Jaka demokracja?
What Democracy?

Summary/Abstract: Scientific studies on the history of democracy demonstrate that there is no democracy as such, and all its types are specified with by-names, like socialist, of people, national, Christian, personalistic, or even totalitarian. At the same time conceptual analysis and exercise of democracy seem to demonstrate that democracy is a utopia, and each utopia is necessarily featured with being unrealizable. As far back as Aristotle realized that there was no ideal – mechanically applicable – form of government, which so to say automatically could liberate man from evil. As it was demonstrated by F. Koneczny, in the human life – that of individual and of society – everything depends on a man, on his knowledge and will, and the only warranty of human conversion is his moral progress. Nobody but the upright man, rooted in the real world with his work and conducted with the principle of personalism, can be protected against utopism and give the realistic sense to such words as democracy or politeia.

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