Sociologie des mondes ruraux en Pologne et en France : terrains et études
Sociology of rural worlds in Poland and France: fieldwork and studies
Contributor(s): Josette Debroux (Editor), Anna Matuchniak-Mystkowska (Editor), Paweł Starosta (Editor)
Subject(s): Social Sciences, Customs / Folklore, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Keywords: rural sociology; rural worlds; territory; social structure; civic participation; culture; Poland; France
Summary/Abstract: The publication presented to the reader is the result of a collaboration between sociologists from the University of Lyon II and the University of Lodz. However, recognized rural sociologists representing the academic centers of Warsaw, Krakow and Torun were invited to work jointly. The analysis of the social problems of rural areas in contemporary French and Polish societies arises both from the importance of this structural element for the two countries and from the desire to continue the long tradition of cooperation. The volume opens with texts evoking the main trends in long-term research undertaken in the rural environment, both in France and in Poland. Then there are synthetic presentations of the dynamics of the social structure in rural areas of Poland between 1991 and 2015, as well as the social problems of peri-urban areas in France. The following texts present an empirical dimension of the quality of life of Polish farmers in the era of globalization; and address the transformation of neighborhood relations in French rural communities located in peri-urban areas. Then, innovative activities of NGOs within local socio-spatial structures; as well as the transformations of folk culture in central Poland, are presented. The volume ends with a text devoted to the analysis of civic participation of residents of rural areas in Poland and France based on data from the European Social Survey. The texts brought together in this monograph concern the current social situation in France and Poland, seen from the perspectives of territory, social structure, culture and life organizations.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-166-1
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-8331-165-4
- Page Count: 224
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: French
Introduction
Introduction
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Anna Matuchniak-Mystkowska, Paweł Starosta
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Editorial
- Page Range:7-10
- No. of Pages:4
Sociologie rurale polonaise
Sociologie rurale polonaise
(Polish rural sociology)
- Author(s):Andrzej Kaleta
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:11-24
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Polish rural sociology; theoretical and methodological aspects; rural sociology and social practice
- Summary/Abstract:The development of Polish rural sociology was determined by breakthrough events in the 20th century history of Poland: regaining independence (1918), the end of the II World War resulting in the establishment of communist Poland (1945) and its dismantling under the influence of the Solidarity social movement (1980‒1989). The indicated historical events define three stages of development of Polish rural sociology. In the first one, i.e. institutionalization (1918‒1939), the first academic and government research centers were established and the theoretical and methodological foundations of the discipline were proposed. The second period, i.e. the socialist modernization of rural areas (1945‒1989), was characterized by subordination of the discipline to the political doctrine and imposition of focal points, including the countryside and agriculture, subjected to intensive processes of socialist industrialization of agriculture and urbanization of rural areas. The political and socio-economic reforms initiated in the late 1980s introduced Polish rural sociology into the third phase of development, called the period of searching for a new paradigm. The countryside and agriculture entered the phase of changes, defined as the processes of adaptation of the countryside and agriculture to the conditions of development of capitalist society, which rural sociology tried to theoretically justify, pointing to their not always positive practical consequences.
La sociologie rurale française : de la spécialisation à une « sociologie transversale »
La sociologie rurale française : de la spécialisation à une « sociologie transversale »
(French rural sociology: from specialization to a transversal sociological approach)
- Author(s):Josette Debroux
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:25-43
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:French rural sociology; specialized fields of sociology; institutionalization of peasant societies; transversal sociological approach
- Summary/Abstract:After the Second World War, in the context of expansion of social sciences and along with a construction of a ‘social demand’, French rural sociology emerged as a specialization based on an opposition between the urban and the rural, and a presupposition that the latter is highly specific and distinct. The theory of peasant societies has accompanied a transformation of the peasantry and a redefinition of its place in the French society. This theory does not make it possible to understand the changes that have taken place since the year 1975, in particular an increased mobility between urban and rural areas, a decline of the farming population which has evidently become a minority in most rural areas, and transformations in agriculture. Disappearance of rural sociology at the institutional level, which took place at the end of the 1970s, did not mean the end of research on the rural world. While some projects followed in the wake of rural sociology of the 1960s and 1970s, others were conducted by a new generation of sociologists who had not been trained in 'rural sociology', with its presuppositions and specific concepts. Their approach to rural areas fit in the fields of sociology in which they work (political sociology, economic sociology, sociology of gender, sociology of socialization...), although this does not rule out the view that 'rural areas', despite their diversity, maintain certain specific features.
