Употреба силе у међународним односима
Use of force in international relations
Contributor(s): Žaklina Novičić (Editor)
Subject(s): Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Civil Society, Governance, Government/Political systems, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, Penal Policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
Published by: Институт за међународну политику и привреду
Keywords: International Relations; Geopolitics
Summary/Abstract: This thematic collection represents an attempt to systematically address some issues related to the use and exploitation of armed force, which is one of the central themes of international relations. The contemporary international context is constantly changing, and after the end of the Cold War there was a tendency to increasingly talk about the superiority of force in the era of globalization, that is, about the predominance of so-called non-military security threats. Unfortunately, practice shows that traditional armed force is a constant companion of international relations, which proves the justification, both social and scientific, for now, towards the end of the second decade of the 21st century, to re-examine some of the fundamental concepts and practices of international relations related to its use...
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-7067-255-0
- Page Count: 286
- Publication Year: 2018
- Language: Serbian
ГЕОГРАФИЈА И УПОТРЕБА СИЛЕ: ГЕОПОЛИТИЧКА АНАЛИЗА ВОЈНОГ АНГАЖОВАЊА СЈЕДИЊЕНИХ ДРЖАВА КРАЈЕМ XX И ПОЧЕТКОМ ХХI ВЕКА
ГЕОГРАФИЈА И УПОТРЕБА СИЛЕ: ГЕОПОЛИТИЧКА АНАЛИЗА ВОЈНОГ АНГАЖОВАЊА СЈЕДИЊЕНИХ ДРЖАВА КРАЈЕМ XX И ПОЧЕТКОМ ХХI ВЕКА
(GEOGRAPHY AND THE USE OF FORCE: A GEOPOLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ENGAGEMENT IN THE LATE 20TH AND EARLY 21ST CENTURIES)
- Author(s):Branislav Đorđević, Nebojša Vuković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:11-33
- No. of Pages:23
- Keywords:war; USA; strategy; geography; geopolitics; force
- Summary/Abstract:The paper analyzes US military interventions at the end of the last century and the beginning of this century, from the perspective of geopolitics and geostrategy. The analysis covers the period from the American military engagement in the Middle East and the Balkans in the early 1990s, through the interventions in Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003), to the current actions in Iraq and Syria. The paper explains how geographical factors of strategic importance (access to the sea, position) influence the preparation and conduct of military operations by the United States armed forces. The authors emphasize that, regardless of the development of technology and its widespread application in warfare, geographical factors continue to significantly determine the use of force in the 21st century, even when it comes to the “only remaining superpower”. In their opinion, geography will continue to be an important factor in planning the use of force in the decades to come, especially when it comes to the foreign policy performance of the United States.
„УПОТРЕБЉИВОСТ“ СИЛЕ ЗА ОСТВАРИВАЊЕ СПОЉНОПОЛИТИЧКИХ ЦИЉЕВА У 21. ВЕКУ: РУСКЕ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИЈЕ У ГРУЗИЈИ (2008) И НА КРИМУ (2014)
„УПОТРЕБЉИВОСТ“ СИЛЕ ЗА ОСТВАРИВАЊЕ СПОЉНОПОЛИТИЧКИХ ЦИЉЕВА У 21. ВЕКУ: РУСКЕ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИЈЕ У ГРУЗИЈИ (2008) И НА КРИМУ (2014)
(THE “USEABILITY” OF FORCE TO ACHIEVE FOREIGN POLICY GOALS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: RUSSIAN INTERVENTIONS IN GEORGIA (2008) AND IN CRIMEA (2014))
- Author(s):Vladimir Trapara
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Military policy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:34-55
- No. of Pages:22
- Keywords:use of force; international relations in the 21st century; Russia; Georgia; Crimea; "hybrid warfare"; identity; international law
- Summary/Abstract:One of the achievements of international law in the 20th century is the outlawing of the threat and use of force as a foreign policy tool, with the exception of self-defense and collective UN actions. Nevertheless, the use of this tool remains widespread in international relations in the 21st century, although due to changed circumstances, it often does not bring the desired results and is even counter-productive. The author argues that the use of force, under certain conditions, can be an effective means of achieving foreign policy goals in the 21st century as well. These conditions are as follows: that in addition to the classical engagement of military forces, the use of force should be accompanied by a combination of various non-military means (so-called "hybrid warfare"); that the use of force should be provided with some kind of, at least, quasi-international legal framework; that the identity context of the area where force is applied should be taken into account. By examining two successful cases of Russia's use of force - in Georgia (2008) and Crimea (2014), the author seeks to show the following: how Russia met the above conditions and achieved greater efficiency than in some other cases of the use of force in the 21st century; how Russia made progress in the doctrine and practice of the use of force in the period 2008–2014, which resulted in the greater efficiency of the Crimean intervention compared to the Georgian one.
