of its function of effective, quality and equitable justice is a central postulate of the principle of the rule of law and the humane and sustainable development of the Macedonian society as a community based on the right legitimised by respecting the highest general civilisation values.Despite all new legal projects and new institutions in the judicial sector, incorporation of international standards and norms into the legal system, the problem of their inconsistent implementation and application has remained. The results achieved in the field of judiciary efficiency remain overshadowed by its impaired independence, resulting in a low degree of quality and distrust of citizens in the institutions of the justice system.This paper has several main objectives, which represent unity and presuppose the phased overcoming of the weaknesses identified in the judiciary, its placement on the track of European and international standards and its stable functioning as the main pillar of the democratic state of the rule of law.

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PUNITIVE POLICY FOR CRIMINAL OFFENSES AGAINST PUBLIC TRAFFIC SAFETY ACCORDING TO THE CRIMINAL CODE OF KOSOVO

Author(s): Fatime BAMJA / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: public traffic; punitive policy; safety; criminal sanctions

One of the main aims of every society and state is a regular and safe operation of public traffic.At present, criminal offenses against public traffic safety have experienced an alarming increase both in our country and all around the world, so they are foreseen in the legislation of all democratic states, which aim at the rule of law and maintaining legal order.Rapid technical and technological development has enabled the rapid growth of public traffic, with its negative and positive sides.Unfortunately, the risks that these criminal offenses bring usually end in fatality, such as death, with minor and serious bodily injuries, as well as with countless material damages, so with this group of criminal offenses, human life, integrity, and property are attacked in traffic.As a consequence of the dangerous nature of these criminal acts, the Criminal Code of Kosovo provides criminal sanctions for those who endanger public traffic.Therefore, taking into consideration the increasing tendency of these criminal acts, it is necessary to fight and prevent these criminal acts, not with the sole purpose of punishment but also the education and re-socialization of these perpetrators, so that they do not repeat the behavior in the future their previous criminal record.

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INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY: AN OVERVIEW OF PROTECTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Faton SHABANI,Beisa SELIMI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: industrial property; Paris Convention; law; official data; Republic of North Macedonia

Industrial property law constitutes one of the two pillars (the other being copyright) of the broader entity known as intellectual property law. According to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883) “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain, tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour” (Article 1(3)). Industrial property is considered to give identity and add value to products in the market. Thus, creativity and innovation expressed by people and business entities through visionary institutions, laws and policies provide prerequisites for a stable platform for economic development. This highlights the main function of this branch of the legal system, the transformation of ideas into products and services that will improve our lives and realize the process of transformation into knowledge based economy. In the Republic of North Macedonia, industrial property is mainly regulated by the Law on Industrial Property (2009), while the issues related to the acquisition and protection of industrial property rights is carried out by the State Office of Industrial Property (SOIP). In addition to the empirical, descriptive and normative treatment, the authors through the methods of analysis, synthesis and statistical method processes the official data from the SOIP to give a clear overview of the trends in providing protection of individual industrial property rights for the period of eleven years (2011-2021) in North Macedonia.

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ANALYSIS OF PROPERTY CRIME COMMITTED BY ADULTS WITH REFERENCE TO THEFTS FOR THE PERIOD 2011-2020

Author(s): Filip Jovcheski,Armend Asllani / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: theft; aggravated theft; theft of electricity; property crimes

The topic of this paper is property crime in the Republic of North Macedonia with reference to thefts for the period 2011-2020. First of all, it defines the term property crime and its basic characteristics and emphasizes the importance of determining its movement over a period of 10 years through the analysis of data from relevant institutions such as the State Statistics Office. These data show the volume and dynamics of the total registered property crime, the comparative ratio of reported, accused and convicted adults who have committed property crimes, the comparative ratio of property crime in total crime as well as the comparative ratio of reported adult perpetrators of the crime of theft (Article 235 and 235-a of the Criminal Code) with reported adult perpetrators of property crimes in general.The paper with tables and comments shows the percentage of participation of property crimes in total crime in general, the percentage of participation of thefts in total property crime, as well as a presentation of the trend of decreasing the number of property crimes from year to year for the researched period 2011- 2020 year. The data confirms the thesis that the most numerous property crimes are primarily thefts (Articles 235, 235-a and 236 of the Criminal Code).

