Aging Population - From Research to Public Policy
Aging Population - From Research to Public Policy
Contributor(s): Ivana Barković Bojanić (Editor), Aleksandar Erceg (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics, Media studies, Civil Law, Welfare systems, Health and medicine and law, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, ICT Information and Communications Technologies, Labour and Social Security Law
Published by: Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku
Keywords: aging; elderly; policy; welfare systems; economic impact; media literacy; theology; civil law; demography;
Summary/Abstract: Population aging is a demographic trend that is taking place on a global scale. According to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the UN (2020), almost every country in the world is witnessing a population growth in the size and proportion of older persons. Approximately 728 million people are aged 65 and over, and the number is expected to increase in the next 30 years. The share of the global population aged 65+ is also expected to reach around 16% in 2050. These numbers call for institutional action where the academic community and policy makers should unite to find a way to manage this unprecedented global trend. In this context, it is crucial to identify the various problems of aging from the perspective of different disciplines (economics, organization and management, entrepreneurship, sociology, law, medicine, communication, etc.) and to find solutions that require, among other things, a multi-stakeholder approach. This approach relies on the synergy effect of various stakeholders, including public policymakers, national and local administration, the business sector, the health sector, and civil society. Unlocking the potential of knowledge sharing and embracing innovative approaches towards the multifaceted challenges of aging – encompassing financial well-being, quality of life, digital environment, new technologies, and cultural perceptions of the elderly – is the key to transforming this process into an opportunity by discovering effective solutions. This is the fourth in a series of publications dealing with population aging. The insights gathered during the previous editions - Aging Society: Rethinking and Redesigning Retirement (2020), Strategic Approach to Aging Population: Experience and Challenges (2021), and Economics and Aging: Emerging Issues (2022) served as an impetus for the publication of the fourth editorial book entitled “Aging Population: From Research to Public Policy”. The content of the book and the authors of the contributions come from different scientific fields, proving once again that the complex and multiple nature of population aging requires a multidisciplinary approach in its research nature. We want to thank all the authors who recognize the research potential and scientific interest in this demographic issue and who, with their researches, contributed to the economics of aging as an area that is increasingly being acknowledged and explored. Let us hope academic researchers and policymakers will intensify dialogue to design more policy measures for population aging.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-953-253-206-7
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-953-253-206-7
- Page Count: 297
- Publication Year: 2023
- Language: English
RETHINKING ABOUT AGING AND ECONOMICS: LONGEVITY ECONOMY
RETHINKING ABOUT AGING AND ECONOMICS: LONGEVITY ECONOMY
(RETHINKING ABOUT AGING AND ECONOMICS: LONGEVITY ECONOMY)
- Author(s):Ivana Barković Bojanić, Nataša Drvenkar
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic policy, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:15-32
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:population aging; demographic shift; longevity economics;
- Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to discuss the longevity economy in terms of two critical demographic trends – one is related to the increasing number of older people worldwide, and the other is associated with the lengthening of human life (a.k.a. longevity) driven by advancement in medicine and health care. Both trends have a profound impact on the economy and society. Based upon demographic statistics and other relevant economic data, the paper will bring to the attention selected age-related issues such as labor market and retirement, productivity, consumption, finance, etc. By investigating these issues, busting myths about older persons and their negative impact on the economy along the way, we are considering this cohort of people to be a resource, not a burden to the economy and society, providing that government becomes more proactive in designing policies that are inclusive and supportive of older people. The same holds for the business sector when considering the goods and services provided for older people and by older people. Acknowledging the potential of older people, one can consider longevity beneficial to current and future economic prosperity.
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE LONGEVITY DIVIDEND - A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE LONGEVITY DIVIDEND - A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE
(THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THE LONGEVITY DIVIDEND - A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE)
- Author(s):Ana João Sepulveda
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Economic policy, Gerontology, Economic development, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:33-44
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:longevity dividend; longevity economy; sustainability;
- Summary/Abstract:For more than 15 years, I have been working with different organizations to help them develop their purpose and business based on the positive and negative implications of increased lifespan, which I call the longevity dividend. From what I see worldwide, as the result of a global network of contacts, I understand very clearly the implications of people’s increasing lifespans. I understand that it is essential for countries to have a strategy that goes far beyond the social inclusion of older people and that has a strong economic component and global competitiveness. In this article, written based on my professional experience, I intend to reflect on these implications to promote a broader, practical, and strategic view on the themes of longevity and aging as a way of guaranteeing, as far as possible, social sustainability, and the economic development of countries.
