Disidentstvo u suvremenoj povijesti
Dissents in contemporary history
Contributor(s): Katarina Spehnjak (Editor), Zdenko Radelić (Editor), Nada Kisić Kolanović (Editor)
Subject(s): Cultural history, History of Church(es), Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Civil Society, Governance, Economic history, Political history, Social history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Politics and religion, Politics and society, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Cold-War History, Penal Policy
Published by: Hrvatski institut za povijest
Keywords: dissidents; communist regime; historiography;
Summary/Abstract: The international scientific conference "Dissidence in Contemporary History" was held on November 19, 2009, at the Croatian Institute of History in Zagreb. The conference was organized by the institute's project "Power and Society: The Communist System of Governance in Croatia 1945-1990", and the immediate impetus for its organization was given by Mr. Daniel Ivin. The organizing committee conceived of the topic of dissidence to be approached exclusively analytically, with an emphasis on the following questions: methodological problems, historical-political framework, the system in Croatia and Yugoslavia, the attitude of foreign countries towards dissidents, individuals, social groups and movements in Croatia, the relationship between politics and culture and "case studies".
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-6324-88-0
- Page Count: 441
- Publication Year: 2010
- Language: Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Disidentstvo kao istraživačka tema – pojam i pristupi
Disidentstvo kao istraživačka tema – pojam i pristupi
(Dissidence as a Research Theme – Concepts and Approaches)
- Author(s):Katarina Spehnjak
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), History of Communism, Cold-War History
- Page Range:11-21
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:dissidence; concept; Cold War; Croatia; Yugoslavia;
- Summary/Abstract:The concept of “dissidence’’ is most often used to denote critical activities directed toward the communist governments of the countries of Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia in the time after Stalin’s death. Its connection to the politics of the Cold War speaks to the fact that the definition was subjected to the widest interpretations and that dissidents were considered individuals or groups ranging from deserters from the communist movement to all those who were dissatisfied with one party rule. From a research point of view the selection of the best definition complicates the politicization of the historical context to which dissidence belongs, the question of value judgments, the problem of “measuring’’ dissident activities, and the personal perceptions of participants/dissidents. For the purposes of this conference a suitable definition of dissidence is any activity which attempted to constitute an autonomous public sphere outside of the official institutions of the party state and by which it opposed the desire of the regime to completely control the public sphere. This opens the possibility of analyzing the complexity of the mosaic of themes exploring different segments of activism in politics and culture: critical approaches, creative detachment from prevailing or official positions – whether the fruit of personal initiative or a group of like-minded individuals – in the recent past. While on a theoretical level dissidence is relatively clear, the attempt to apply some of the concepts in the analysis of historical practice in Croatia/Yugoslavia, or to compare these to situations in other countries of realist socialism, raises many uncertainties, which indicates caution in using historiographical models without regard to specific historical context or period.
- Price: 4.90 €
Dinamika političke promjene unutar komunističke vlasti: primjer SFRJ
Dinamika političke promjene unutar komunističke vlasti: primjer SFRJ
(The Dynamic of Change within the Communist Government: The Example of SFRY)
- Author(s):Krsto Cviić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Cold-War History
- Page Range:23-40
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Yugoslavia; Communist party of Yugoslavia; Communism; Stalinism; Cominform; Cold war;
- Summary/Abstract:Just as the governments of the other communist countries in Europe, the Yugoslavian government operated within the formula of “challenge and response’’, which was first devised by the once fashionable yet today almost totally forgotten British philosopher of history, Arnold Toynbee. For a long time dissidents were a relative minor threat to the powerful and proud Yugoslav authorities, but gradually, owing to the combination of internal and external events, the dissidents gained in importance and came to play a significant role in the defeat of the political system and the destruction of the Yugoslavian state. This process is the theme of this article.
- Price: 4.90 €
Disidenti i hrvatske povijesne poluistine
Disidenti i hrvatske povijesne poluistine
(Dissidents and Croatian historigraphical half-truth)
- Author(s):DANIEL IVIN
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Politics of History/Memory
- Page Range:41-52
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:dissidents; Communism; Croatian historiography; historiographical ethics;
- Summary/Abstract:In this paper the author warns of the difficulties of a historiographical approach to the phenomenon of dissidence in the former communist world. He warns of the vagueness of today’s definition of dissident, which is tied with a political influence that still carries the consequences of the former selection by criteria of suitability. It is also linked with the pernicious appearance of Croatian historical half-truths and a tendency to revisionism. The author thinks that the appearance of dissidents in the world of communism is too important a topic to be left to evaluation by the manufacturers of historical half-truths and revisionists, which is why he is recommending a true historiographical approach. And it should not be just an approach, but also an effort to write entire volumes because – the author wishes to state explicitly – while Croatia is the homeland of dissidence, it is also the only country of the former communist world that does not have a single comprehensive historiographical work on this undoubtedly important historical phenomenon. It is understood that the stated assumptions or hypotheses will be corroborated with relevant citations and descriptions of events, so the paper might also have some of the characteristics of a scientific discussion, which will also make it even more valuable in a historiographical sense. In any case, this kind of approach can at least inspire further discussion, which is also its purpose.