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THE ROLE OF THE FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE OFFICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ECONOMIC CRIME

Author(s): Muazam Halili,Naser Etemi,Blerta AHMEDI / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Financial Intelligence Office; money laundering; inter-institutional cooperation; financial report

The subject of study in this paper is the Financial Intelligence Office of the Republic of North Macedonia, and its role in fighting against economic crime. In fact, the paper will analyze the methodology of the acting of this institution and inter-institutional cooperation in the fight against economic-financial crime. In this context, the legislation that foresees the way of acting of this institution is going to be analyzed, emphasizing also concrete observations that the authors of this paper have in terms of fulfilling some competencies that this institution should have.The paper will also present some practical examples, from which in a more concrete way the content or compilation of a report prepared by the Intelligent Financial Office can be seen, its processing in the relevant units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where should be taken measures for resolving the criminal act.From the academic and practical point of view, this paper is relevant because it deals with a topic, which we rarely encounter in the literature with a security character, and even less about the role and responsibilities that this institution has in the fight against economic crime. Based on this point of view, this paper will serve all officials who deal with the problems of economic and financial crimes, where they will enrich their knowledge on this very deep-rooted institution, considering its acting and role in the war against economic-financial crime. This knowledge will help them in the future to cooperate and consult on various issues, with the aim of coordination and cooperation between them, in the fight against economic-financial crime.Based on what was emphasized above, as well as the insufficient treatment of this problem, we are of the opinion that through this paper we will achieve a modest contribution in the scientific and practical level.

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THE POLICY OF COMBATING ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINALITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Naser Etemi,Muazam Halili / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: environment; crime; penal policy; threat

Environmental crime is the perpetration of harms against the environment that violate current law. Environmental crime is a special type of crime, which is becoming more and more complicated in modern social circumstances. The way it is presented shows that it is constantly changing and developing. Environmental crime in the Republic of North Macedonia represents a very significant form of criminality. The opinion is not aware of its consequences leaving behind it and protecting environment is an especially complex process. In this paper the subject of scientific observation is the penal policy in relation to environmental protection in the Republic of North Macedonia. For this aim will be presented the data taken from the statistical Yearbooks of the Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical office for a period of five years. This data’s refer to the number of reported, charged or convinced persons presented for a period of five years. The findings of the research in this work indicate that the detection of criminal offenses in the field of environmental security is at an extremely low level and that the crime rate is pronounced. The purpose of this paper is to raise questions about the most visible components of the penal policy related to the Environment in Republic of Macedonia. The focus of this work is to address the current and emerging threats posed by the environmental crime in the Republic of Macedonia.

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PARENTAL ACCEPTANCE-REJECTION AND CHILD DELINQUENCY IN NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Nazmije SHAQIRI,Natasha Ristovska / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: parental rejection; parental acceptance; child delinquency; risk factors; PART

Parenting significantly influences a child’s decisions to engage in delinquent behavior. A non-stimulating family environment dominated by disapproval, a lack of emotional warmth, and a tense and conflicted atmosphere, where parents reject their children, whether through intentional or unintentional actions, is reflected in the children’s actions which are socially unacceptable or in conflict with the law. The research aimed to examine the impact of parental acceptance/rejection of children on the occurrence of delinquent behaviors. For this purpose, we analyzed the individual perception of children regarding parental acceptance/rejection, using a combined research method, quantitative and qualitative. The study sample consisted of children who had committed criminal offenses and were serving in prison for children or were sent to correctional-educational institutions. The findings show that the respondents perceived their parents as significantly more aggressive, neglectful, and rejecting, and provided less parental emotional warmth. The findings are in line with Rohner’s theory of parental acceptance/rejection and its relation to delinquency and behavioral issues of children, which is the theoretical basis of this research.

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INTERNATIONAL ACTS FOR THE PROTECION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT

Author(s): Saimir Shatku / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: fundamental human rights; sports labour contracts; labor relations; ILO; international sports legislation

The study aims to make a general analysis to a significant aspect of Western civilization and contemporary approaches of democratic and capitalist sports systems. Sports law relations, employment contracts, sports contracts in athletes transfers, freedom of association and their legal frameworks, are the foundations of social welfare in democratic countries of rule of law, nowadays.Because labor relations dealing with issues of human rights (such as national, racial, religious, social, or gender based non-discrimination, child labor or exploitation of minors, prohibition of slavery and forced labor, etc.), basic labor standards are also an essential criterion to be fulfilled and respected by countries to join the EU.Relevant international documents and institutions, such as International Sports Organization and its conventions, European Union legislation (regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, etc.) The European Charter on Social related to this field, will be the focus of our study.Thus, the methodology used in my study will be that of analyzing international remedies, statistic case, regional and provisions that define and ensure basic human rights in the world of work.

