Logori, zatvori i prisilni rad u Hrvatskoj/Jugoslaviji 1941.-1945., 1945.-1951.
Camps, Prisons and Forced Labour in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951
Contributor(s): Marica Karakas Obradov (Editor), Martina Grahek Ravančić (Editor), Vladimir Geiger (Editor)
Subject(s): History of Church(es), Criminal Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Politics and religion, Studies in violence and power, Penology, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Fascism, Nazism and WW II, Penal Policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
Published by: Hrvatski institut za povijest
Keywords: Second World War; the post war period; Croatia; Yugoslavia; Camps; Prisons; Forced Labour;
Summary/Abstract: Thirteen presentations from the scientific conference "Camps, Prisons, and Forced Labor in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951" held on May 12, 2009, at the Croatian Institute of History are published in this proceedings. Seven Croatian, five Serbian, and one German historian presented the results of their latest research on deprivation of freedom, camps, prisons, and forced labor during World War II and in the post-war period.
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-6324-87-3
- Page Count: 273
- Publication Year: 2010
- Language: Croatian, German, Serbian
Lišavanje slobode i prisilni rad u zakonodavstvu Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (1941.-1945.)
Lišavanje slobode i prisilni rad u zakonodavstvu Nezavisne Države Hrvatske (1941.-1945.)
(Restricting Freedom and Forced Labour in the Legal System of the Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945))
- Author(s):Mario Kevo
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Penal Policy
- Page Range:9-39
- No. of Pages:31
- Keywords:Second World War; Independent State of Croatia; Legal system; Concentration camps; restriction of freedom; forced labour; civilian internment; political prisoners;
- Summary/Abstract:Following the formation of a camp system and the first deportations, the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia decided to create a formal legal basis for it in order to direct “undesirable and dangerous” persons according to the established order to “re-education” in concentration and work camps. Though restrictions to freedom and forced labour had been mentioned in previous legal practice, it was only after the proclamation of legal decrees at the end of 1941 that a formal legal basis for deportation to camps came into existence. In conjunction with the formation of the legal basis, the Ustaša authorities also completed the structuring of a repressive apparatus which in part had to carry out the decrees directed primarily against the followers of the Partisan movement and members of marginal societal groups. Prior to and alongside this, using an extra-institutional path, the Ustaša authorities carried out measures against the majority of Croatian and Bosnian Jews who were sent off to camps without any legal basis in the laws of the Independent State of Croatia. On the basis of sources and literature the author presents the issue of restricting freedoms and the dispatch of persons to forced labour in concentration and work camps in the Independent State of Croatia, as well as the structure of the repressive apparatus responsible for the execution of the formal-legal basis, but the work does not discuss the issue of incarceration.
- Price: 4.90 €
Stradanje stanovništva NDH u logorima – numeričko određenje
Stradanje stanovništva NDH u logorima – numeričko određenje
(The Plight of the Population of the Independent State of Croatia in camps - A numerical overview)
- Author(s):Dragan Cvetković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:41-56
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Independent State of Croatia; demographic losses; civilian victims; the list “Žrtve rata 1941-1945” from 1964; camps; Jasenovac; Gospić-Jadovno-Pag; Zemun-Sajmište; Auschwitz;
- Summary/Abstract:This work attempts to show the plight of the civilian population in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia in concentration camps on the basis of the partially revised list “Žrtve rata 1941-1945” (Victims of War, 1941- 1945) first published in 1964. On the basis of results obtained from a revision of the list according to current trends in the analysis of the data, the number of deaths that occurred in the camps is calculated somewhere between 173,800 and 184,800. An overview is made which analyzes the territorial origins of the victims, their year of death, the national structure (58.03% Serbs, 16.09% Jews, 12.83% Roma, 6.97% Croats, 0.95% Muslims, and 5.13% members of other or unknown origins), responsibility for deaths (the perpetrators of crimes – 85.25% Independent State of Croatia, 14.28% Germany, and 0.46% Italy), the sites where the most numerous executions were carried out are identified, and all of this is shown against the larger context of the general suffering that took place in the Independent State of Croatia and Yugoslavia.
- Price: 4.90 €
Das Frauen - und Kinderkonzentrationslager Loborgrad in Kroatien (1941-1942)
Das Frauen - und Kinderkonzentrationslager Loborgrad in Kroatien (1941-1942)
(Loborgrad – a concentration camp for women and children in Croatia 1941-1942)
- Author(s):Carl Bethke
- Language:German
- Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of the Holocaust, Ethnic Minorities Studies, Penal Policy
- Page Range:57-73
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Loborgrad; concentration camp; NDH; ethnic Germans; Karlo Heger;
- Summary/Abstract:The study focuses on the concentration camp Loborgrad for women and children in Northwest-Croatia from the time of its erection in October 1941, till the deportation of nearly all of its internees to Auschwitz in August 1942. Its about 1500 mostly Jewish prisoners came from Bosnia (Sarajevo) and Nor-thern Croatia, apart from them were some Jewish refugees, among these many from Vienna, plus approximately 200 Serbian women. Before the deportations the latter were sent to Serbia or to Germany in order to perform forced labor. Apparently the camp was under the supervision of the ”Jews Department” of the Ustaša police, however the commander in chief Karlo Heger and the gu-ards belonged to the ethnic German group. Physical abuses are reported from the camp, during epidemics in 1941/42 up to 200 inmates died.
