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SHADOW EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL ECONOMY APPROACH

Summary/Abstract: The study first defines the shadow economy and (in its peculiar Hungarian version) the second economy. The writing then defines and examines shadow education relative to the shadow economy. Subsequently, the writing reviews the forms of shadow teaching. It then focuses on shadow education from the perspective of various economic theories and approaches. The study concludes that shadow education is essentially a market response to the characteristics of the formal education system: that public education is unable to address individual needs and abilities, or that it deliberately egalitarianly treats everyone, or that public education is of low quality. At the same time, the individualisation effect of shadow education is also a source of different levels of ability and academic achievement of students from different social backgrounds (who are able and willing to use different amounts of shadow education due to their economic opportunities). Thus, shadow education is one of the means of transplanting social differences, which the state, education policy, can never prevent, but only mitigate.

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