Oblicza Wojny, t. 8, Narzędzia wojny
Faces of War, vol. 8, Instruments of War
Contributor(s): Tadeusz Grabarczyk (Editor), Jarosław Kita (Editor), Magdalena Pogońska-Pol (Editor), Myroslav Voloshchuk (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Military history, Present Times (2010 - today)
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: war; Ukraine; history; Poland; Russia
Summary/Abstract: The eighth volume of the Faces of War series is dedicated entirely to Ukraine. Published studies cover the period from the early Middle Ages to modern times. The articles presented here primarily focus on the history of the lands that comprise present-day Ukraine. The authors of these articles include historians, art historians, and political scientists from Poland, Ukraine, and the Great Britain. The topics covered encompass armament, propaganda, the fate of prisoners, and the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war that began on February 24, 2022. The articles are based on a reliable sources and present the authors‘ original perspectives.
Series: Uniwersytet Łódzki
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-315-3
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-314-6
- Page Count: 266
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: English, Polish, Ukrainian
Słowo wstępne
Słowo wstępne
(EDITORS’ PREFACE)
- Author(s):Tadeusz Grabarczyk, Jarosław Kita, Magdalena Pogońska-Pol, Myroslav Voloshchuk
- Language:English, Polish, Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Middle Ages, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:9-14
- No. of Pages:6
The face of the war in Ukraine war devastation and reconstruction concepts
The face of the war in Ukraine war devastation and reconstruction concepts
(The face of the war in Ukraine war devastation and reconstruction concepts)
- Author(s):Sergii Belinskyi, Andrii Dmytrenko, Yulia Ivashko, Aneta Pawłowska
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:15-35
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:war; Ukraine; destruction; reconstruction; monuments
- Summary/Abstract:Every war brings losses not only on the economic level but also on the social level. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, which began on 24 February 2022, made this clear once again. A country that had already experienced many starts in historical times also found itself in the heat of battle this time. The military conflict led to a significant migration of the Ukrainian population. As a result of bombing and shelling by the Russian army, many buildings of various purposes were destroyed – not only those classified as military infrastructure or those under state administration, schools, hospitals, residential buildings, businesses but also places of worship – orthodox churches. Although the war is still ongoing, gradual reconstruction is already taking place in the liberated territories and revitalization programs are being de- veloped. Many ideas related to reconstruction are borrowed from the experience of Poland and its reconstruction after the devastation of World War II. The article aims, among other things, to draw the attention of the world public to the war drama unfolding in Ukraine and to show the destruction from the first phase of the war as documented by a military photographer from the 28th Brigade of the Knights of the First Winter Campaign (Armed Forces of Ukraine) – Serhii Belinskyi.
НЕВІНЦЕНОСНІ ЕЛІТИ РУСЬКОГО (?) ПОХОДЖЕННЯ НА ВІЙСЬКОВІЙ СЛУЖБІ ПЯСТІВ КІНЦЯ ХІІ – ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XIV СТ. ДЕЯКІ АНТРОПОНІМІЧНІ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ
НЕВІНЦЕНОСНІ ЕЛІТИ РУСЬКОГО (?) ПОХОДЖЕННЯ НА ВІЙСЬКОВІЙ СЛУЖБІ ПЯСТІВ КІНЦЯ ХІІ – ПЕРШОЇ ПОЛОВИНИ XIV СТ. ДЕЯКІ АНТРОПОНІМІЧНІ СПОСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ
(NON-DYNASTIC ELITES OF THE RUTHENIAN (?) ORIGIN IN THE MILITARY SERVICE OF THE PIASTS OF THE END OF THE 12TH – THE FIRST HALF OF THE 14TH CENTURY SOME ANTHROPONYMICAL OBSERVATIONS)
- Author(s):Myroslav Voloshchuk
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:37-53
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:elites; the military-servant nobility; the Piasts; the Romanids; Rus’; Silesia; Lesser Poland; Masovia
- Summary/Abstract:Extremely close inter-dynastic Ruthenian-Polish relations of the 10th–14th centuries were accompanied not only by the largest number of the bilateral marriages of the rulers, permanent military conflicts, peace treaties, the appearance of the compact communities of Ruthenians in the cities of the Piast dynasty or of Poles in Rus’, but also often by the military service to the neighboring dynasties. The presence of the outlined as the „Lyakhs” in the service of the Rurikids is well known. Our task was to find the analogues of the military service of single Ruthenians by the Piasts. According to the Latin identification Ruthenus, such persons could not be found during the mentioned period. However, the example of four representatives of the military nobility, bearers of the completely atypical for the possessions of the Polish dynasty names, deserves a special attention. There were Борис (Boris, Borissij, Borisius), in two cases Василь (Vasillus, Waysil, Waysszil, Waszil, Vazil, Woysil) and Дмитро (Dimitrius). In our opinion, most likely we are talking about the representatives of the non-dynastic elites of the Ruthenian origin in the first or second generations, who ended up in the service of the Silesian, Lesser Poland, or Masovian Princes due to the existing bilateral inter-dynastic relations, however – as a result of the matrimonial ties of the nobles of both countries.