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Vlado Singer i Stjepan Rubinić – od visokih policijskih dužnosnika Nezavisne Države Hrvatske do zatočenika koncentracijskih logora
Vlado Singer i Stjepan Rubinić – od visokih policijskih dužnosnika Nezavisne Države Hrvatske do zatočenika koncentracijskih logora
(Vlado Singer and Stjepan Rubinić – from high-ranking police officials of the Independent State of Croatia to concentration camp prisoners)
- Author(s):Davor Kovačić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Penal Policy
- Page Range:75-89
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Vlado Singer; Stjepan Rubinić; security forces, police; the Independent State of Croatia; concentration camps; Jasenovac; Stara Gradiška;
- Summary/Abstract:With the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia, Vlado Singer and Stjepan Rubinić became high ranking officials of the security and police apparatus of the state. Due to their actions both fell afoul of their superiors and were removed from their positions. They served roughly the same amount of time at the concentration camps in Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška. In distincti-on to Singer, who was killed at the Stara Gradiška camp, Rubinić was released after spending a year in the camp. After his release from the camp he did not formally belong to the Ustaša movement, but he was allowed to conduct busi-ness with Jewish mercantile houses. Following the collapse of the Independent State of Croatia, he withdrew toward Austria, where he lived for some years, after which time information about him becomes unreliable. It is assumed that he lives out of the public eye, as a well-situated man, either in South America or Australia.
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Proturječja u svezi s brojem žrtava fašističkog koncentracijskog logora na otoku Molatu
Proturječja u svezi s brojem žrtava fašističkog koncentracijskog logora na otoku Molatu
(Contradictions concerning the number of victims in the fascist concentration camp on the island of Molat)
- Author(s):Zlatko Begonja
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Fascism, Nazism and WW II, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:91-110
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:Second World War; the fascist camp at Molat; 1941-1943;
- Summary/Abstract:At the time of the Second World War, Italian fascist military and civilian authorities carried out a thorough policy of Italianization in the occupied and annexed region of the eastern Adriatic. With the aim of a rapid realization of this goal, among other things, they created concentration camps for civilian internees in parts of Croatian Dalmatia. One of these camps was on the island of Molat in the Zadar Archipelago, through which by some accounts 10,000 individuals passed during the period of its existence from June 1942 to September 1943. But in this regard, what is uncertain and has been the subject of some controversy is the number of deaths that occurred at the camp. Namely, until now unsubstantiated claims of 1000 victims have been made, though recent research has only been able to establish less than 100 victims. Indeed the variance between real and fictitious death tolls at the camp in Molat is the reason why it was necessary to look at this issue in depth. The inflation of the number of victims, especially in postwar peacetime circumstances, until now as added to the difficulty in objectively assessing the real situation and directly functioned in creating an atmosphere of ideological-political commerce in victims due to so-called higher interests.
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Wehrmacht, NDH, evakuacija, deportacija i prisilni rad stanovništva u Dalmaciji tijekom 1944. godine
Wehrmacht, NDH, evakuacija, deportacija i prisilni rad stanovništva u Dalmaciji tijekom 1944. godine
(German Wehrmacht, Independent State of Croatia, Evacuation and Deportation of Population and Forced Labor in Dalmatia during 1944)
- Author(s):Nikica Barić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Fascism, Nazism and WW II, Penal Policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:111-132
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Dalmatia; Independent State of Croatia; German Wehrmacht; Evacuation of Civilians; Deportation; Forced Labor; Displaced Persons;
- Summary/Abstract:In September of 1943 the Kingdom of Italy capitulated and German army entered Italian annexed parts of Dalmatia. The Independent State of Croatia (ISC) was able to return these areas under its control, after they were ceded to Italy in May of 1941. The German army still had to secure the coastal area from Tito’s partisans and possible landing of the Western Allies. In 1944 the Ger-mans prepared plans for the defense and fortification of the eastern Adriatic coast. One of the security measures of the German army was the evacuation of able bodied men from Dalmatian islands because they were considered to be possible hostile and prone to join the partisans and help the Western Allies in the case of their landing in that areas. The Germans evacuation of islands and some parts of the Dalmatian coast, as well as German use of local population for forced labor caused panic and scare among people. This put ISC authorities in a difficult situation - Germans were their allies and they depended on their support and presence of a German army. At the same time ISC representatives, especially those in Dalmatia understood that they need to win the hearts and minds of the population in that area, especially after the period of Italian presence and due to the fact that many Dalmatians joined Tito’s partisans. They realized that German repressive measures would disrupt such attempts and often protested against German evacuation and deportations of local population. But such protests were mostly disregarded by Germans who could impose their own decisions on the much weaker and sometimes powerless ISC authorities.
