Urkundenfälschung im römischen Recht, Cicero als Schriftsachverständiger
Forgery in Roman Law, Cicero as a Graphologist

Summary/Abstract: Wax-tablets were often used as writing materials in the Roman Republic. They had a wide range of application, not only for contracts and last wills, but for bookkeeping as well. The soft wax was however not fully protected again the later modifications e.g. again the document-forgery. So special technic for the protection were developed: the so-called two-sided documents. But the documents used for bookkeeping remained one-sided open documents, so the later modifications were further possible, but not without any trace. Cicero found such forgery during his investigation for the preparation of his lawsuit against Verres, the former governor of Sicily, about extortion of the inhabitants of the province.

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