Jihomoravské šibenice v časném novověku (16. až 18. stol.)
South Moravian gallows in early Modern Era (the 16th to 18th centuries)
Contributor(s): Josef Unger (Editor)
Subject(s): Archaeology, Cultural history, Regional Geography, Modern Age, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, Criminology, Health and medicine and law
Published by: Masarykova univerzita nakladatelství
Keywords: South Moravian gallows; flora and vegetation; archeological research; skeletal remains; execution practices; 16th-18th century;
Summary/Abstract: The publication deals with the research of gallows in the South Moravian Region. So far, research has brought knowledge of the form of gallows, their dating, the situation in the field, and of delinquents, who were executed on the gallows and whose remains are found around the gallows. This publication is a summary of the current knowledge of South Moravian gallows in the early modern era in terms of history, history of law, archaeology, anthropology, botany, zoology and geomorphology.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-80-210-9460-4
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-80-210-9459-8
- Page Count: 151
- Publication Year: 2019
- Language: Slovak, Czech
Šibenice v stredoeurópskom kontexte
Šibenice v stredoeurópskom kontexte
(Gallows in the Central European context)
- Author(s):Alica Křápková
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, Criminology
- Page Range:8-19
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:gallows; archeological findings; execution practices; Central Europe;
- Summary/Abstract:The gallows served as a place of execution during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Although particular states of Central Europe have developed differently, the types of gallows in their territory have surprisingly many similarities. This chapter describes these similar factors, as well as the obvious differences, some caused by the dissimilar process of research. In addition to the gallows typology itself, the chapter also contains other angles that are important in examining gallows. These are mainly archaeological, iconographic, but also written sources. When looking at gallows, it is also possible to explore other interesting aspects, such as distance from the city, visibility, the way to the gallows and so on. It describes the most important researches in Central European countries, the appearance of uncovered places of executions, as well as other archaeological or anthropological findings, demonstrating the specific burial rite of convicted offenders. In some cases, animal bones are found in abundance in execution areas, suggesting the presence of knacker´s yard.
Jihomoravské šibenice v písemných pramenech
Jihomoravské šibenice v písemných pramenech
(South Moravian gallows in the written sources)
- Author(s):Daniel Wojtucki
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Local History / Microhistory, Modern Age, Criminology
- Page Range:20-32
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Gallows; South Moravia; History of executions in South Moravia;
- Summary/Abstract:The places where the gallows stood still carry the name Gallows Mountain (Galgenberg), Justice (Gerichtsberg), Golgotha, Am Goling, Gallows, On gallows and so on. From the end of the 15th to the 18th century there was a process of replacing wooden gallows with brick gallows. A specific feature of gallows in central and northern Moravia is their quadrilateral ground plan in the shape of a square or rectangle, known from archaeological research and a description in Brno in 1788. The construction or repair of gallows was a complex matter in which many craftsmen had to participate due to the problems which could potentially discredit the workers as work on gallows was considered dishonourable. This is evidenced by documents from Šatov from 1661, Znojmo from 1650 and Brno from 1764. Besides brick gallows, wooden gallows (Schnellgalgen), known from Brno from 1603 and 1642, were also built for executions. Another place of execution of the death penalty by decapitation were beheading places (Rabenstei, Köpfhaus) existing in Brno, Znojmo or Tišnov. The description of the beheading place from Brno is know from 1788.
Popraviště ve vztahu ke krajině na jižní Moravě
Popraviště ve vztahu ke krajině na jižní Moravě
(Places of execution in relation to the landscape in South Moravia)
- Author(s):Jan Velek
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Criminology
- Page Range:33-36
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:execution practices; South Moravia; landscape; execution sites;
- Summary/Abstract:At present, we are used to perceiving landscapes and significant points in a settlement structure quite differently than it has been for past centuries. The landscape scale and the extent of settlement formations have changed, areas of cultivated fields have changed, and the range of afforestation has changed. There has been a substantial change in the communications network thanks to different modes of transportation, and there have often been substantial changes in the size and modification of water features in the landscape. The original elements of the landscape, which were distinctive for centuries, gradually lost their importance, partly disappeared, or were replaced by other landscape landmarks, with different character and function. Based on the First Military Mapping, which was acquired on the basis of direct observation of real situation in the field, we can derive five basic building types, which were of fundamental importance to the inhabitants of the area as a dominant of the nearby landscape. These are: castle or chateau (mansion seat), church or monastery (seat of ecclesiastical institutions), town hall (seat of administrative power of larger settlement unit), fortification (building element providing security) and execution site (symbol of enforcement). Only a few of this number of execution sites have been preserved in the South Moravian Region as building ruins, few have been identified and documented archaeologically, but these sites are not listed. From most of others, only the place name remained without visible building or terrain tracks. The aim of the research plan is to assess the physical state of preservation of building sites of gallows (or their archaeological relics), possible archaeological research of selected localities and the design of meaningful conservation of the last few torsos of buildings, which in the past played an important role in the everyday life of all residents and in the landscape.
