Wpływ instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych na działalność innowacyjną polskich przedsiębiorstw sektora MSP
Impact of formal and informal institutions on innovative activity of Polish small and medium-sized enterprises

Summary/Abstract: The sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland (unlike in the US) is much less activein terms of undertaking innovative activities, than large companies. Small and medium-sized enterprisesengaging in innovative activity, face many problems connected with their small-scale activities,such as lack of internal or external funding for innovation. In addition, innovation spending involvesmainly fixed assets, such as buildings and structures, means of transport and machinery, not R & D.Due to low survival rate on the market during the first five years, small and medium-sized enterprisesare not able to carry out innovative activities without the support of formal and informal institutions.The aim of this article is to identify key areas, where the cooperation between formal and informalinstitutions result in synergies innovativeness of Polish national economy. Article is based on statisticalstudies of Central Statistical Office of Poland and the Polish Agency for Enterprise Developmentfor years 2004–2015.Cooperation between formal and informal institutions has an influence both on the creation of anenvironment supportive for the development of entrepreneurship and innovation.Formal institutions can influence the higher level of R & D expenditures by increasing the availability of R & D expenditure support through grants or tax credits, as well as by ensuring the stabilityof the legal environment and the protection of intellectual property rights. Informal institutions, on theother hand, stimulate the bottom-up energy of entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation through acultural system of standards conducive to risk-taking, individualism, cooperation and self-fulfillment.

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