HOW DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE WORLD AFFECT THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF COUNTRIES
HOW DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE WORLD AFFECT THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF COUNTRIES
(HOW DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE WORLD AFFECT THE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF COUNTRIES)
- Author(s):Vladimir Ristanović
- Language:English
- Subject(s):National Economy, Labor relations, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:45-63
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:population; labor force; labor productivity; supported population; economic performance;
- Summary/Abstract:The discrepancy between the world’s economic and demographic performance dates back decades. The mismatch between population and economic growth has developed through globalization. The oldest theoretical directions and doctrines sought a rational explanation, but the problem became more and more complex over time. The basic premise of the paper is that demographic structure affects GDP. Furthermore, this impact varies from country to country and over several related years. A comparative analysis of selected countries/regions will show what the relationships are between economic and demographic performance. Measuring and evaluating this as accurately as possible is important to draw the right conclusions and adequate messages. Various demographic indicators were compared under different conditions and by structure. At the same time, their relationships with economic parameters were analyzed through their linear regression relationship using econometric analysis. The conclusions of the paper may be useful for creating socioeconomic policies in the future.
FEATURES OF PALLADIUM IN THE CONTEXT OF RETIREMENT INVESTMENTS
FEATURES OF PALLADIUM IN THE CONTEXT OF RETIREMENT INVESTMENTS
(FEATURES OF PALLADIUM IN THE CONTEXT OF RETIREMENT INVESTMENTS)
- Author(s):Izabela Pruchnicka-Grabias
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:65-74
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Palladium; precious metals; retirement; alternative investments;
- Summary/Abstract:The paper poses the following research question: Can palladium be part of a stock portfolio to diversify, hedge, reduce risk, or increase return? If so, which of the above can be applied? Since the paper is part of the broader research on various possibilities of retirement investments, the analysis is conducted in the long run. It aims to show that not only gold or silver can be helpful in retirement portfolio management but also less appreciated kinds of precious metals like palladium. Usually, scientific papers are devoted to one of the two most popular metals, i.e., gold or silver, and the authors treat others concisely. The strength of this paper is that palladium is studied in detail and not just as one of many precious metals. As a result, the paper gives a new insight into long-term investments.
SENIOR ENTREPRENEURS – LITERATURE OVERVIEW AND EXAMPLES
SENIOR ENTREPRENEURS – LITERATURE OVERVIEW AND EXAMPLES
(SENIOR ENTREPRENEURS – LITERATURE OVERVIEW AND EXAMPLES)
- Author(s):Aleksandar Erceg, Rita-Krin Boduljak
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Supranational / Global Economy, Business Economy / Management, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:75-90
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:senior entrepreneurs; Global entrepreneurship monitor; open topics;
- Summary/Abstract:The world population is getting older, and many retiring people face the dilemma of what to do now that they are still in good health and can still do something for themselves and society. Many retired people are considering starting ventures as senior entrepreneurs because of their skills, knowledge, and personal networks. At the same time, however, they face various disadvantages. Senior entrepreneurship is seen to extend the working lives of older people and provide additional financial resources in retirement. The topic of senior entrepreneurship is gaining research interest in academic society, and we find that there are more and more studies on senior entrepreneurs and senior entrepreneurship. The results show a variety of definitions and terms, problems in operationalizing the silver entrepreneur concept, and a lack of data on the age of entrepreneurial groups. The available data shows that senior-age entrepreneurship is increasing worldwide, but the number varies from country to country. Based on the literature review on senior entrepreneurs and senior entrepreneurship, several additional questions emerged that could (need to) be explored concerning Croatia and globally.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT AN OLDER AGE
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT AN OLDER AGE
(ENTREPRENEURSHIP AT AN OLDER AGE)
- Author(s):Dominika Crnjac Milić, Anamarija Delić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Demography and human biology, Gerontology
- Page Range:91-103
- No. of Pages:13
- Keywords:entrepreneurship; older age; business; self-employment;
- Summary/Abstract:The aging population and older entrepreneurs represent society’s greatest demographic and social changes. The older population today is much more vital and educated, and they have more community-funded educational opportunities than in the past. Their experience from previous jobs and the expertise they have gained throughout their working lives give them a boost and a belief in success. Although researchers are interested in this topic, there is a lack of an overview of the work published over the past decade and guidelines for future research. This paper aims to identify and systematize the knowledge of scholars who have researched entrepreneurship among older adults using mixed methods that will provide a complete picture of this topic. One of the assumptions in this paper was that the primary goal of market implementation of an entrepreneurial idea among older people is usually not related to earnings but to the need to continue being useful to their family and society. Some start their entrepreneurial activities later because they finished their professional career earlier or are unemployed. However, some want to realize their dreams that they could not have realized during their working life. The study’s limitations are a small number of papers published on this topic and the availability of the papers, as many of them are not freely available.