ЗАБРАНА ОРУЖЈА ЗА МАСОВНО УНИШТЕЊЕ: ОД ЖЕНЕВЕ ДО ЊУЈОРКА ВЕК КАСНИЈЕ
ЗАБРАНА ОРУЖЈА ЗА МАСОВНО УНИШТЕЊЕ: ОД ЖЕНЕВЕ ДО ЊУЈОРКА ВЕК КАСНИЈЕ
(THE BAN ON WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION: FROM GENEVA TO NEW YORK A CENTURY LATER)
- Author(s):Vesna Knežević-Predić, Miloš Hrnjaz
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:59-90
- No. of Pages:32
- Keywords:weapons of mass destruction; international humanitarian law; chemical weapons; biological weapons; nuclear weapons; the United Nations
- Summary/Abstract:The origins of the ban on weapons of mass destruction should be sought in the ethical condemnation of the use of poison weapons that preceded the emergence of modern international humanitarian law. The process of transforming this ethical condemnation into a more precise, multilateral, treaty ban began at The Hague Conference in 1899, and could be completed with the entry into force of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, adopted in New York in 2017. The adoption of treaties aimed at a comprehensive ban on weapons of mass destruction has been marked by numerous processes that are specifically highlighted in this study: the gradual expansion of the material and personal scope of application of these treaties; the gradual creation of awareness of the legal obligation to refrain from the use of weapons of mass destruction, the existence of which is no longer disputed in relation to biological and chemical weapons, but remains controversial in relation to the use of nuclear weapons; the active participation of international organizations (the League of Nations, the United Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, and more recently international non-governmental organizations).
РАЗВОЈ ВОЈНИХ НУКЛЕАРНИХ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛА У ПОСТХЛАДНОРАТОВСКОМ ПОРЕТКУ КАО ИНСТРУМЕНТ ТВРДЕ МОЋИ У МЕЂУНАРОДНИМ ОДНОСИМА
РАЗВОЈ ВОЈНИХ НУКЛЕАРНИХ ПОТЕНЦИЈАЛА У ПОСТХЛАДНОРАТОВСКОМ ПОРЕТКУ КАО ИНСТРУМЕНТ ТВРДЕ МОЋИ У МЕЂУНАРОДНИМ ОДНОСИМА
(DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY NUCLEAR POTENTIAL IN THE POST-COLD WAR ORDER AS AN INSTRUMENT OF HARD POWER IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)
- Author(s):Dušan N. Proroković
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:91-120
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:nuclear weapons; nuclear powers; nuclear optimists; nuclear pessimists; deterrence strategy; proliferation
- Summary/Abstract:Despite numerous theses that the post-bipolar order will mark "the end of history" and that instruments of "soft power" will be more important for realizing the interests of the most important actors in world politics, following both the "horizontal" and "vertical" development of nuclear potentials of states, the conclusion is that little has changed in international relations. In an anarchic environment, states protect themselves by increasing the potential of hard power. Unlike the early 1990s when there were six nuclear powers in the world, there are now nine, and in addition to the three new ones, some old ones, such as China and Israel, have significantly modernized their nuclear potentials. The nuclear race continues, albeit under new conditions and with certain (legal) restrictions, but it is also a fact with more actors. The paper consists of four parts. The introductory part presents the development of nuclear potentials of states from World War II to the end of bipolarity. The second part is dedicated to explaining the views of realists (nuclear optimists) and idealists (nuclear pessimists) and the results of the actions of the latter. The third part analyzes events from the 1990s to the present day and examines the causes of the increase in the number of nuclear powers. The last part contains concluding remarks.