- Price: 4.90 €
Đilasovci u Hrvatskoj i hrvatska historiografija
Đilasovci u Hrvatskoj i hrvatska historiografija
(Đilasovci’ in Croatia and Croatian Historiography)
- Author(s):Zdenko Radelić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:53-74
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:Croatia; KPJ/SKJ; KPH/SKH; Communism; dissidence; the Djilas movement; Croatian historiography; Naprijed;
- Summary/Abstract:The author reviewed works of Croatian Historiography which were concerned with the liberalization of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) in Croatia during the first half of the 1950s, the period characterized by the conflict with the Cominform, the introduction of self-management and the declarative transformation of the KPJ from an executive state party into a consultative party which would become a point of contact for various ideas with the aim of building a communist society. The liberalization of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) is tied to the name of Milovan Djilas who in the League daily Borba with suggestions regarding the democratization of the land and the struggle against the bureaucratized state system and the monopolistic role of the SKJ went further than was imagined by the chief authority, the general secretary of the SKJ, Josip Broz Tito. In Croatia similar suggestions for public debate, the presentation of more candidates at elections, and open can-didatures despite, and against the demands of political bodies such as the SKJ and the SSRN, were expressed most prominently in the weekly Naprijed, while the ‘đilasovština’ (the Djilas movement) was, aside from the members of the editorial board of Naprijed such as Berto Črnja, Dušan Diminić, Toma Đurinović, Ljuba Grubor, Stjepan Šeparović, Petar Šuran, Hrvoje Šarinić, and Živko Vnuk, ascribed as well to Gušta Šrpljan, the director of the political school of the League of Communists of Croatia (SKH), Ljubo Drndić, the candidate from the municipal list in the electoral district of Poreč – Buzet, and Mile Joka, the candidate for the municipal list in Dvor. Following the removal of Djilas and the slowing down of the process of liberalization of the SKJ, all of these individuals were politically and socially marginalized, and only much later did some of them return to less influential positions in society. In this work the author consulted historiographical works of a scholarly type, encyclopaedia entries, and collections of documents along with the recollections of witnesses.
- Price: 4.90 €
Ivo Politeo i politička kultura mišljenja
Ivo Politeo i politička kultura mišljenja
(Ivo Politeo and the Political Culture of Thought)
- Author(s):Nada Kisić Kolanović
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Political history, Government/Political systems, Politics and society, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
- Page Range:75-104
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:Ivo Politeo; civil rights; repressive state apparatus; Kingdom of Yugoslavia; Socialist Yugoslavia;
- Summary/Abstract:The opus of the lawyer Ivo Politeo (1887-1956), rich as it is encompasses a wide intellectual and chronological framework. This research text provides an arena to consider Politeo’s reactions to the unbridled encroachment of the state into the autonomous civil sphere in the historical context of Monarchist and Communist Yugoslavia. For Politeo’s understanding of political power in the epoch of Monarchist Yugoslavia (from 1920 to 1941) his cooperative efforts with the journal Nova Evropa [New Europe], a subject that has not been written about at all, is particularly important. Nova Evropa appeared on Zagreb’s intellectual horizon in 1920, covering such fields as politics, litera-ture, contemporary history, law and anthropology. The range of criticism of Yugoslavia’s pseudo-Parliamentarianism offered by Politeo and the intellectual circle around Nova Evropa is well-illustrated by the document known by the title “the Zagreb Memorandum’’ which came to be on 4 and 5 November 1934 wherein it was requested of the Regency to restore civil freedoms to the people. The other major current of Politeo’s discourse during the 1920s and 1930s was directed at concrete legal practice in the domain of the extraordinary Yugoslav laws which incriminated politically penalized acts. These laws were the core of the instrumental violence of the state apparatus and the spread of the web of the police. In his homeland Politeo is above all known as a defense lawyer for people of quite varying ideological orientations and as the author of the book Politički delikt (1921) in which he rejects the notion of mixed political offenses because “there are no pure of mixed absolute or relative political offenses but rather only ‘political offenses’ whose motive and purpose is political’’.
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(Ne)Tolerisani disidenti / specifičnost jugoslovenskog socijalizma 1953-1985.
(Ne)Tolerisani disidenti / specifičnost jugoslovenskog socijalizma 1953-1985.