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENIOR AND TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM SLOVENIA AND CROATIA
EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENIOR AND TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM SLOVENIA AND CROATIA
(EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENIOR AND TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM SLOVENIA AND CROATIA)
- Author(s):Bojan Morić Milovanović, Tin Horvatinović, Mihaela Mikić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Business Economy / Management, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:105-121
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:senior entrepreneurship; technology entrepreneurship; Global Entrepreneurship Monitor;
- Summary/Abstract:As the global population is aging and there are no signs of a trend reversal, research on senior entrepreneurship is emerging and becoming more eminent in scientific literature. On the practical side, policymakers are attempting to better utilize the under-represented senior entrepreneurs for economic growth and development. One promising way to achieve this goal is to better understand why some senior entrepreneurs establish and manage high-technology firms. On such a basis, several studies have been published that represent the first steps toward understanding such a complex matter. This chapter is part of the research stream that explores the relationship between senior and technology entrepreneurship. It does so by looking at the specific entrepreneurial context present in Slovenia and Croatia. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey data, ordered logistic regression analysis shows that senior entrepreneurship is not a significant antecedent of technology entrepreneurs. In addition, among the significant predictors, managerial skills and fear of failure have discrepant effects on technology entrepreneurship. Despite the inherent limitations of the dataset, the general conclusion about the importance of context in the development of senior entrepreneurship and technology entrepreneurship is valid. Subsequent research can test the hypotheses presented in this chapter in other contexts and develop theories about why the observed effects differ from a macro and micro perspective.
UNDERSTANDING OLDER CONSUMERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RETAILERS IN CROATIA
UNDERSTANDING OLDER CONSUMERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RETAILERS IN CROATIA
(UNDERSTANDING OLDER CONSUMERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RETAILERS IN CROATIA)
- Author(s):Ljerka Sedlan Kőnig
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Behaviorism, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Marketing / Advertising, Socio-Economic Research
- Page Range:123-134
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:older consumers; needs; shopping preferences; challenges; Croatia;
- Summary/Abstract:Researching the shopping behavior of older consumers (65 years and older) is important because this population segment is expected to grow in the coming years. Understanding their preferences and challenges will help businesses adapt and meet the needs of this important consumer group. Older consumers may have different needs and preferences than younger consumers, such as a preference for brick-and-mortar stores over online shopping and a desire for knowledgeable and helpful sales staff. They may also have issues such as limited mobility and difficulty with technology. By understanding these preferences and challenges, companies can improve the shopping experience for older consumers, increasing their loyalty and boosting sales. In addition, addressing older consumers’ needs can positively impact the community and society as a whole. Specific information about research on the shopping behavior of older consumers in Croatia is scarce. However, reviewing previous studies and articles on the shopping behavior of older consumers in other countries and regions may provide relevant information that could be applied to the Croatian context.