Viditelnost jihomoravských šibenic
Viditelnost jihomoravských šibenic
(Visibility of South Moravian Gallows)
- Author(s):Josef Unger, Jan Divíšek
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Criminology
- Page Range:37-41
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:South Moravian Gallows; Boskovice; Doubravice; Blansko; Lomnice; Pouzdřany; Vranov nad Dyjí; Znojmo;
- Summary/Abstract:For the gallows as a visible symbol of the high justice (“ius gladii”) of the location and as a deterrent memento for criminals, the position was very important so that they could be easily seen from the municipality and from the access roads. The visibility of several other South Moravian gallows (Boskovice, Doubravice, Blansko, Lomnice, Pouzdřany, Vranov nad Dyjí, Znojmo) was newly evaluated. It is clear from the examples with the exception of Znojmo that the monitored gallows were visible directly from the centre of the particular municipality. Visibility from important roads was also significant.
Vegetace a flóra na některých jihomoravských šibenicích
Vegetace a flóra na některých jihomoravských šibenicích
(Vegetation and flora in some South Moravian gallows)
- Author(s):Jan Lacina, Petr Halas
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Environmental Geography, Environmental interactions
- Page Range:42-52
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:South Moravian gallows; Vegetation; Flora; Čejkovice; Ivančice; Tišnov; Lomnice;
- Summary/Abstract:We tried to create an idea of landscape formation in the vicinity of gallows in Čejkovice, Ivančice, Tišnov and Lomnice at the time of their use with the help of the maps of Imperial Obligatory Imprints of a Stable Cadastre, local names, floristic data in old literature and above all our own field survey. Although the sites of the investigated gallows are located in different landscapes - from the Pannonian region to the eastern edge of the Hercynian region - all had previously supported a number of remarkable, endangered or extinct species of vascular plants. The common feature was the occurrence of steppe species spreading from the south, mainly due to agriculture and into the foothills of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. The current species diversity in the vicinity of the previously gloomy places is not so great, however, some memorable vegetation types and valuable species that are worth notice have been preserved.
Jihomoravské šibenice na mapách Prvního vojenského mapování
Jihomoravské šibenice na mapách Prvního vojenského mapování
(South Moravian gallows on maps of First Military Mapping)
- Author(s):Josef Unger, Alica Křápková
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Regional Geography, Maps / Cartography, Criminology, 18th Century
- Page Range:53-82
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:The First Military Mapping; execution sites; 18th century; South Moravia; gallows;
- Summary/Abstract:The First Military Mapping is an important source for locating relics of execution places. It was carried out between 1764-1768 with subsequent rectification in 1780-1783. Signs for gallows are different. They differ mainly in the colour and type of displayed scaffold. The location of the gallows was determined by several factors. On the one hand, a safe distance to the city had to be kept because of the smell of rotting bodies and also the presence of wild animals around, but it had to be accessible on foot as executions were public events and were watched by crowds. The maximum distance in regard of the terrain could be around 3 km. Places, where according to the First Military Mapping, gallows were situated, were visited, inspected and documented from 2014 to 2019 in order to keep track in the terrain. In total, there are 40 places in cadastres of 35 municipalities. Due to the crop marks and not completely unambiguous localizations, the results may not be final, and it is possible that they will be supplemented by further monitoring.
Archeologický výzkum jihomoravských šibenic
Archeologický výzkum jihomoravských šibenic
(Archaeological research of South Moravian gallows)
- Author(s):Josef Unger
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Modern Age, Criminology
- Page Range:83-100
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Archeological research; South Moravian gallows; Tišnovská; Ivančíká; Šatovská; Slavkovská;
- Summary/Abstract:Podoba několika jihomoravských šibenic byla do jisté míry osvětlena archeologickým výzkumem, který v případu tišnovské, ivančické, šatovské a slavkovské, měl character soustavného výzkumu, který odkryl jen vlastní stavbu šibenice a nejbližší okolí. U Lomnice a Vranova nad Dyjí šlo jen o drobnou sondáž. Přesto se podařilo upřesnit, nebo i zjistit půdorys šibenice, získat datovací materiál a zařadit je do systému středoevropských šibenic.