((Un)Tolerated dissidents / specificity of Yugoslav socialism 1953/1985))
- Author(s):Srđan Cvetković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Penal Policy
- Page Range:105-127
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:dissidents; communism; Yugoslavia; human rights; political convicts;
- Summary/Abstract:The work deals with the phenomenon of political repression in Yugoslavia and the analysis of the state`s attitude towards dissidents in the context of complex and changeable inner and foreign factors. One can notice the diversity of dissident front in Serbia and Yugoslavia as well as the levels of ideologically and hierarchically limited criticism and a number of other specific qualities wich result from the special nature of Yugoslav regime after 1953. Also an effort was made to distinguish the similarities and differences in treating the dissidents in relation to the countries of real socialism as well as different attitude towards political delinquents in different republics of Yugosloavia.
- Price: 4.90 €
Disidentstvo u Sloveniji
Disidentstvo u Sloveniji
(Dissidence in Slovenia)
- Author(s):Aleš Gabrič
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:129-145
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:dissidence; Slovenia; repression; Jože Pučnik; Franc Miklavčić;
- Summary/Abstract:Despite more open borders toward the west and the easier flow of ideas into Yugoslavia and Slovenia political repression which had similar characteristics to the repression of dissidents in other communist Eastern European states occurred. During the first postwar period opponents to communist rule in Slovenia stemmed above all from the ranks of prewar politicians as well as the ranks of those who cooperated with the Communist Party in the Liberation Front (Osvobodilna fronta). Already during the 1950s a younger generation of intellectuals was maturing. They gathered around individual journals which experienced a similar fate – after a few years of publication they were suspended due to the intervention of the state, while legal actions were taken against some of their collaborators. This article presents the example of two intellectuals who because of their support for democratic principles were sentenced to several years in jail. Jože Pučnik belonged to the younger generation of postwar intellectuals, in journals he published criticisms of several mistakes made by the postwar authorities and because of this he was sentenced to several years in jail. From an intellectual who joined the League of Communists because he believed that the system could be reformed he became the best known Slovene dissident. After serving his jail term in Slovenia he emigrated because he could not obtain a suitable position, but he returned in the late 1980s and became an important actor in the democratization of Slovenia. The second case discussed is that of Franc Miklavčić, who remained true to the tradition of Christian socialism and never became a member of the League of Communists. The court sentenced him to jail because he wrote in the emigrant Slovene press and because of a democratic political programme which he did not even publish. His case drew more attention abroad than in Slovenia, and he was released from jail early due to the exertion of foreign media pressure on the Yugoslavian government.
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Konstruiranje disidentske slike u komunističkom pokretu u Bosni i Hercegovini: Slučaj Avde Hume
Konstruiranje disidentske slike u komunističkom pokretu u Bosni i Hercegovini: Slučaj Avde Hume
(Constructing the Image of a Dissident in the communist movement of Bosnia and Herzegovina: the case of Avdo Humo)
- Author(s):Husnija Kamberović
- Language:Bosnian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:147-161
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Dissidents; Communism; Construction; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Avdo Humo;
- Summary/Abstract:In this article the case of Avdo Humo is studied as an example of a constructed communist dissident. On the basis of archival sources and relevant literature an attempt is made to prove that the Bosnian-Herzegovinian party leadership at the beginning of the 1970s constructed Humo as the image of a dissident, and afterwards spread this image through channels of party communication to the party membership, but also society in general. With regard to the wider Yugoslavian context in which this took place (the period after the removal of the Croatian party leadership at the end of 1971 and the preparations for a settling of scores with the liberals of the Serbian party leadership), in this work the thesis presented is that the ruling Bosnian-Herzegovinian party elite with this constructed dissident image of Humo, who was accused of representing liberal ideas including the idea of multi-party organizations, protected its own leading position. However, Humo, even though at meetings of the party he ”acknowledged” certain personal ”errors,” never accepted the image of his own dissidence and remained loyal to the communist ideal to the end.
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Uspostava komunističke vlasti kao okvir za pojavu “disidentstva, opozicije i otpora’’ na primjeru Bosne i Hercegovine
Uspostava komunističke vlasti kao okvir za pojavu “disidentstva, opozicije i otpora’’ na primjeru Bosne i Hercegovine
(The Establishment of Communist Government as a Framework for the Appearance of “Dissidence, Opposition and Resistance” in the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Author(s):Vera Katz
- Language:Bosnian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Electoral systems, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:163-169
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:Bosnia and Herzegovina; dissidents; opposition; electoral lists; confiscation;
- Summary/Abstract:Starting from the definition of dissidence and opposition, in Bosnia and Hercegovina there was no public expressions or declarations of that kind at the time of the establishment of communist rule. Systematic measures, followed by their rigorous application enabled the activity of middle-class politicians, but also all of those who did not agree with communist rule. The new government employed legalistic solutions such as confiscation, nationalization, sequestration, and agrarian reforms effectively against the wealthier and influential middle-class stratum, while individuals were dealt with through state courts, courts of national honour, and their removal from electoral lists. The vigilance of the Party was evident in all state, party, economic, cultural and other institutions, and every deviation from established party policy was sanctioned. All the revolutionary measures directed against opposition to popular government occurred in the ruined, impoverished, backward Bosnian and Hercegovinian milieu weighed down by the heavy burden of national tensions.