РИЦАРІ-КОПІЙНИКИ У БИТВІ ПІД ОРШЕЮ (1514). ОЗБРОЄННЯ І ТАКТИКА
РИЦАРІ-КОПІЙНИКИ У БИТВІ ПІД ОРШЕЮ (1514). ОЗБРОЄННЯ І ТАКТИКА
(ARMORED MEN-AT-ARMS IN THE BATTLE OF ORSHA (1514) ARMS, ARMOR AND TACTICS)
- Author(s):Volodymyr Hutsul
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
- Page Range:55-76
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Battle of Orsha; army; cavalry; weapons; XVI century
- Summary/Abstract:The article is devoted to the arms, armor and tactics of its use by the Jagiellonian men-at arms in the Battle of Orsha (1514). To solve the problem, visual and textual sources of the time were used, among the latter, not only narrative, but also fencing treatises of the first half of the 16th century, which highlight the peculiarities of the use of knightly weapons in horse combat, were considered. As a result of source analysis, the author came to the conclusion that the armored cavalry of the Jagiellonian army did not fundamentally differ from the Western European chivalry of the time either in terms of equipment or combat techniques. Comparing the iconography of knightly weapons in the main visual source related to the battle – the „Battle of Orsha” panel from the National Museum in Warsaw with clearly dated examples of the period of the first decade – the middle of the second decade of the 16th century, we can say with certainty that the panel does not contain anachronisms depicted.
ОЗБРОЄННЯ ЗАМКУ В КАМ’ЯНЦІ-БУЗЬКІЙ (СТРУМИЛОВІЙ) В ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ XVI СТОЛІТТЯ
ОЗБРОЄННЯ ЗАМКУ В КАМ’ЯНЦІ-БУЗЬКІЙ (СТРУМИЛОВІЙ) В ПЕРШІЙ ПОЛОВИНІ XVI СТОЛІТТЯ
(WEAPONS OF KAMIANKA–BUSKA (STRUMILOWA) CASTLE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 16TH CENTURY)
- Author(s):Oleg Hański
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:77-103
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Kamianka-Buzka; Ukraine; Poland; XVI century; castle; firearms
- Summary/Abstract:The Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw holds the documents containing information about the armament and fortification of royal castles on the eastern borders of the Kingdom of Poland, including the descriptions of cities and castles in the Lviv Land of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In particular, the collection of manuscripts from years 1534 (2 registers) and 1542 (1 register) contains several pages of information about the weapons stored in the small castle in Kamionka Strumiłowa (since 1944 р. Kamianka-Buzka (Кам'янка-Бузька), currently a town in the Lviv Region in western Ukraine). The shorts synopsis comprises records only about castle weapons, artillery and stocks of ammunition. The purpose of this article is to show the state of artillery and small arms that were supposed to protect the inhabitants of Kamianka from the attacks of Tatars, Turks and Moldovans. According to the manuscripts, it appears that the castle artillery consisted of 4 bombards or veuglaires, 1 bronze cannon, 1 small fauconneau (półtarasnica), 1 mortar, 1 damaged fauconneau (taraśnica). The personal handfirearms of the defenders of Kamianka-Buzka included a 4–7 handguns (rusznica) and 9–10 hackbut (hakownica). The garrison also had 12 crossbows and 2 tensioning mechanisms for the bow string (goats foot lever, hewar). Cold weapons appeared to be not popular, as the records mention only 4 bear spears (rohatina). The reserves of body armour were small and amounted to only 5 breastplates (plachy przednie) and 2 backplates (plachy zadnie) of cuirass and 6–9 helmets (kettle hats). Artillery supplies were represented by bullets, gunpowder and tin.