Changements de la structure sociale de la Pologne rurale entre 1991 et 2015
Changements de la structure sociale de la Pologne rurale entre 1991 et 2015
(Changes in the social structure of rural Poland between 1991 and 2015)
- Author(s):Maria Halamska
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:45-63
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:rural Poland; socio-occupational structure; depeasantization/desagrarianization; proletarianization; bourgeoization/gentrification
- Summary/Abstract:The article presents changes in the socio-occupational structure of rural Poland over the period of 25 years (1990‒2015), which includes the post-communist transformation and the first decade of its membership in the European Union. During this period, major changes took place in the rural social structure, predominantly as a result of the following three processes: 1. depeasantization / desagrarianization, due to which the share of farmers decreased from 46% to 26%, which means they lost their dominant position in the social structure of Polish villages, 2. proletarianization, as a result to which the share of laborers increased from 33% to 45%, which means that they became the dominant socio-occupational group in rural areas, 3. bourgeoization, i.e. an increase in the share of representatives of occupational groups representing the middle class from 15% to 28%, due to which it became a significant social actor in rural areas. Those processes occurred with divergent dynamics; what is noteworthy here is the pace of bourgeoization/gentrification and depeasantization/desagrarianization. The pace of change was faster during the post-communist transformation. It was territorially diversified which resulted in creation of various local types of social structure. Changes in the social structure in this period took place in line with the universal pattern of developed Western countries, and their specificity lies in simultaneous rather than successive occurrence of these processes. The empirical base is data from representative sociological studies (grouping of occupations according to ISCO-08 classification): Polish General Social Survey for 1992 and Social Diagnosis for 2003 and 2015.
Le « choix » d’une localisation résidentielle en zone périurbaine : une analyse par les trajectoires sociales
Le « choix » d’une localisation résidentielle en zone périurbaine : une analyse par les trajectoires sociales
(The 'choice' of a residential location in a peri-urban area: An analysis based on social trajectories)
- Author(s):Josette Debroux
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:65-83
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:peri-urban; residential mobility; social position; social mobility; middle classes
- Summary/Abstract:In the 1970s, peri-urban areas became the preferred location of the ‘new middle classes’. Those were the new professions, particularly in the fields of health and education, which appeared with the development of the welfare state. In peri-urban areas they could put into practice a ‘cultural model’ based on the living environment, sociability and involvement in local life. In the 1990s, in a transformed economic context, the image of the burgeoning 'middle classes' gave way to that of the downgraded, 'inward-looking' and 'weakened' 'middle classes'. The residential environment appears to constitute a point of stability to offset work uncertainty. Biographical interviews conducted with about forty individuals employed in two peri-urban communes in the Grenoble region which they do not originally come from, show that as a result of their life trajectory they share an ambivalent relationship with the group they belong to, despite diversity of their social positions. Broadly speaking, moving to a peri-urban area can consolidate a 'fragile' social position following upward social mobility that makes a new position uncertain or compensate for an unsatisfactory professional identity in case of a downgrade or interrupted upward mobility.
Les stratégies de la vie quotidienne des agriculteurs polonais
Les stratégies de la vie quotidienne des agriculteurs polonais
(Daily life strategies of Polish farmers)
- Author(s):Zbigniew Drąg
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Customs / Folklore, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:85-128
- No. of Pages:44
- Keywords:globalization; quality of life of farmers; threats and challenges of globalization; mental well-being; active strategy; avoidance strategy
- Summary/Abstract:The article raises the issue of the quality of life of Polish farmers in the context of ongoing globalization processes. Globalization brings with it new phenomena and processes that reorganize human lives and may be perceived as threats and challenges. Does the increased sense of threats and challenges of globalization worsen the quality of one’s live, defined in subjective terms as mental well-being? The author analyzes the above issue, referring to the results of a study conducted in 2017 on a representative sample of 3,551 family farmers. Mental well-being is analyzed with reference to general life satisfaction, sense of optimism, social support, and internal harmony; in turn, the threats and challenges of globalization are studied in the context of one’s work, finances, cultural life and other spheres. It turns out that an increase of threats and challenges as perceived by farmers was accompanied by enhanced mental well-being. The decisive factors here were the strategies adopted by farmers to control globalization changes: active v passive (avoidance). Assuming that knowledge about globalization threats and challenges is an important way to control them, adaptive activism (related to the disposition of actively obtaining information about new situations) was adopted as an indicator of an active strategy. In turn, recognition of emotional religiosity as an indicator of an avoidance strategy resulted from an assumption that the consequence of the inability to control changes based on a rational factor may be turning to a transcendent factor as providing hope for protection against something new and incomprehensible. Both types of responses could be used by farmers simultaneously, depending on the situation. Thanks to this, their psychological well-being has not decreased in the conditions of globalization changes.
