Rola nagród i kar w powstawaniu zjawiska samospełniającego się proroctwa w klasie szkolnej
The Role of Rewards and Punishment in the Formation a Self-Fullfiling Prophecy Effect in the Classroom

Summary/Abstract: A self-fulfilling prophecy in the classroom setting is a phenomenon which may influence the performance of a large part of students. Teachers under the impact of unfounded expectations treat their students in an unjust way. As a result, students given positive expectations will achieve higher performance than the ones given negative expectations. In this process, the feedback factor plays an important role. It includes punishments and rewards, as well as praises and criticisms applied by teachers. Results of meta-analyses show that teachers punish, reward, praise and criticize the high expectations students in a more adequate and varied way in comparison to the low expectations students. In the article, Rosenthal’s 10-arrow model for the study of interpersonal expectancy effect is discussed. On the basis of Rosenthal’s suggestion, the significance of feedback factors in the mediation of expectancies and behavioural confirmation processes are analysed. A lot of space has been given to the problem of the social context of punishment and reinforcement, and also the informative value of feedback. The issues discussed are illustrated by the results of many studies.

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