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Bugarsko disidentstvo u vrijeme komunističkog razdoblja. Historiografski osvrt
Bugarsko disidentstvo u vrijeme komunističkog razdoblja. Historiografski osvrt
(Bulgarian Dissidence during the Communist Period – A Historiographical Review)
- Author(s):Marijana Stamova
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Environmental and Energy policy, Government/Political systems, Human Ecology, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:171-179
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Bulgaria; Communism; “informal’’ organizations; dissidents; political changes; ecological problems; historiography;
- Summary/Abstract:Political changes in 1989 in Central and Eastern Europe, though called forth by similar social and economic conditions, had fundamentally different historical, psychological, and functional characteristics. There are three basic internal-political factors which led to changes within the political system in Bulgaria: political ambitions within the ruling elite, ethnic conflicts in the ea-stern parts of the country, and social dissatisfaction which was most prominent among intellectual circles. Unlike other eastern European countries, in Bulgaria the dissident movement was not strong until the end of the 1980s and the influence of traditional bourgeois parties and the political emigration on everyday life in the country before 1990 was likewise rather limited. This article presents the historiographical research done on this theme in Bulgaria to this point in time.
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Crkve kao protivnici komunističkog sistema u Jugoslaviji – sličnosti i razlike
Crkve kao protivnici komunističkog sistema u Jugoslaviji – sličnosti i razlike
(The Churches as Opponents of the Communist System in Yugoslavia – Similarities and Differences)
- Author(s):Radmila Radić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):History of Church(es), Political history, Government/Political systems, Politics and religion, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Eastern Orthodoxy
- Page Range:181-192
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:dissidents; Yugoslavia; Catholic Church; Serbian Orthodox Church;
- Summary/Abstract:If certain of the determinants that appear in the literature dealing with the Yugoslavian dissident movement which label as dissidents all those whose thinking opposed the ruling majority are accepted, including anti-communists and nationalists, that is to say, if all those who were able to contribute to the subversion and destruction of communism while creating a new space for culture and information delimited from the state are labelled dissidents, then we can place the activity of the Churches or religious communities within the framework of dissident activity or the arena of semi-legal opposition. There was a difference in the manner in which the Catholic and the Serbian Orthodox Churches expressed opposition to the regime, in terms of approach, degree, and form. These differences grew out of the varying structures of the Churches, their objective strength, the historical experiences, their size and so on. The only matter in which there was no difference was in the length of the opposition. The nature of the opposition expressed toward the regime by the Catholic and Serbian Orthodox Church changed and adapted to the conditions in the country as well as the state of international relations in which Yugoslavia existed, but these were not applied at the same time. During Yugoslavia’s existence, the Churches represented the ultimate challenge to the Party, be-cause they offered an alternative philosophy of life and, for longest time, the only possible opposition. This drew all those who thought differently to them. The Churches themselves in varying degrees worked to draw opponents of the regime to them, and the youth, and in this process they utilized different means and methods. With time “the latent dissatisfaction expressed through turn toward the Church and religion began to take on a political complexion.” The terrain required for rehabilitating the past, and with it the Churches and religion itself, was prepared far earlier than the decay of the socialist system and ideology began and for this reason the Churches during the 1980s rather easily embraced the opportunity to carry out their revitalization.
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Lojalni disident – Branko Ćopić
Lojalni disident – Branko Ćopić
(Loyal Dissident – Branko Ćopić)
- Author(s):Zoran Janjetović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Bosnian Literature, Serbian Literature, Government/Political systems, History of Communism, Theory of Literature
- Page Range:193-203
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Branko Ćopić; socialism; literature; government; satire;
- Summary/Abstract:Branko Ćopić even during World War Two had distinguished himself as a writer “in line” with the KPJ. He came into conflict with the political establishment on a number of occasions. The first instance was at the beginning of the 1950s when he published a series of satirical stories. The second occurred at the end of the 1950s due to the reception of his novel Gluvi barut in the west, and partly because of his play Odumiranje medveda. His beliefs concerning the development of literature in Yugoslavia, which were presented in the USSR at a politically “inopportune” moment, resulted in his expulsion from the SKJ. Ćopić never intended to be an opponent, rather a “loyal party member” who with his pen wanted to correct social “injustices.” His tragic suicide had nothing to do with the discrepancy between his ideals and reality.