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SEVEN BASIC NOTIONS OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Author(s): Ymer ISMAILI -DEDJA / Language(s): English / Issue: 19-20/2023

Keywords: Political system; political culture; political science; political structures; contemporary political system; political strategy; political issues; political development

1. Notion: Politics Politics; represents the ability (dexterity) to find optimal solutions for disputes in essence contradictory between individuals and groups, in the general social interest, thus ensuring the unhindered functioning of various social-state entities, where shocks and conflicts for themselves are avoided them1.1 Definitions - Political science Science on life in the political community. Learning about the rules of civil-citizen life. The discipline which together with ethics and economics make up pragmatic philosophy. Political science studies the noblest social elements such as; good, right, justice, virtues, general utility. In the history of ideas, political science is also defined as "royal science". Etymology, issues related to the police, art of government with the state. 1.2 Political Systems - Gabriel Almond Despite the relative development of American political science, until the fifties of this century, there was no complete analysis and comparative research of the problems of contemporary political systems. In the past twenty years, new analytical instruments, procedures and tools for the study of political processes have been developed in political science, and a huge amount of empirical data has been collected, empirical buildup both about political systems in developed countries and so on and about the political issues of developing countries. It made it all possible to build a method of comparative analysis in the field of contemporary political systems. In American political science, the great credit for developing the comparative method in that area belongs to Gabriel Almond. In this story, we are talking about the Israelis efforts of Mr. Almoad. J. Coleman and B. Powell to build theoretical approach that would be suitable for comparing contemporary political system.The system is the word that in the sense of structure, method, set of rules, social order is used in many areas of life, economics, education, health, military… A set of elements, components, objects, subjects, ideas, which interconnect, interdepend and interact with them ... make up - system.Functioning of systems;-Vertical – Constitutional - Horizontal – Administrative 1.3 Political partiesParty: Part of a whole.Prehistoric periods similar to political parties; sects, clans, cliques, currents, factions...The creation of modern states with their structure created the fragmentary partial social interest that in the process developed social and political diversities, thus created political parties.The union of free citizens who want to influence and change the social situation with political means, and not only, in the general national, regional, local, global interest, i.e. social change. 1.4 Electoral democracy – ParliamentarianismThe multitude of ideas as the antipode of Monism, Monolithism, Monopoly...In the social and political sciences, with pluralism, the particularity, autonomy and distinctiveness of groups which are components of social and ideological development and of the directions and goals of social developments are accepted and emphasized.Political competition between political parties and other entities participating in elections. 1.5 Definitions for legitimacyThe legitimacy in the broader sense marks the establishment and action of political power on the principles that are generally accepted within a political community.Members of a (political) community do not accept order only from their habit and customs, individual interest in its validity and reasoning.This situation constantly assumes the harmonization of the "nature" of political order and the principles of its establishment with the "way of a people" (Montesquieu).Legitimate is the order in which there are compliance between the political formula that justifies the title and the opinion of the people (the political subjectivism of the individual) on the nature of that order.The legitimate order constantly lies in the relationship assigned to the principles of law and justice and includes the state of "well-regulated order" (Role).This situation is contrary to the states of illegality, anarchy, insecurity and arbitrariness.The problem of legitimacy is an essential problem of political philosophy, it is “one of the most complex philosophical issues.Russo marked it as a whole of the "first principles" of politics and defined it as the central problem of political theory.1.6 Notion: LegalityNarrow meaning; legal-positivist/ hierarchy of legal norms.Broad meaning; legal-philosophical and political-philosophical / philosophical, ethical, political lessons, social facts, which influence the determination of legal provisions.Legality, legality represent the principle of modern legal systems and one of the basic ideas of legal and political philosophy.The narrow meaning of two forms;1. As a request/obligation that the legal acts of the lesser power are compatible with the legal acts of the highest legal power (formal legality).2. As an obligation of the administration bodies, the judiciary and other bodies with public authorizations which must work in accordance with the laws and other general acts supported by the law (material legislation).As a criminal offense can be considered only what was previously defined by law. 1.7 Ideologies & IndoctrinationsThe truth must be told to those who act the truth!We have a revolt (awareness) progress for environmental pollution, and absolutely nothing for mental, spiritual dirt!For every day, the human body and soul is "attacked", injured, but the injuries of the soul are much more serious than the injuries of the body!Forms of violence. Physical violence is defined as coercion, whereas violence (without violence) against the spirit is Obedience.The notion of ideology: Ideology is a system of ideas, beliefs and values through which the basic interest of a group (class, clan, lobby) is reflected, but not directly but indirectly, that is, as a rule, the interest is more or less reflected as the interest of the majority in society so that rationally it would be easier to impose it on other social groups as their own interest, for orientation and action.

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THE USE OF ONLINE TOOLS IN THE ACQUISTION OF A NON-NATIVE LANGUAGE

Author(s): Alida EMINI-ISMAILI,Marina Danilovska / Language(s): English / Issue: 20-21/2023

Keywords: language; tools; internet; learning; teaching

The development of information technology enables the use of free resources in learning foreign languages. In this paper, we will refer to the use of online tools and internet platforms (Moodle, Nicos Weg, Einstieg Deutsch, derdieDaF-Portal, Platform Gesprochenes Deutsch, Duolingo, LingoHut, Macedonian Language E-Learning Center, etc.) in the acquisition of German and Macedonian as a second language. Online tools can also be used in teaching, because they enable creative and modern creation of teaching units. Web 2.0 tools, which are free and facilitate mutual communication between students and the teacher, can also be used in German and Macedonian language classes.

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