ЕТИЧКЕ И ОПЕРАТИВНЕ СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЈЕ ОФАНЗИВНИХ ДРОНОВА У КОНТЕКСТУ МЕЂУНАРОДНИХ ОДНОСА
ЕТИЧКЕ И ОПЕРАТИВНЕ СПЕЦИФИЧНОСТИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЈЕ ОФАНЗИВНИХ ДРОНОВА У КОНТЕКСТУ МЕЂУНАРОДНИХ ОДНОСА
(ETHICAL AND OPERATIONAL SPECIFICITIES OF OFFENSIVE DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)
- Author(s):Aleksandar Fatić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:121-136
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:predator drones; military killings; conflicts beyond war; risk; courage; military virtues
- Summary/Abstract:The text discusses some of the most influential arguments in support of the increasingly widespread use of so-called "predator drones" for military actions that do not have the dimensions of open war. The author argues that these arguments are mostly of weak explanatory power and do not address the essential ethical aspects of the technologization of warfare, and in particular the use of drones for military assassinations. The text concludes that the damage that the use of drones causes to the military, its self-understanding and acceptance by society as a whole, and the structure of society itself is incalculable, and that in this sense, despite the obvious operational advantages, the use of drones does not represent a civilizational leap forward, but rather a large and drastic civilizational step backward.
САЈБЕР РАТОВАЊЕ И ПРОМЕНА ФИЗИОНОМИЈЕ САВРЕМЕНИХ СУКОБА
САЈБЕР РАТОВАЊЕ И ПРОМЕНА ФИЗИОНОМИЈЕ САВРЕМЕНИХ СУКОБА
(CYBER WARFARE AND THE CHANGING PHYSIOGNOMY OF MODERN CONFLICT)
- Author(s):Dejan Vuletić, Milinko Vračar
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:137-153
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:force and power; international relations; modern conflict; information warfare
- Summary/Abstract:War, as a destructive social phenomenon, represents the crudest form of the use of force in international relations. The characteristics of contemporary conflicts indicate that the essence of war has changed. The military power of states, expressed through the use of armed force, is increasingly proving ineffective in achieving foreign policy interests. The trend of its decreasing effectiveness can be explained by the impact of the globalization process and the information revolution on social flows, which has significantly changed the operational environment in which contemporary conflicts take place. Globalization leads to an increasing role of non-state actors in international relations, which, it is believed, transforms them into global relations. On the other hand, the information revolution has fostered new dimensions of unarmed international conflicts. Cyberwarfare, as a form of information warfare, is a glaring example of the conduct of modern conflicts.
УПОТРЕБА СИЛЕ У ПОРЕТКУ УЈЕДИЊЕНИХ НАЦИЈА
УПОТРЕБА СИЛЕ У ПОРЕТКУ УЈЕДИЊЕНИХ НАЦИЈА
(USE OF FORCE IN THE UNITED NATIONS ORDER)
- Author(s):Duško Dimitrijević
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:157-200
- No. of Pages:44
- Keywords:United Nations; Charter; use of force and threat; collective security; international relations
- Summary/Abstract:In contemporary international relations, the ideas of the New World Order and global governance in the field of peace have led to significant political implications in the sphere of collective security of the United Nations. New security challenges, manifested through frequent violations of the rules prohibiting the use of force and the threat, have caused irregular or "quasi-legal" situations. Thus, in the decades after the end of the Cold War, it happened that force was used for the purpose of prevention, and on the basis of the right to self-defense when the threat was not serious and immanent. Then, force was used preventively when the threat potentially or actually existed, but outside the borders of the state territory. Finally, force was also used within the borders of national territories when serious internal conflicts occurred. Although there was no specific legal basis for the aforementioned cases in the United Nations Charter or in general international law, the cases were often covered by Security Council resolutions in order to justify the impact of effectiveness, i.e. the created factual situation, on the positive international legal order. In the context of the changed political circumstances in the international community, a re-examination of the rules on the use of force and the threat of force in the United Nations order therefore seems quite understandable, since the proper management of the collective security system requires an interpretation consistent with the objectives of the United Nations, among which the protection of world peace and security is a fundamental basis for the survival of humanity.