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Djelovanje lista Naprijed pedesetih godina
Djelovanje lista Naprijed pedesetih godina
(The work of the journal Naprijed during the 1950s)
- Author(s):Andreja GRŽINA
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Media studies, Political history, Government/Political systems, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:205-221
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:socialism; liberalization; Naprijed; Communist Party of Croatia; Milovan Djilas;
- Summary/Abstract:The actions of the editorial board of Naprijed surrounding the Milovan Djilas affair belong to the first dissidents charged in Croatia. The paper was begun in 1943 as the official organ of the Communist Party of Croatia. With time, the position of party organ enables the paper to critically question many deviations occurring during the establishment of Yugoslavian socialism: the persecutions of the time of the split with the Cominform, the forced emigration of the Italians from Istria, a series of illegalities during the 1953 elections, and so on. The paper’s writings began to move away from the activities of the political leadership of the League of Communists of Croatia and led to charges against the editorial board during the Djilas affair. The paper was found guilty of ‘petty-bourgeoisism’ and ‘anarcho-liberalism.’ It ceased to be published after 1954, while the protagonists on the editorial board were left without work and were socially degraded during the following decade.
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Vodice između križa i zvijezde
Vodice između križa i zvijezde
(Vodice between the Cross and the Star)
- Author(s):Stipe Kljajić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):History of Church(es), Political history, Marxism, Government/Political systems, Politics and religion, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:223-239
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Vodice; the Communist Party; Communism; Marxism; the Catholic Church; Catholicism/Christianity;
- Summary/Abstract:Due to the part it played during the wartime Partisan movement and its prewar Communist experience the town of Vodice became an important stronghold in the district of Šibenik on the road toward the creation of a tradition which was founded on communist ideology, brotherhood and unity, and partisan struggle. In such circumstances a conflict grew between the Catholic Church and the Communist Party in this Dalmatian peasant town following the Second World War. Along the lines of this campaign exemplified by the events of Good Friday 1948, the polarization of its inhabitants is analyzed around two massive gatherings (procession and kolo). The clash of these two gatherings, which served to represent the power and social mobilization of the conflicting forces, took place in the ambiance of the small and narrow kaleta of Vodice and its fields which added to the atmosphere of tension and animosity. Such an atmosphere was channelled in postwar Vodice into a long doctrinal conflict between two institutions and traditions and in some sense symbolically personified not only Vodice’s, but also Croatia’s and indeed a universal experience of their conflict. In this regard, the clash in Vodice coincided with the zenith of their conflict which was expressed in the anti-Church character of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and in the potential expansion of communism to Italy, the centre of the Catholic Church. As far as the doctrinal differences between Catholicism, or the Church and communist traditions are concerned, they represented a particular segment of the general collision of the Church with “modernism’’. However, unlike other ‘’modernist ideas or ideologies’’, communist tradition was specific and distinct because of its ultra-radical animosity toward the Church and Catholicism, and Christianity in general.
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Razilaženja u SKJ – marginalizacija Vicka Krstulovića
Razilaženja u SKJ – marginalizacija Vicka Krstulovića
(Divisions in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) – the marginalization of Vicko Krstulović)
- Author(s):Josip Mihaljević
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:241-270
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:Vicko Krstulović; Yugoslavia; KPJ/SKH; conflicts; marginalization;
- Summary/Abstract:On the basis of existing literature and previously unknown source material, this article examines the work of politician Vicko Krstulović. Born in Split in 1905, he died there in 1988. His life followed an interesting path; from a worker in a rock quarry he reached the highest positions in government and the Communist Party. However, his activities from the late 1960s until his death are not well known, especially in the historiography. During this period an number of important historical-political changes took place, but through all of these events Krstulović, a man with the longest record of service in the Communist Party of Croatia, was not mentioned. Differences of opinion with Vladimir Bakarić, as well as other highly positioned members of the Communist Party, led to Krstulović’s marginalization. Especially after his declaration at the Fifth Party Congress of the Communist Party of Croatia in 1965, he was discreetly removed from significant roles in government. This author also analyzes Krstulović’s earlier conflicts with the Communist Parties of Croatia and Yugoslavia and points out certain unresolved issues.
