Vārddarināšanas kalku paveidi un to norobežošanas kritēriji
Sub-types of loan-formations and criteria of their separation

Summary/Abstract: The article provides an insight into the beginnings of studies on loan-translations (e.g., monograph of the French linguist Bally “Traité de stylistique française”, 1909) and in later studies (e. g., an article by Latvian linguist Ahero “On influence of other languages on word formation”, 1967) that let to conclude that loan-formations is a traditional type of loan-translations and it has been analysed in different loan-translations descriptions in different times. It has been admitted that the significance of loan-formations among the other types of loan-translations is approved by the fact that by defining loan-translations as such loan-formations are used as samples most often, for instance, the denomination of the notion “sky-scraper” in different languages: English skyscraper, French gratte-ciel, Italian grattacielo, Russian небоскрёб, Latvian debesskrāpis, Spanish rascacielos, German Wolkenkratzer (sometimes the notion of loan-formation is even identified by the notion of loan-translation in general). The author of the article offers a new definition of loan-formation and mentions reasons (word-formation as an independent sub-branch etc.) on the basis of which the term vārddarināšanas kalki (loan-formations) has been chosen for designating the respective type of loan-translations from the terms used by Latvian linguistics. By examining the sub-types of loan-formations separated in different studies, the differences observed between the classifications have been marked (the basis of which are criteria for separating sub-types of loan-translations – level of morpheme substitution; type of morphemes; type of the loan-translation, resp., whether the loan-translation is a derivative or a compound). In the concluding part, on the basis of author’s classification, problem issues on separating sub-types of word-formations have been described (regarding loan-units from other languages as components of compound or prefixes; age of loan-words used in loan-formations) that coincides with the problematical issue of separating loan-translations and units of own language in general.

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