AGING POPULATION AND TOURISM IN CROATIA
AGING POPULATION AND TOURISM IN CROATIA
(AGING POPULATION AND TOURISM IN CROATIA)
- Author(s):Ivana Čandrlić-Dankoš, Anton Devčić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Tourism
- Page Range:135-149
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:older people population; senior tourism; travel agencies;
- Summary/Abstract:According to the latest census of 2021, 22.45% of the population of the Republic of Croatia is 65 years and older. This age structure is fully in line with the trends on the global market. The question arises as to whether the trends in tourism for the elderly in the Republic of Croatia follow the global trends. The available time of the elderly population opens up significant opportunities for the tourism and vacation sector. The question is to what extent the older population segment is recognized as a segment with the potential for developing a specific marketing strategy and whether these data can extend the tourist season in the Republic of Croatia and/or offer new products intended primarily for this market segment. The first part of the paper gives a scientific overview of research in the field of tourism of the elderly population. Based on the analysis of the conducted research, a questionnaire was developed, the research was conducted, and the applicability of the research on the territory of the Republic of Croatia was checked. Finally, concluding thoughts are made on how travel agencies and hotels should deal with the elderly population as a potentially increasingly important market segment.
MEDIA LITERACY, PEOPLE OF THE THIRD AGE AND THEIR HABITS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
MEDIA LITERACY, PEOPLE OF THE THIRD AGE AND THEIR HABITS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
(MEDIA LITERACY, PEOPLE OF THE THIRD AGE AND THEIR HABITS OF USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES)
- Author(s):Danijel Labaš, Ivan Uldrijan, Matea Vidulić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Media studies, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:151-164
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:media literacy; digital technology; older people; aging;
- Summary/Abstract:According to the latest research, the number of users of digital technologies, the Internet, and social networks grows yearly. Among them are many older people. In January 2023, there were 5.16 billion Internet users worldwide, 64.4% of the global population. Of this total, 4.76 billion, or 59.4% of the world’s population, were social media users (Statista, 2023). The number of Internet users aged 50 to 64 in Croatia from 2014 to 2022 has grown from 31% to 59%. Statista (2012) states that “the European questionnaire on Information and Communication Technologies Data reveals a disparity between the Internet usage of people from different age groups. Although present in most countries, this disparity differs widely in its severity. In 2020, 99% of users in Croatia between 16 and 24 years used the Internet daily. Furthermore, 98% of people between the age of 25 and 34 used the Internet daily, according to the survey. Ninety-two percent of people between 35 and 44 also use the Internet daily. The share of people between 45 and 54 and between 55 and 64 were lower than among the other age groups, with 80% of the first and 59% of the oldest age group using the Internet daily.” With the significant and rapid increase in Internet users, there is also the question of their knowledge of the functioning of media and digital technologies, which is related to issues of digital and media literacy, which is becoming one of the essential topics in the 21st century. Therefore, the present article deals with the habits of people of the third age using digital technologies. It is based on research in which people aged 60 to 85 were examined by an online survey from March 15 to April 23, 2023. The research was carried out with the help of Matica umirovljenika Hrvatske and other institutions and associations for older people. One hundred forty-seven respondents participated in the research, who answered questions related to the level of their technical (digital) competencies related to the use of digital media technologies, and to questions related to the level of media and information literacy among citizens of the third-age of life in the Republic of Croatia.
THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA TRENDS ON THE RISE OF GERONTOPHOBIA AND GERASCOPHOBIA
THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA TRENDS ON THE RISE OF GERONTOPHOBIA AND GERASCOPHOBIA
(THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN MEDIA TRENDS ON THE RISE OF GERONTOPHOBIA AND GERASCOPHOBIA)
- Author(s):Nefreteta Zekić Eberhard
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Media studies, Demography and human biology, Gerontology, ICT Information and Communications Technologies
- Page Range:165-183
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:ageism; gerontophobia; gerascophobia; media; social networks;
- Summary/Abstract:The new media age and contemporary media platforms have raised the valorization of youth and the term “anti-age” to a new level. It is suspected that external factors such as the images shown in the media, the possibility of photo editing, and the unrealistic presentation of one’s appearance on social platforms are responsible for the increasing presence of anxiety disorders related to the fear of aging. This type of anxiety disorder is often referred to in academic literature as gerontophobia, gerascophobia, and midorexia. This research examines the contribution of the media and social networks to aging anxiety in women aged 30 to 50 years. The paper also explores the influence of the media and social networks on hostility toward the elderly, or gerontophobia. Fear of aging, gerascophobia, and midorexia as pressures to maintain a constant appearance of physical youth, regardless of age, were also examined. For this work, a pilot study was conducted with two focus groups. This pilot study is the basis for a survey to be conducted as part of future research that would explain the relationship between cultural and aesthetic standards set by modern media and the increase in anti-aging pressures on women.