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Jugoslovenska politička emigracija i disidentstvo u Jugoslaviji (Podrška Saveza “Oslobodjenje’’ demokratskoj opoziciji)
Jugoslovenska politička emigracija i disidentstvo u Jugoslaviji (Podrška Saveza “Oslobodjenje’’ demokratskoj opoziciji)
(The Yugoslavian Political Emigration and Dissidence in Yugoslavia (The support of the League “Oslobodjenje” for the democratic opposition))
- Author(s):Mira Radojević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Political history, Government/Political systems, Politics and society, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Migration Studies
- Page Range:271-289
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:Yugoslavia; emigration; democracy; democratic evolution; dissidents; press; public opinion; national movements;
- Summary/Abstract:In the history of the postwar Yugoslavian emigration, most often formed on antidemocratic, anti-Yugoslav, anti-Serbian, anti-Croatian, monarchist, or antimonarchist lines, and generally right-wing in orientation, the League “Oslobodjenje” [freedom] belonged to the smallest emigrant grouping – democratic and pro-Yugoslav. Struggling toward the democratic evolution of Yugoslavia, the League insisted that to achieve freedom from one party rule and economic, cultural, and political backwardness Yugoslavia needed to rely on its own political and national strengths. Help from abroad, from emigration, could have a secondary importance. Led by such principles, the League through its organ Naša reč supported every instance of critical, oppositional thinking in the country. For the longest time the most attention was given to Milovan Djilas, not only the first, but for many the only ‘true’ Yugoslavian dissident, but afterwards to many others who over several decades came into conflict with the Yugoslavian authorities, state and party leadership. Among these a particular place is accorded to Mihajlo Mihajlov, “dissident no. 2,” as he is often called. Assistance to dissidents in Yugoslavia became more prominent in the time after Josip Broz Tito’s death, when the dissident movement began to grow. Even though it usually could not be direct and concrete, this help was seen in those things that were most important to every dissident, the ability to make public their political views and get domestic and international attention. In this sense Naša reč was the most important paper of the Yugoslavian democratic dissidents.
- Price: 4.90 €
List Nova Hrvatska 1958.–1962.
List Nova Hrvatska 1958.–1962.
(The Paper Nova Hrvatska, 1958-1962)
- Author(s):Anđelko Vlašić
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Media studies, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Political history, Government/Political systems, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:291-314
- No. of Pages:24
- Keywords:Nova Hrvatska; Hrvatska; Yugoslavia; human rights; opposition activities; Jakša Kušan; civil rights;
- Summary/Abstract:Among the youngest generation of Croatian emigrants who left Croatia from the mid 1950s onward through academic stipends offered by western countries or by crossing the border illegally there was a liberal-democratic current best expressed after 1958 by the journal Hrvatski bilten, which changed its name in the following year to Nova Hrvatska. The journal was published monthly in London from 1959 until 1974; from 1974 until 1990 it was published bi-weekly. Jakša Kušan was the editor of the journal during the whole of this time. Like other emigrant groups, this group supported national in-dependence for Croatia, but the realization of this ideal – unlike nationalists on the radical right – was proposed from the perspective of liberal values and with the vision of a constitutional democratic state in mind. The journal was interested in themes from national history and the life of Croats under the Communist regime, providing information about current political events in Yugoslavia and Croatia, especially about opposition activities.
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Neki aspekti položaja političkih zatvorenika u KPD-u Stara Gradiška nakon sloma Hrvatskog proljeća 1972.–90.
Neki aspekti položaja političkih zatvorenika u KPD-u Stara Gradiška nakon sloma Hrvatskog proljeća 1972.–90.
(Certain Aspects of the Position of the Political Prisoners in the Correctional Institution in Stara Gradiška (KPD Stara Gradiška) following the defeat of the Croatian Spring, 1972-1990)
- Author(s):Branimir Šutalo
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Criminal Law, Political history, Government/Political systems, Penology, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Penal Policy
- Page Range:315-328
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Yugoslavian totalitarianism; political offenses; penal system; political prisoners; KPD Stara Gradiška;
- Summary/Abstract:Based on existing literature and available sources, this article attempts to provide a contribution to research into the dissident movements and opposition in Socialist Yugoslavia. The phenomenon of political offenses is treated only superficially as an unavoidable introduction to the presentation of the main theme. This work seeks to shed light on the darkest corner of the Yugoslav totalitarian system, that is, the gaol, and show the attitude of the authorities toward political prisoners. The Correctional Institute in Stara Gradiška (KPD Stara Gradiška) is chosen as an example because this gaol is a synonym for the suffering and death of those individuals who were opponents of the totalitarian Yugoslav regime. An emphasis is placed on the derogatory attitude of the authorities and the penal system toward political prisoners and their psychological traumatisation in criminal surroundings.
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Zapadna kulturna produkcija u napisima Naprijeda 1950.–1952.
Zapadna kulturna produkcija u napisima Naprijeda 1950.–1952.
(Western Cultural Productions in the Articles of Naprijed, 1950-1952)
- Author(s):Marko Fuček
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Media studies, Political history, Government/Political systems, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:329-345
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Naprijed; liberalization; western culture; cultural politics;
- Summary/Abstract:Naprijed, the party organ of the Communist Party of Croatia (KPH), was in practice the executor of cultural politics of the KPH during the early 1950s. Consequently, an analysis of the articles published in this weekly allows one to reconstruct the attitude of the leadership of the KPH to western culture. The liberalization of the early 1950s did not mean that the idea that culture was the implement of creating a socialist society was abandoned, but the focus shifted from prevention of ideological errors to education, deliberation, and dialogue which would lead towards “correct” ideological conclusions. Through a series of comments and reviews of western literature, drama and especially films in Naprijed, an attempt was made to gain an understanding of the prevailing attitude toward western culture, the main evaluative criteria of imported works and the level of ideological flexibility toward their evaluation.