ШАБЛЯ ОЛЕКСІЯ АПОСТОЛА З МИРГОРОДСЬКОГО МУЗЕЮ ІСТОРИЧНЕ ЗБРОЄЗНАВЧЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ
ШАБЛЯ ОЛЕКСІЯ АПОСТОЛА З МИРГОРОДСЬКОГО МУЗЕЮ ІСТОРИЧНЕ ЗБРОЄЗНАВЧЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ
(THE SABER OF ALEXEY APOSTOL FROM COLLECTION OF MUSEUM IN MIROHOROD. A HISTORICAL STUDY OF A WEAPON)
- Author(s):Denys Toichkin
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:105-122
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:saber; Cossacks; kilji; Alexey Apostol; polk; Mirhorod; Mirhorod Local Lore Museum; XVII century
- Summary/Abstract:The article presents a thorough study of the unique saber of 17th century, that kept in the Mirhorod Local Lore Museum (Ukraine). The form of blade of this ‘Hussar’ saber represents a special mix of Ottoman and Eastern European weaponry traditions of the Early Modern Times. After a comprehensive analyze of the inscriptions on the blade, the author interpreted them as the name of the owner of weapon, inscription year, didactic sentence and bind them up with the real historical events and persons, known from the written sources. This saber is important for analyzing and illustrating the development of Eastern European blades, and recognized as a very rare sample, that belonged to the Alexey Apostol – a high-ranking Cossack noble of polk (province) of Mirhorod.
ОБРАЗ „ПІДНЕБЕСНОЇ” В АМЕРИКАНСЬКІЙ КАРИКАТУРІ ПІД ЧАС ПОВСТАННЯ ІХЕТУАНІВ (1899–1901 РР.)
ОБРАЗ „ПІДНЕБЕСНОЇ” В АМЕРИКАНСЬКІЙ КАРИКАТУРІ ПІД ЧАС ПОВСТАННЯ ІХЕТУАНІВ (1899–1901 РР.)
(THE IMAGE OF THE CELESTIAL EMPIRE IN AMERICAN CARTOONS DURING THE YIHETUAN MOVEMENT (1899–1901))
- Author(s):Taras P’yatnychuk
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:123-151
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:USA; China; newspaper; political cartoon; foreign policy; great powers; Yihetuan; XIX century; „Celestial Empire”
- Summary/Abstract:In the article analyzes the image of Manchurian China in American political cartoons on the eve and during the Yihetuan Movement. In the second half of the 19th century in the USA appeared a number of magazines which specializing in political cartoons. Such magazines as „Harper’s Weekly”, „Puck” and „Judge”, whose cartoons looked like works of art, held leading positions among them. Cartoonists, were raising acute economic, political and social issues in their works, not only actualized them, but also were forming public opinion. Foreign policy problems weren’t left outside also. The object attention of American caricaturists at the end of the 19th – early of the 20th century was China, what were caused by the US economic interests in this region. American caricature portrayed the Chinese and China as a backward barbarian or a treacherous official, which didn`t want to keep pace with progress. The beginning of the Yihetuan Movement and participation of the American troops in its suppression had a significant impact on the image of „Celestial Empire”. A bloodthirsty barbarian and a huge dragon, which was bringing only destruction and anarchy, replaced the backward Chinese barbarian in the cartoons. The dominance of such images fully corresponded to the then ideas about the civilizing mission of the US, and became a part of the myth of the so-called „Yellow Peril”.
TRANSPORTATION OF UKRAINIAN PRISONERS-OF-WAR AND INTERNEES FROM EASTERN GALICIA TO THE POLISH POW CAMPS IN YEARS 1918–1920
TRANSPORTATION OF UKRAINIAN PRISONERS-OF-WAR AND INTERNEES FROM EASTERN GALICIA TO THE POLISH POW CAMPS IN YEARS 1918–1920
(TRANSPORTATION OF UKRAINIAN PRISONERS-OF-WAR AND INTERNEES FROM EASTERN GALICIA TO THE POLISH POW CAMPS IN YEARS 1918–1920)
- Author(s):WIKTOR WĘGLEWICZ
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History, Military history
- Page Range:153-168
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:prisoners-of-wars; internees; Polish Army; Ukrainian Halych Army; Polish-Ukrainian war 1918–1919
- Summary/Abstract:In the years 1918–1921, one of the main challenges of Polish military logistics was the transportation of prisoners-of-war and internees from the front to camps located inside the country. This article will present a part of this problem, e.g., the transportation of the Ukrainian POWs and internees during and after the war for Eastern Galicia in 1918–1919. The following research questions will be analyzed: how was the Polish military system for POWs organized in terms of transportation? How did the POWs transfer stations in Lviv’s prison „Brygidki” and at Przemyśl-Zasanie, as well as at the assembly points at military units, function? In which conditions were prisoners-of-war transported from the front to the interior of the country?
ВІЙСЬКОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТАКТИЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ САМООБОРОНИ ТА УПА-ЗАХІД (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА 1943 – ПОЧАТОК 1944 РР.). ТЕОРІЯ ТА ДІЙСНІСТЬ
ВІЙСЬКОВЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТАКТИЧНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ САМООБОРОНИ ТА УПА-ЗАХІД (ДРУГА ПОЛОВИНА 1943 – ПОЧАТОК 1944 РР.). ТЕОРІЯ ТА ДІЙСНІСТЬ
(MILITARY SUPPLY OF THE TACTICAL UNITS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL SELF-DEFENSE AND UPA-WEST (SECOND HALF OF 1943 – BEGINNING OF 1944). THEORY AND PRACTICE)
- Author(s):Ihor Drohobyts’kyy
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
- Page Range:169-185
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:organization of Ukrainian nationalists; weapons; Ukrainian national self-defense; Ukrainian insurgent army; II World War; army
- Summary/Abstract:The article will outline the state of provision of weapons and ammunition of the units of Ukrainian national self-defenses (UNS, UIA). The theoretical and ideological basis of this process will be characterized. The features of military support are described, which were determined by the actual state of deployment of the armed divisions of the national resistance movement. The analysis of the outlined topic will be carried out on the basis of a comparative approach based on relevant materials relating to the specifics of the military support of the main combatant forces of the theater of military operations in Galicia in the specified chronological period (UNS, AK, Soviet partisan units, etc.).
„РІКИ ТЕЧУТЬ МОЛОКОМ, А НА ДЕРЕВАХ РОСТЕ КОВБАСА” АБО ЯК АГІТУВАЛИ УКРАЇНЦІВ ЗАХІДНОЇ БОЙКІВЩИНИ ПЕРЕСЕЛЯТИСЬ У СТЕПОВІ РЕГІОНИ УРСР 1951 Р.
„РІКИ ТЕЧУТЬ МОЛОКОМ, А НА ДЕРЕВАХ РОСТЕ КОВБАСА” АБО ЯК АГІТУВАЛИ УКРАЇНЦІВ ЗАХІДНОЇ БОЙКІВЩИНИ ПЕРЕСЕЛЯТИСЬ У СТЕПОВІ РЕГІОНИ УРСР 1951 Р.
(THE „RIVERS FLOW WITH MILK AND SAUSAGE GROWS ON TREES” OR HOW UKRAINIANS FROM WESTERN BOYKIVSHCHYNA WERE AGITATED TO MOVE TO STEPPE REGIONS OF THE USSR IN 1951)
- Author(s):Oleksandr Kolomyychuk
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
- Page Range:187-203
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Ukraine; Boykivshchyna; resettlement; agitation; agitators; Soviet Union
- Summary/Abstract:The article is devoted to the activities of Soviet authorities in Western Boykivshchyna in 1951 that aimed to encourage people to move to the south and east of Soviet Ukraine. At the same time the dissemination of communist ideology among the inhabitants of Western Boykivshchyna should have to prepared people for future life in the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine. Deportation was the result of the Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty (territorial exchange) since 15 February 1951. It has led to consequences: more than 32 000 Ukrainians without their consent were resettled to the south and east of USSR. Before winter – spring of 1951 Soviet agitators constantly were telling about „Soviet paradise”, where fields and milk are distributed, the sausages and lard hang on the fences, bread is greased with butter every day, and people eat meat not only on holidays. For this fables people were gathered in local clubs and reading rooms, where they were given lectures and showed films about the abundance under the Soviet power. Then they were choosing delegations among local people to visit the village in the places of future resettlement. The delegations were being showed houses connected to electricity, fat cows on green pastures, endless fields and the abundance of food. Young people, who first went to new places of residence, were given the task of building a housing for future waves of displaced persons. A large part of the arrived young people saw for their own eyes all the realities of post-war reconstruction under the conditions of communism in the lands there, and they were cautioning about it their families in different ways, were asking them not to leave their home land. In general, the inhabitants of Western Boykivshchyna region did not believe the agitators and didn’t want to leave their native land. This fact just more convinced the Soviet authorities in inevitability of the force resettlement.