ПРИМЕНА СИЛЕ ПРОТИВ ПОЈЕДИНАЦА, ВЕЗАНО ЗА МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ ОДНОСЕ У МИРУ
ПРИМЕНА СИЛЕ ПРОТИВ ПОЈЕДИНАЦА, ВЕЗАНО ЗА МЕЂУНАРОДНЕ ОДНОСЕ У МИРУ
(USE OF FORCE AGAINST INDIVIDUALS, IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN PEACE)
- Author(s):Boris Krivokapić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Security and defense, Military policy, Peace and Conflict Studies
- Page Range:201-228
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:international law; international relations,; force; targeted killings; human rights; torture; enforced disappearances
- Summary/Abstract:When speaking of force in international relations and international law, it is mainly about what takes place in relations between states and consists of the use of armed force, or rather the threat that it will be used. However, force in international relations can be viewed from other angles, in relation to other subjects. In order to approach the problem he deals with, the author first points out some of the possible classifications of the use of force that are of importance for international relations, and then specifies that the subject of his presentation is force that: 1) is illegal, 2) is carried out in peace, 3) is carried out by states, 4) is carried out as part of some state policy, 5) is carried out against individuals, and 6) has a certain international significance. After that, relying on numerous concrete examples from practice, he gives an overview of some of the forms of such force, such as kidnappings, imprisonment without a court decision, holding in secret prisons, torture, enforced disappearances and, in particular, targeted killings. As part of the concluding considerations, the author points out the most important real and legal consequences of targeted killings and other considered forms of force against individuals. Among other things, it states that much is already covered by international legal norms, but that here too the law lags behind, and that there is a need to precisely regulate a number of issues such as targeted killings, especially those carried out by drones. Some of the open problems are how to achieve effective international control over the various forms of violence against individuals mentioned in the paper; how to ensure that the same approach is applied to all states; how to prevent and effectively sanction unlawful violence against individuals that can be attributed to international structures (e.g. international peacekeeping forces), etc.
ПРАВО ДРЖАВА НА УПОТРЕБУ СИЛЕ У САМООДБРАНИ И ЊЕГОВА ЗЛОУПОТРЕБА
ПРАВО ДРЖАВА НА УПОТРЕБУ СИЛЕ У САМООДБРАНИ И ЊЕГОВА ЗЛОУПОТРЕБА
(THE RIGHT OF STATES TO USE FORCE IN SELF-DEFENSE AND ITS ABUSE)
- Author(s):Senad Ganić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences, Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, International relations/trade, Security and defense, Military policy, Geopolitics
- Page Range:229-239
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:right of states to use force in self-defense; United Nations Charter; international custom; abuse of the right to self-defense
- Summary/Abstract:The right of a state to self-defense is one of the two, indisputably permitted ways of using force in international relations. In Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, this right is defined as an "innate right of states", which implies that it existed as such even before the Charter and that the content of this right is largely determined, not only by codified, but also by customary rules of international law. The inclusion of customary rules of international law as rules that, at least partially, determine the content of a state's right to self-defense necessarily raises a number of open questions. This is due to the uncertainty and specificity of international custom as a rule whose existence must be proven in each specific case. This again leads us into the field of numerous argumentative debates in which, not only do there be disagreements regarding the meaning and content of the right to self-defense, but also regarding the conditions that must be met in order for the exercise of this right to be in accordance with international law. In practice, this situation leads to the abuse of the right of a state to self-defense, which has far-reaching consequences for international relations. In this regard, we consider it extremely important not only to point out this problem, but also, to the extent possible, to try to contribute to its further clarification.
