Polityka, wojna i niepewność: Bliski Wschód w obliczu wyzwań dla stabilności i pokoju
Politics, war, and insecurity: The Middle East faced with challenges to stability and peace

Summary/Abstract: The international processes taking place in the Middle East in 2022 were largely overshadowed by the events taking place in Europe. Especially for Turkey and Iran, this created new opportunities to manifest their separate interests and contributed to redefining the ways and methods of conducting their foreign policy. Questions have also been raised about the scope and forms of further participation of Russian forces in the process of restoring stability to the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria. On the other hand, elements of continuation prevailed in the processes taking place within local conflicts – in Syria, Libya, and Yemen civil wars entered a state of relative freezing. No breakthrough was achieved in talks on the control of Iran’s nuclear programme, and chances of a compromise were reduced by Tehran’s launching of extended military cooperation with Russia after the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, as well as by another wave of anti-government demonstrations, which resulted in the intensification of political repression against citizens. In Israel, after the parliamentary elections in November 2022, a coalition of right-wing parties was formed with Benjamin Netanyahu as prime-minister. The lack of prospects for a two-state solution and the policy of expanding Jewish settlements in the occupied territories reinforce the mood of dissatisfaction among the Palestinian population – in 2022, the number of victims of clashes and riots was the highest since 2005 (the end of the second intifada).

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