Bliski Wschód i Afryka: wyzwania i zagrożenia dla stabilności i pokoju na obrzeżach Europy
Middle East and Africa: Challenges and threats to stability and peace at Europe’s borders

Summary/Abstract: The year 2023 will go down in the history of the Middle East as the year of another instalment of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which has resulted in a number of casualties – civilian and military. The attack on 7 October 2023 that Hamas militants launched on Israeli territory bordering the Gaza Strip, their aggressive actions against the civilian population and the abduction of hostages, started a bloody conflict, the consequences of which cannot be fully predicted in early 2024, and which at the same time has great potential to escalate tensions in the region. Israel’s military operations in the first phase of the operation against Hamas focused on airstrikes against targets tied to enemy activity. Israeli ground forces were introduced into the Gaza Strip on 27 October. The number of casualties on both sides of the conflict is counted in thousands, many infrastructural facilities in the Gaza Strip district have been destroyed, most of the region’s residents have become refugees. The activity of Arab political groups that favour Hamas ( Hezbollah in Lebanon, the Houthis in Yemen) threatens to further escalate the conflict and bring regional and extra-regional powers into the contest.

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