РАДЯНСЬКО-НІМЕЦЬКА ПРАВОВА СПІВПРАЦЯ ЩОДО РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ НАЦИСТСЬКИХ ЗЛОЧИНІВ
РАДЯНСЬКО-НІМЕЦЬКА ПРАВОВА СПІВПРАЦЯ ЩОДО РОЗСЛІДУВАННЯ НАЦИСТСЬКИХ ЗЛОЧИНІВ
(SOVIET-GERMAN LEGAL COOPERATION IN THE INVESTIGATION OF NAZI CRIMES)
- Author(s):Dmytro Tytarenko
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
- Page Range:205-221
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Nazi crimes; German occupation; Soviet Union; civil population; Soviet and Germany justice; criminal investigation
- Summary/Abstract:The article explores the peculiarities of the investigation of the Nazi crimes, which were committed in the Soviet Union during the occupation. This article focuses on the cooperation between the German and Soviet justice systems, which aimed to provide the German side with additional information concerning the circumstances and perpetrators of the crimes. The acts of the „Extraordinary State Commission for Ascertaining and Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices”, the protocols of interrogation of Nazi criminals, their accomplices and witnesses were the most important of them. The using of materials received from the Soviet side, the identification of Nazi criminals were connected with such problems: incomplete spelling of the names of the suspected persons, incorrectly indicated military ranks or positions, the lack of information about suspected persons with respect to particular crimes. Despite some political stereotypes, created by the Cold War, it was some relatively successful examples of cooperation between the two legal systems in the area of bringing Nazi criminals to justice.
ДРУГА СВІТОВА ВІЙНА В СУСПІЛЬНО- -ПОЛІТИЧНОМУ ТА ІСТОРИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСАХ НА ДОНБАСІ (1985–2014 РР.)
ДРУГА СВІТОВА ВІЙНА В СУСПІЛЬНО- -ПОЛІТИЧНОМУ ТА ІСТОРИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСАХ НА ДОНБАСІ (1985–2014 РР.)
(THE WORLD WAR II IN THE SOCIO-POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL DISCOURSE IN THE DONBAS (1985–2014))
- Author(s):Oksana Tytarenko
- Language:Ukrainian
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history
- Page Range:223-240
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:socio-political discourse; World War II; the Great Patriotic War; Donbass; „pere-stroika”; de-ideologization; historical politics
- Summary/Abstract:The article examines the peculiarities of the reflection of the events of the Second World War in the socio-political and historical discourse in the Donbas during the „perestroika” period in the USSR and in the conditions of Ukrainian independence. The deideologization of public life, the emergence of new topics of historical studies, the access to archival sources, which were not available before, have caused significant changes in the perception of the topic of the war. These transformations were reflected in historical research, education, in the memorialization of events and participants of the war, which had previously received insufficient attention. The most actively researched topics during this period were: the everyday life in the region under the Nazi occupation, the activity of the Soviet and nationalist underground,the military campaigns on the territory of Donbas in 1941–1943. Particular attention is given to the activities of the „Book of Memory” of Ukraine, which highlighted the cost of the war and allowed hundreds of thousands of families to find information about the fate and place of burial of their relatives who died during the war. At the same time, the politicization of historical topics by different political actors greatly influenced the public mood and contributed to the escalation of the conflict in Donbas in 2014.
WHY MUST THE UKRAINIAN WAR HAVE HAPPENED? HOW DID THE WEST IGNORE THE SIGNS OF IMPENDING TRAGEDY?
WHY MUST THE UKRAINIAN WAR HAVE HAPPENED? HOW DID THE WEST IGNORE THE SIGNS OF IMPENDING TRAGEDY?
(WHY MUST THE UKRAINIAN WAR HAVE HAPPENED? HOW DID THE WEST IGNORE THE SIGNS OF IMPENDING TRAGEDY?)
- Author(s):Jacek Stanislawski
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history, Present Times (2010 - today)
- Page Range:241-264
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Ukraine; Russia; war; NATO; Euro-Atlantic integration; society; propaganda
- Summary/Abstract:The article is going to reflect on the variety of origins leading to the current armed conflict in Ukraine. It will adopt the interdisciplinary approach, mainly sociological, political, and historical. Thus, instead of focusing on one important issue, I will try to gather the collective cause of the ongoing tragedy. The elaboration will analyse the recent history of the relations between Russia and the Western countries, and try to place the role of Ukraine in it. The main errors regarding the foreign policies of the West, as well as those regarding the Euro-Atlantic integration will be pointed out, too. The other issues that the Western world is facing will not remain unmentioned. It will be demonstrated what could have been done, so that the conflict had never broken out. The assessment of the current circumstances will provide suggestions what the countries should do to avoid any similar dramatic scenario in the future. Finally, I will consider several possible outcomes of the present situation. Apart from describing the pure facts available in the literature, I will share with my own experiences in the West, in Russia, and in Ukraine. I will stress how the phenomenon of propaganda is affecting the population. I will try to combine the general knowledge with the perception of the facts by ordinary people.