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Prinudni rad u Srbiji u Drugom svetskom ratu
Prinudni rad u Srbiji u Drugom svetskom ratu
(Forced Labour in Serbia in the Second World War)
- Author(s):Dragan Aleksić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Fascism, Nazism and WW II, Penal Policy
- Page Range:133-150
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:forced labour; economic exploitation; Second World War; Serbia;
- Summary/Abstract:One of the most acute problems of the war economy in National Socialist Germany was a lack of labour in industry and agriculture. Though Nazi planners through a series of legal measures paid close attention to a solution to this matter even prior to the outbreak of the war, it was reopened following the failure of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front. Taking workers out of factories and fields opened the question of labour supply in these areas vital to the war economy. Shortages in labour supply could only be made up by forced recruitment from occupied countries. Serbia was not an exception to this rule in occupied Europe. To achieve a more effective exploitation of labour supply, the Nazis introduced their own labour laws into occupied territory to drive production. Since they lacked adequate numbers of personnel in their occupation apparatus, they engaged the domestic administration to achieve the desired objectives. The population of Serbia was subjected to all the forms of forced labour which the Nazis applied to other occupied territories, from new labour laws to outright slave labour. The largest portion of forced labourers worked for German needs on the territory of Serbia itself, while the number of workers in Germany never exceeded 30,000-35,000 at one time. This represented less than half the number of workers that the occupation authorities planned to send to work outside of Serbia.
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Lišavanje slobode i prisilni rad u hrvatskom/jugosla-venskom zakonodavstvu 1945.–1951.
Lišavanje slobode i prisilni rad u hrvatskom/jugosla-venskom zakonodavstvu 1945.–1951.
(Restrictions to Freedom and Forced Labour in Croatian/Yugoslavian Law, 1945-1951)
- Author(s):Vladimir Geiger
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Penology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Penal Policy
- Page Range:151-166
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Croatia 1945-1951; Communist repression; legal system; restrictions to freedom; forced labour; camps; jails:
- Summary/Abstract:Restrictions to freedom and forced labour in the Croatian, that is Yugoslavian, legal system following the Second World War, during the period of “National Democracy,” was determined by a series of decrees, resolutions, and laws. From 1945 to 1951, the Yugoslavian penal code recognized four types of non-free labour: forced labour without the removal of personal freedom, forced labour with restrictions to personal freedom, corrective work and socially useful work. This article, on the basis of sources, literature, and above all the most important decrees, resolutions, and laws applied in Croatia, and elsewhere in Yugoslavia, during the period of “National Democracy”, from 1945-1951, reviews the matter of state repression and the question of the restrictions to freedoms and forced labour in the penal code.
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Logori Križnoga puta u Hrvatskoj 1945.
Logori Križnoga puta u Hrvatskoj 1945.
(The Camps of the “Death Marches” throughout Croatia in 1945)
- Author(s):Martina Grahek Ravančić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Penal Policy
- Page Range:167-182
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Croatia; Second World War; prisoners of war; the “Death Marches”; camps; victims;
- Summary/Abstract:In the last phases of the Second World War masses of people started to withdraw toward British positions in Carinthia. The majority of the refugees were captured before they crossed the Austrian border. A portion of those people that made it to Carinthia were handed over to the Yugoslavian Army by British forces. Their columns were turned back for the long march home, referred to as the “Death Marches” Passing through Slovenia these columns made it to Croatia. Behind them remained a large number of camps and mass graves. Using the extensive literature and available documents this article analyzes the camps formed on the march through Croatia (Mirkovci, Orosav-lje, Samobor, Jankomir, Kanal, Prečko, Maksimir, Karlovac, Čemernica, Sisak, Bjelovar, Lupoglav, “Danica” in Koprivnica, Osijek, Velika Pisanica, Krndija, Požega, Vinkovci). Numerous eye witness accounts tell of the daily experience of life in the camps – for the most part strict control of the camps, many citations, the sorting of inmates and the fear of being taken to the unknown, poor diet and unhygienic conditions, lack of medical supplies, and the general precariousness of one’s existence. Many available sources clearly demonstrate the strict control exercised by the newly established postwar regime over the territory of Croatia, or Yugoslavia.
