Rasistowski komponent przestępstw islamofobicznych. Analiza zrewidowanego zalecenia nr 5 dotyczącego ogólnej polityki Europejskiej Komisji przeciwko Rasizmowi i Nietolerancji
The racist component of Islamophobic crimes: An examination of the revised General Policy Recommendation No. 5 of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance

Summary/Abstract: The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the tendency of European institutions to shift the category of Islamophobic crimes from the normative context of the protection of religious freedom, which is vested in all religions, to the area of preventing and combating racism, which is dominated by the idea of the protection of minorities. The revised General Policy Recommendation No. 5 of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) represents an important starting point in assessing the change in the model of criminalization of Islamophobic behaviour. The article analyses the concept of Islamophobia, axiological and political assumptions of Recommendation No. 5 and the types of behaviour classified by the ECRI as acts of hatred constituting manifestations of anti-Muslim racism, which should be penalized. The paper also delves into the potential systemic effects of implementing these recommendations, pointing out that an overemphasis on anti-racist policy versus the need for universal protection of religious freedom may violate the principle of equality before the law with regard to other religions, especially Christianity, and even religious freedom itself.

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