Lidé od šibenic. Přínos antropologie při výzkumu kosterních pozůstatků popravených osob a sebevrahů
Lidé od šibenic. Přínos antropologie při výzkumu kosterních pozůstatků popravených osob a sebevrahů
(People from gallows. Anthropology and its contribution to research of skeletal remains of executed persons and suicide)
- Author(s):Robin Pěnička
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, 16th Century
- Page Range:101-114
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:gallows; Anthropology; skeletal remains; sites of execution; suicide; South Moravian region;
- Summary/Abstract:Human skeletal remains are important source in exploring past populations. As a part of our research in places of executions in South Moravian region, four comprehensive archaeological excavations were conducted. Numerous anthropological skeletal material was obtained there. A total number of 5 405 human bones have been examined, which have been preserved in various ways (from only a piece of bone to complete bones and skulls). Anthropological examination focused on assessing the state of bone preservation, estimating the minimum number of individuals (MNI), estimating basic demographic determinants (sex, age and stature), pathological changes, and traces of violence related to punishment. The largest group consists of skeletal remains from Ivančice gallows site (2 761 fragments of bones, MNI 18 persons), from Křenovice/Slavkov u Brna gallows site (1 772 fragments of bones, MNI 15 persons) and from Tišnov gallows site (786 fragments of bones, MNI 13 persons). From other sites the number of bones is limited to isolated findings of human bones. The assessed skeletal remains belonged mostly to adult males, some bones belonged to juveniles and quite exceptional is the finding of an infant’s femur. On several bones some pathological conditions were observed (like fractures or inflammations). These conditions were rather chronic in character and probably affected the individuals’ social positions (for example social exclusion or social marginality). Traces of direct violence were represented by perimortal fractures, which can be related to the execution by wheel.
Patologické nálezy a anatomické variety na kosterních pozůstatcích z moravských šibenic
Patologické nálezy a anatomické variety na kosterních pozůstatcích z moravských šibenic
(Pathologies and anatomical variations in human skeletal remains from Moravian gallows)
- Author(s):Robin Pěnička, Tomáš Mořkovský, Martin Čuta
- Language:Czech
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography, Criminology, Health and medicine and law
- Page Range:115-122
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:skeletal remains; archeology; Moravian gallows;
- Summary/Abstract:This chapter focuses on the peculiarities of the skeletal system in form of anatomical variations and pathologies from the sample of skeletal remains from various archeologically surveyed Moravian gallows. Apart from common variations some rare variations of the skeletal system were observed and described in detail (os bregmaticum, spina bifida atlantis anterior et posterior). Observed pathologies included evidence of trauma and infectious diseases. The most commonly observed instances of trauma were fractures, which originated (with high probability) perimortem – i.e. around the time of death. From the nature of the majority of the fractures we can presume that some of the convicts were subject to aggravated capital sentence in form of breaking with the wheel. In case of two tibiae affected by infection the internal structure of the bone was assessed. Evaluation of the medullar cavity development and remodeling using 3D models of affected bones brought new information; however, a final decision on whether syphilis was the originator of infectious disease traits on a tibia from Slavkov gallows is not yet possible.
Zvieratá od šibeníc. Svedectvo kostí
Zvieratá od šibeníc. Svedectvo kostí
(Animals from gallows. Testimony of bones)
- Author(s):Soňa Boriová
- Language:Slovak
- Subject(s):Archaeology, Regional Geography
- Page Range:123-128
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:gallows; animal remains; South Moravia; animal bones and teeth;
- Summary/Abstract:This text addresses animal remains from gallows in South Moravia. Animal bones and teeth are usually present in the area of gallows, represented by both domestic and wild animals. In some cases, bones bear traces of human activity such as butchering. Compared to big gallows with numerous animal remains (e.g. Emmenbrücke), the findings from Tišnov, Slavkov and Ivančice are only few, very fragmentary and usually with recent admixture. This complicates the interpretation of why and how these animal remains got into the gallows area.