HEALTHY AGING IN A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
HEALTHY AGING IN A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
(HEALTHY AGING IN A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT)
- Author(s):Agneza Aleksijević, Marko Aleksijević
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Welfare systems, Demography and human biology, Gerontology
- Page Range:185-211
- No. of Pages:218
- Keywords:healthy aging; healthy environment; ageism prevention; home care;
- Summary/Abstract:This paper is a message to all to ensure that older people can age with dignity and equality in a healthy environment. Let us change the views and thoughts about aging to promote healthy aging and improve the lives of older people. Our society is living faster and the population is aging at a galloping pace. Are their needs being met, and to what extent? Do they have access to all the resources necessary for a dignified life? What are the barriers that prevent their full participation in society? The answers should be sought globally, in their communities and families! Let us raise our voices and adapt the communities physically and economically to the elderly! Talk about preventing ageism in the media, which is according to research, more biased toward younger people. How can the gap between younger people and “OK Boomers”, a famous example of ageism, be bridged internationally? Let us look at social isolation, ignorance, and activities through data collection, definition of goals, and outcomes in the in-home care setting. Ask yourself: What have I done about the above? This paper aims to raise awareness and encourage reflection on stereotypes, prejudices, and discriminatory behaviors related to ageism and aging that we all face.
VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOPENIA AND OSTEOSARCOPENIA
VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOPENIA AND OSTEOSARCOPENIA
(VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION IN ELDERLY PEOPLE WITH OSTEOPOROSIS, OSTEOPENIA AND OSTEOSARCOPENIA)
- Author(s):Tatjana Bačun, Ivan Lekić, Barbara Bačun
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Health and medicine and law, Gerontology
- Page Range:213-228
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Vitamin D; hyperparathyroidism; osteoporosis; bone diseases; metabolic;
- Summary/Abstract:Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium metabolism and bone health. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to impaired calcium absorption, increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and secondary hyperparathyroidism, resulting in excessive bone breakdown and increased risk of fractures. Optimal vitamin D levels can increase bone mineral density and improve response to bisphosphonate therapy. Vitamin D is primarily synthesized in the skin by exposure to sunlight and can also be obtained from dietary sources. It is hydroxylated in the liver to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), the primary form used to assess vitamin D status. Further hydroxylation in the kidney produces the active form, 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1.25(OH)2D), which regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism and promotes bone health. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands overproduce PTH in response to low serum calcium levels, which may be caused by vitamin D deficiency. This overproduction of PTH leads to increased bone resorption, resulting in decreased bone density and increased fracture risk. Vitamin D significantly impacts bone density and fractures. Adequate vitamin D levels help maintain proper calcium and phosphorus metabolism and promote the formation and maintenance of strong, healthy bones. Individuals with low vitamin D levels are at higher risk of bone fractures. Serum 25(OH)D concentration is used to assess vitamin D status, with 100 IU of vitamin D increasing serum 25-(OH)D by about 1 ng/mL. A daily calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg and a vitamin D level greater than 20 ng/mL but not greater than 50 ng/ mL are recommended to prevent osteosarcopenia, a condition characterized by low bone mineral density, muscle strength, and mass. Both daily and pulse dosing of vitamin D have been studied with varying results. Daily dosing, which mimics the natural production of vitamin D in the skin, has been shown to maintain more stable and consistent 25(OH)D serum levels. On the other hand, pulse dosing, where a large dose of vitamin D is taken once or a few times a week, has been shown to effectively increase 25(OH)D levels, but also results in higher variability and fluctuations in serum levels. Daily dosing may provide more consistent and stable serum levels and may better maintain bone health markers. For individuals who have difficulty maintaining adequate daily vitamin D intake, pulsed dosing may still be an effective option. In terms of vitamin D supplementation, through either daily or pulse dosing, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and the Endocrine Society (EC) recommend a target level of 50 ng/dl or higher and safe levels between 30-50 ng/dl. A daily dose of 1000 IU for adults over 50 years of age and up to 4000 IU/day for adults is recommended, along with dietary or supplemetal calcium intake of 800-1200 mg. Obesity and malabsorption may affect vitamin D status and require higher doses.
APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY TO AGING
APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY TO AGING
(APPLICATION OF GRAPH THEORY TO AGING)
- Author(s):Antoaneta Klobučar
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Health and medicine and law, Demography and human biology, Gerontology
- Page Range:229-238
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:network; biological network; aging;
- Summary/Abstract:A network is a collection of points joined in pairs by lines. In graph theory, the points are called vertices, and the lines are called edges. Also, a network is a representation that reduces some systems to an abstract structure containing only the required properties we want to provide. Vertices and edges in a network can be labeled with additional information, such as names or weights, which determine the system more precisely. This paper reviews the application of graph theory and mathematical methods to model biological networks and to study the aging process. Aging is a complex phenomenon that occurs at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, and understanding the mechanisms that drive aging requires a system-level approach. Biological networks, including protein-protein interaction networks, genetic regulatory networks, and metabolic networks, play a critical role in aging. Graph theory provides a powerful tool for modeling and analyzing complex networks, and mathematical methods can be used to simulate the dynamics of these networks during aging.
SOCIAL SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM FOR THE OLDER PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA: STATE AND TRENDS
SOCIAL SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM FOR THE OLDER PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA: STATE AND TRENDS
(SOCIAL SERVICES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SOCIAL WELFARE SYSTEM FOR THE OLDER PEOPLE IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA: STATE AND TRENDS)
- Author(s):Danijel Knežević, Maja Has
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Welfare systems, Gerontology, Labour and Social Security Law
- Page Range:239-260
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:population aging; older people; social services; social policy; Republic of Croatia;
- Summary/Abstract:The research topic of this paper is social welfare for older people. Social services in the social welfare system improve the quality of life for socially vulnerable groups. The fact that people aged 65 and over made up 20.6% of the population of the Republic of Croatia in 2019, with a projected increase to 30.2% by 2050 (MROSP, 2021), shows the importance of research on older people. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the availability of social services within the Croatian social welfare system for older people. Data in this paper were collected from secondary sources (databases of relevant institutions and their publications, as well as books, articles, and online sources in the field of social policy). The research results can serve as guidelines for future action and the development of policies tailored to the needs and welfare of older people.
DEATH AND CIVIL LAW
DEATH AND CIVIL LAW
(DEATH AND CIVIL LAW)
- Author(s):Dubravka Klasiček, Tomislav Nedić
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Civil Law, Welfare systems, Gerontology, Sociology of Law
- Page Range:261-279
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:death; legal subjecthood; uninheritable rights; uninheritable obligations; personality rights;
- Summary/Abstract:Death represents the end point of aging and life is an inherent part of nature. However, it is also of great importance in many areas of law. As a legal fact, death is essential in civil law and in legal relations governed by civil law. In bioethical scientific circles, the final point of life has come to the fore, which is of the utmost importance for civil law. In civil law, it is crucial to determine the exact moment of death because since Roman law, death has been a fact that determines the end of a person’s legal subjecthood, causes legal affairs mortis causa to take effect, is one of the main prerequisites of inheritance law, and causes certain uninheritable rights and obligations to cease. The first part of this paper will focus on particular bioethical, legal, and medical issues concerning death. The second part will focus on the civil law regulation of death in Roman (private) law. Finally, the third part will deal with the consequences of death in certain parts of contemporary civil law, as well as with natural persons and their legal subjecthood.
THEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF THE AGING OF THE POPULATION
THEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF THE AGING OF THE POPULATION
(THEOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF THE AGING OF THE POPULATION)
- Author(s):Ivan Benaković
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Demography and human biology, Gerontology, Biblical studies
- Page Range:281-297
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:age; Bible; theology; ethic; church;
- Summary/Abstract:The aging of the world’s population is an issue of concern to people worldwide. Therefore, in our paper, starting from theology, we will try to explain why our population is getting older. At the same time, we will attempt to give some solutions to reduce the aging of the population. The starting point for our analysis, and thus the methodology of the paper, will be the theological analysis of selected parts of the Bible that can shed some light on the problem of population aging. In addition to biblical texts, our paper will use insights from other theological disciplines such as pastoral theology. Hence, we believe that the cause of population aging is first of all the state of mind of a nation. Aging is a self-explanatory sociological phenomenon that greatly affects people’s spirituality.