Au-delà des images d’Epinal : les relations de voisinage dans les communes rurales périurbaines françaises
Au-delà des images d’Epinal : les relations de voisinage dans les communes rurales périurbaines françaises
(Beyond Epinal Images: Neighborly Relationships in French Peri-urban Rural Communes)
- Author(s):Eric Charmes, Josette Debroux
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:129-153
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:neighbourhood; sociabilities; rural; peri-urban; residential trajectories
- Summary/Abstract:In spite of profound transformations affecting rural worlds, i.e. a decline in the number of people working in agriculture; social reconfiguration marked by increased mobility and diminished specificity of rural lifestyle, the rural space continues to be entrenched in popular representations as an environment fostering strong community ties among its denizens. In stark contrast, peri-urban locales, often narrowly defined by individual housing and car dependency, are commonly perceived as spaces where neighborly relations tend to be limited. This article endeavors to nuance these simplistic portrayals by delving into the dynamics of two rural municipalities which recently became peri-urban: Marolles-sur-Seine (1800 inhabitants), situated in Seine-et-Marne, approximately 90 km from Paris, and La Bâtie-Montgascon (1900 inhabitants), located 70 km from Lyon. These two municipalities exhibit a distinctive characteristic emblematic of both peri-urban and rural landscapes ‒ namely, the prevalence of individual houses owned by their occupiers. Such individual housing is typically associated with a retreat into the domestic sphere and the cocooning comfort of the home. Yet, our inquiry substantiates a prior ethnographic research positing that neighborhood relations are far from nonexistent within low-density residential neighborhoods. Moreover, the survey results go further, revealing that, within Marolles and La Bâtie, such relations are notably more intense than in other contexts. Residential trajectories are a key explanation of this commitment to local sociability. Notably, individuals who have experienced upward mobility, particularly through homeownership, and households which have existed in these municipalities for a decade or more exhibit higher propensity for neighbourhood relations.
Caractéristiques distinctives des institutions publiques rurales mettant en oeuvre des innovations sociales locales. Rapports de la Pologne
Caractéristiques distinctives des institutions publiques rurales mettant en oeuvre des innovations sociales locales. Rapports de la Pologne
(Distinctive characteristics of rural public institutions implementing local social innovations. Reports from Poland)
- Author(s):Katarzyna Zajda
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:155-175
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:public institutions; rural areas; social innovations; non-governmental organizations; cooperation
- Summary/Abstract:Despite the unabated interest of researchers and practitioners from around the world in social innovation, few analyses have been conducted on implementation of social innovation in rural areas. What is more, activity of public institutions in implementation of social innovation is rarely addressed. The article explores the problem of implementation of local social innovations by public institutions in Polish rural municipalities. The objective of the analysis is to identify the characteristics that distinguish public institutions that have experience in implementing local social innovations from those that do not. Among the analyzed features are: 1. collaboration with local non-governmental organizations, 2. collaboration and information exchange with non-governmental organizations operating outside the given rural municipality, 3. involvement of residents of the municipality in activities aimed at addressing their social problems. The results of quantitative research conducted on a random sample of Polish rural municipalities will be presented. 330 public institutions which are key to solving local social problems participated in the study. Local social innovations are defined as alternative practices that are undertaken at the municipal level in order to solve social problems affecting its residents. The obtained results are deepened by discussing examples of social innovations that have been implemented.
Le village et la culture folklorique en Pologne centrale (étude empirique)
Le village et la culture folklorique en Pologne centrale (étude empirique)
(Countryside and folk culture in central Poland (empirical study))
- Author(s):Anna Matuchniak-Mystkowska
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Customs / Folklore, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:177-197
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:folk culture,; Poland
- Summary/Abstract:The text is dedicated to folk culture in the regions of Sieradz and Piotrków Trybunalski, located in central Poland. It presents an empirical research study on lifestyles, customs, art and their intergenerational transmission in multigenerational families through the cultural system I – the familial one and II – local institutions (ethnographic museums, schools).
La participation citoyenne dans les zones rurales de Pologne et de France
La participation citoyenne dans les zones rurales de Pologne et de France
(Civic participation in rural areas of Poland and France)
- Author(s):Paweł Starosta
- Language:French
- Subject(s):Social Sciences, Sociology, Rural and urban sociology
- Page Range:199-220
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:civic participation; rural areas; Poland; France
- Summary/Abstract:Civic participation, otherwise called civic engagement (Pattie et al., 2003), is a subcategory of a broader concept of social participation (Misztal, 1977) and constitutes one of fundamental notions used in social sciences with regard to civil society. The objective of this article is to attempt to answer three main questions: 1. What was the general level of civic participation of the population living in rural areas in Poland and France at the end of the second decade of the 21st century and what was the extent of variations in participation between these two countries in that period? 2. What models of civic participation dominate among populations of rural areas in Poland and France? 3. Which of the following models: the socio-economic status model, the social capital model, or the attachment model is best suited to explaining variations in civic participation of Polish and French rural population? The empirical basis for answering those research questions is the database of the ninth edition of the European Social Survey conducted in 29 European countries in 2018, with 49, 519 participants. Our analysis was restricted to data with reference the population of rural areas in Poland (N = 664) and France (N = 688), with the total being 1352 respondents.