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Praxis: neuspjeh kritičkog marksizma
Praxis: neuspjeh kritičkog marksizma
(Praxis: the failure of revisionist Marxist critical thought)
- Author(s):Marko Zubak
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political Philosophy, Political history, Marxism, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism, Historical revisionism
- Page Range:347-359
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:Praxis; dissidents; revisionist Marxism; socialist Yugoslavia;
- Summary/Abstract:This essay, on the example provided by the Yugoslavian philosophical journal Praxis and a group of sociologists and philosophers gathered around it, points to certain characteristics inherent in the formation of critical thought within communist society. Revisionist Marxism, just like the very system it sought to cleanse from within, contained many contradictions within itself. This text emphasizes a deconstruction of the prevailing relations between the conditions which generally enabled the emergence of critical thought of the ‘praxist’ type on the Yugoslavian social-political scene and its ultimate failure. Deeply entrenched Titoism, a general philosophical orientation as well as an elitism tied to it and a non-transparent relation toward the broader social classes, an anti-national line of criticism, utopian language and Marx as the main and basic starting point – these were all conditions which helped Praxis maintain its position of a relatively independent subject through an entire decade. All these, moreover, were reasons why Praxis’s criticism, however original and humanistic it may have been, was unsuccessful in generating the all-encompassing social transformation for which it called.
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“Slučaj Mihajlov’’ u bilješkama diplomatskih predstavnika Velike Britanije 1966.
“Slučaj Mihajlov’’ u bilješkama diplomatskih predstavnika Velike Britanije 1966.
(The “Mihajlov Case’’ in the Notes of British Diplomatic Representatives in 1966)
- Author(s):Katarina Spehnjak
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Comparative politics, Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
- Page Range:361-371
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:Great Britain; Yugoslavia; dissidents; Mihajlo Mihajlov;
- Summary/Abstract:This article provides a brief overview of the activities of Mihajlo Mihajlov in 1966, while documents about his activities found among the diplomatic papers of Great Britain form the basis of an understanding of British attitudes toward dissidents in Yugoslavia. An academic assistant at the University of Zadar, Mihajlov, due to his literary work (the travel-essay Ljeto moskovsko 1964) and his political activities, was from 1965 to 1975 sentenced and jailed on a few occasions. Ideologically similar to dissident Milovan Djilas, Mihajlov in 1966 gathered around himself a group of intellectuals and artists from several Yugoslavian cities with the aim of launching an independent opposition newspaper. There was great interest in his literary work and political analysis in the west. In 1978 he moved to the United States. On the basis of documents from British diplomatic representatives in Yugoslavia in 1966 the second part of this article provides a study of the British attitude toward the “Mihajlov case.” Though partial, this analysis shows that the official politics of the western countries approached the theme of Yugoslav dissidents more carefully than in the case of dissidents from the eastern bloc. An evaluation of the activities of Mihajlov as well as the reaction of the Yugoslavian authorities is seen to indicate a certain amount of restraint.
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Većeslav Holjevac i Nagrada fonda “Božidar Adžija” 1966.
Većeslav Holjevac i Nagrada fonda “Božidar Adžija” 1966.
(Većeslav Holjevac and the award of the “Božidar Adžija” fund in 1966)
- Author(s):Iva KRALJEVIĆ BAŠIĆ
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Higher Education , History of Education, Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
- Page Range:373-384
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Većeslav Holjevac; Praxis; the award of the Socialist Republic of Croatia’s “Božidar Adžija’’ fund;
- Summary/Abstract:Awards from the Socialist Republic of Croatia’s “Božidar Adžija” fund for scholarly work were presented to scholars and cultural workers annually on 1 May for achievements in the field of natural, technical and social science. In 1966, out of sixteen nominations, the committee for awarding scholarly or cultural work headed by Većeslav Holjevac recognized six works by seven authors. Awards went to Stilovi i razdoblja, by Aleksandar Flaker and Zdenka Škreba, Stari majstori u Jugoslaviji, by Grga Gamulin, Književni jezik u teoriji i praksi, by Ljudevit Jonke, Filozofija i marksizam, by Gajo Petrović, Procjena rasta fik-snih fondova po jugoslavenskim republikama od 1946-1960, by Ivo Vinski, and Etički problemi u djelu Karla Marxa, by Milan Kangrga. Political forums dee-med the award-winning books Filozofija i marksizam, by Gajo Petrović, and Etički problemi u djelu Karla Marxa, by Milan Kangrga, as controversial. The issue revolved around these authors belonging to Zagreb’s Praxis philosophical circle, which in these years, due to its interpretation of social criticism, was exposed to political censure. Namely, party leaders considered the relationship of “praxists” to the “problem of social criticism destructive.” The award of the prizes was judged to be a camouflaged political action which aimed at rendering worthless the “importance and meaning of the path on which our society was heading.” Due to the award of the controversial prize, and on the basis of general comments made by President Vladimir Bakarić and Vice-President Miloš Žanka of the Sabor [Parliament] of the Social Republic of Croatia [SRH], the deliberations of the representatives, and the judgement of the public, the Sabor of the SRH condemned the committee for awarding scholarly or cultural workers led by V. Holjevac. In contradiction to party pronouncements, Holjevac continued to uphold the selection of the works in question. As a result of this stand the Republican Council of the Sabor proclaimed a lack of confidence in Holjevac and unanimously voted him out of his position of president of the committee as well as off the Executive Council of the Sabor.