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Neke forme prinudnog rada u Srbiji 1944–1950
Neke forme prinudnog rada u Srbiji 1944–1950
(Certain Types of Forced Labour in Serbia, 1944-1950)
- Author(s):Nataša Milićević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Victimology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Penal Policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:183-203
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Serbia; social structures; types of forced labour; “exiled”; “unproductive elements”; prisoners of war; Volksdeutsche; penal labour; “volunteer labour”;
- Summary/Abstract:Forced labour in Serbia, in the first postwar years, appeared in specific situations and affected various social groups, and it was carried out in the conditions of revolutionary political change. During the time of liberation and immediately afterward “mobilization” appeared as a specific form of required labour, while in the later period work referred to as “required service” or “required work” received special significance. Failure to comply with these orders carried sanctions in terms or criminal or administrative penalties. Specific social categories, the war prisoners and Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans), who li-ved in camps were employed as forced labour and their freedom was restricted as a whole; other social categories were required to work through judgments of the courts and these sentences could be applied in jails or in freedom; a third type of required labour, which affected groups such as pensioners, occurred due to a lack experts, requiring them to accept various jobs in order to maintain their pensions. Regardless of the type of category, forced labour was in fact mobilized free labour, which was employed in numerous construction sites, mines, or other objects in fulfillment of the first Five Year Plan.
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Prinudni rad folksdojčera u Vojvodini 1944–1950.
Prinudni rad folksdojčera u Vojvodini 1944–1950.
(The forced labour of Volksdeutsche in Vojvodina, 1944-1950)
- Author(s):Zoran Janjetović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Penal Policy
- Page Range:205-215
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Volksdeutsche; Vojvodina; forced labour; camps; 1944-1950;
- Summary/Abstract:Forced labour for the Germans of Vojvodina was introduced in the first days after the new government was established. It was an expression of the necessity of making up shortages in the supply of labour as it was also seen as a punishment for the German minority’s support for the Axis powers during the Second World War and the participation of some of its members in war crimes. Some people were marched under armed guard to work in forests, fields, vineyards, the clearing of rubble, the construction or repair of buildings, roads, railways, and bridges, while some people were concentrated in special camps from which they were taken to work every day. The organization of work camps overlaps with the period of martial law, while the whole process took shape in stages, in an attempt to concentrate labour supply, preserve Ger-man property, open areas for the settlement of colonists and others. Conditions in the camps were inadequate in terms of supporting and maintaining the ability of inmates to perform work, and there was a lack of any motivation to improve them. In the autumn of 1947 it became clear that the policy toward the German minority was changing, and in the spring of 1948 the Communist authorities began to dismantle the camps. Because of these types of conditions and the fact that in the first years following the dismantling of the camps their work in large measure retained the qualities of forced labour, a large majority of Volksdeutsche decided to emigrate from Yugoslavia when this became a legal possibility. Their work, instead of contributing to the development of their homeland, contributed to the West German “economic miracle.”
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Sudski procesi protiv katoličkih svećenika u Osijeku 1945.–1947. godine
Sudski procesi protiv katoličkih svećenika u Osijeku 1945.–1947. godine
(Trials of Catholic priests in Osijek 1945-1947)
- Author(s):Slađana Josipović Batorek
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):History of Church(es), History of Law, Criminal Law, Government/Political systems, Politics and law, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
- Page Range:217-238
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:trials; Catholic Church; Osijek; 1945-1947;
- Summary/Abstract:This work reviews the judicial process directed against Catholic priests in Osijek in the period immediately following the Second World War. The main characteristics of Church-State relations at the time of these trials is described in the introductory part of this article, and a short review of criminal law in postwar Yugoslavia is provided, which was the legal basis by which the regime carried out its revenge against people who did not share its political views. In the next part of the work the author presents six individual cases substantiated by available archival documents, of which the authentic transcripts of the court are particularly interesting.
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Položaj političkih osuđenika u zatvorima Srbije 1945–1985.
Položaj političkih osuđenika u zatvorima Srbije 1945–1985.
(The position of political convicts in prisons in Serbia from 1945-1985)
- Author(s):Srđan Cvetković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Political history, Government/Political systems, Studies in violence and power, Penology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Penal Policy
- Page Range:239-271
- No. of Pages:33
- Keywords:political repression; communism; prisons; position of political convicts; Serbia;
- Summary/Abstract:The work follows the evolution of the position of political convicts in Serbia in post-war period. Shortly after the end of the war, the position of political convicts was extremely bad and the prisoners were often subject to brutal torture. Prison conditions underwent gradual evolution in the period between 1953 and 1985, so that since the beginning of 50s, and especially during 60s and 70s, they grew better and better. Still, their improvement was limited by material as well as political and ideological factors and remained behind the standards of the west democracies.
- Price: 4.90 €