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Vladimir Bakarić i Praxis
Vladimir Bakarić i Praxis
(Vladimir Bakarić and Praxis)
- Author(s):Dino Mujadžević
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Politics and society, History of Education, State/Government and Education, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:385-394
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Vladimir Bakarić; SKH; the journal Praxis; the student demonstrations of 1968;
- Summary/Abstract:On the basis of transcripts of conversations of Vladimir Bakarić and his comrades during the period 1964-1968, which are held among the Bakarić papers in the Croatian State Archive, it is possible to trace the attitude of the leadership of the Communist Party of Croatia (SKH) in quite close detail regarding the dissident Marxist circle gathered around the journal Praxis. Bakarić looked very negatively upon the activities of this group, which among other things had sharply criticized the economic reforms carried out in 1965 that introduced some elements of market economy in Yugoslavia calling for a return to utopian ideals of socialism, and he orchestrated a media campaign against them in the mid 1960s. After student demonstrations took place in Belgrade and Zagreb in 1968, which Bakarić believed were inspired by the group around Praxis, he was personally engaged in the Party’s discipline of individual sympathizers and the group at the Faculty of Philosophy and the Faculty of Political Sciences in Zagreb.
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Otpadništvo 1968. – radikalizacija komunističkih rješenja
Otpadništvo 1968. – radikalizacija komunističkih rješenja
(1968 Schismatics – the Radicalization of Communist Solutions)
- Author(s):Igor Graovac
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, State/Government and Education, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:395-400
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Zagreb/Croatia/Yugoslavia; student unrest of 1968; radicalization of communist solutions;
- Summary/Abstract:Over forty years after the student unrest of 1968 occurred, it is still variously interpreted. Mystifications concerning the first emergence of democratic, liberal and other similar denotations are attached to the era of the revolt, while the radical communist solutions proposed by the participants in the revolt are mentioned least of all. The Zagreb demonstrations, under the banner slogan of “eminent communist solutions,” confirmed the later intent of the revolt, which – despite official criticism that it was led by “Demagogic-Anarcho-Liberal phrase-makers” (the so-called ‘DALF’ovists) – was in fact led by individuals who considered themselves “the last SKOJevists” (leaders of the communist youth movement). Thus the revolt was not the work of dissidents, but rather of schismatics characterized by their demand for the further radicalization of communist solutions.
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Disidenti/”divergenti”, ljudska prava i osamostaljivanje Hrvatske
Disidenti/”divergenti”, ljudska prava i osamostaljivanje Hrvatske
(Dissidents/”Divergents,” Human Rights and the Independence of Croatia)
- Author(s):Albert Bing
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Political history, Government/Political systems, Political behavior, Comparative politics, Post-War period (1950 - 1989), History of Communism
- Page Range:401-428
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:dissidents; Josip Broz Tito; national communism; Croatian political elite; Franjo Tudjman; the independence of Croatia;
- Summary/Abstract:With the affirmation of political pluralism at the beginning of the 1990s in Croatia and Yugoslavia a new political (administrative) elite was created in which various types of political (communist) dissidents had a central role. Their life and political experiences, value systems and intellectual capabilities directly affected the dynamism and quality of their management of the turbulent circumstances of war and the implementation of radical social changes as well as the question of national emancipation. In this framework some of the most important social changes are analyzed and especially the issue of Croatian independence. This article highlights the attitude of the new (ex-dissident) political elite toward political and other freedoms, that is, the complex of the-mes associated with various aspects of human rights, as one of the most important components of the democratization of Croatian society. These matters were not only closely related to the internal development of Croatian society, but also of exceptional importance to the positioning of the Croatian state in the international community. Since the issue of dissidents generally represents one of the most important components of 20th century communism, this work encompasses a summary analysis of the typologies and historical pretexts of the peculiarities of Yugoslavian and Croatian dissident movements (it is in this context that the notion of “divergent” makes an appearance).
- Price: 4.90 €