ПОДОБНОСТ ХУМАНИТАРНЕ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИЈЕ КАО ПРАВНЕ НОРМЕ
ПОДОБНОСТ ХУМАНИТАРНЕ ИНТЕРВЕНЦИЈЕ КАО ПРАВНЕ НОРМЕ
(THE SUITABILITY OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AS A LEGAL NORMS)
- Author(s):Mihajlo A. Vučić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- Page Range:240-254
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:humanitarian intervention; human rights; humanitarian law; international criminal law; responsibility to protect
- Summary/Abstract:The use of force to protect human rights is the topic of this article. The author bypasses the debate surrounding the status of humanitarian intervention as a norm of international law, considering that it is currently far from being resolved. Instead, the author, by analyzing the rules of international human rights law, international criminal law, international humanitarian law and the political doctrine of the responsibility to protect, comes to the conclusion that the entire development of these ideas to date excludes the possibility of forcible unilateral interference in the internal affairs of a state for the purpose of protecting human rights. Humanitarian intervention, even in a modified, plural understanding of sovereignty as the foundation of the international legal order, acts as a foreign body, completely unnecessary and harmful.
ПОСТЕПЕНИ РАЗВОЈ ЕВРОПСКЕ УНИЈЕ КАО БЕЗБЕДНОСНЕ ЗАЈЕДНИЦЕ – НА ПУТУ ОД ВЕНЕРЕ КА МАРСУ
ПОСТЕПЕНИ РАЗВОЈ ЕВРОПСКЕ УНИЈЕ КАО БЕЗБЕДНОСНЕ ЗАЈЕДНИЦЕ – НА ПУТУ ОД ВЕНЕРЕ КА МАРСУ
(THE GRADUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A SECURITY COMMUNITY – ON THE WAY FROM VENUS TO MARS)
- Author(s):Duško Lopandić
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Law, Constitution, Jurisprudence, Constitutional Law, International Law, Governance, EU-Accession / EU-DEvelopment, EU-Legislation, Geopolitics
- Page Range:257-272
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:European Union; European Security and Defence Policy; Permanent Structured Cooperation; PESCO
- Summary/Abstract:The text examines the progress of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) over the last decades in the context of building the EU as a security community. The question is raised whether and to what extent the EU has already become a security community. The elements of building this community are pointed out, including the provision on mutual military support from the Lisbon Treaty, the development of various foreign and security policy instruments, as well as the concrete military action of the EU in international affairs, such as peacekeeping missions and the like. The basic EU institutions in the field of ESDP are presented and the main steps in building the ESDP to date are outlined. The paper points out the limitations in building the ESDP, which relate to NATO's role as the main defence backbone in transatlantic relations and in the military strategies of most EU member states. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the "Permanent Structured Cooperation" (PESCO) as a new form of defence cooperation. It is pointed out that the "Permanent Structured Cooperation" was created after years of anticipation ("sleeping beauty"), immediately after Brexit, as a way to demonstrate the vitality of the EU. Most EU member states participate in this cooperation, not just those that are most militarily prepared. In conclusion, it is emphasized that, regardless of the undoubted development of the ESDP, the establishment of a security community remains a long-term EU goal, not an immediate reality.
ЕВРОПСКЕ ЖАНДАРМЕРИЈСКЕ СНАГЕ: САВРЕМЕНИ ОБЛИК ПОЛИЦИЈСКЕ САРАДЊЕ И ДЕЛОВАЊА
ЕВРОПСКЕ ЖАНДАРМЕРИЈСКЕ СНАГЕ: САВРЕМЕНИ ОБЛИК ПОЛИЦИЈСКЕ САРАДЊЕ И ДЕЛОВАЊА
(EUROPEAN GENDARMERIE FORCE: A MODERN FORM OF POLICE COOPERATION AND ACTIONS)
- Author(s):Aleksandar Jazić, Obrad M. Stevanović
- Language:Serbian
- Subject(s):Civil Society, Governance, Public Administration, Security and defense, Penal Policy
- Page Range:273-286
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:global problems; conflicts; crises; police; European Gendarmerie Force; European Union; international cooperation; international organizations
- Summary/Abstract:A significant factor in the implementation of the security policy of the European Union (EU) is the European Gendarmerie Force. The treaty under which these forces were established has special legal significance. Global threats affecting the EU are forcing it to become more involved in their resolution. The European Gendarmerie Force is very important for the EU because it has integrated civilian and military capacities. This is one of the key requirements for successful participation in resolving current global problems. Within the European Gendarmerie Force, full membership is currently reserved only for gendarmerie forces from EU countries. Gendarmerie forces from other countries may have partner or observer status. The European Gendarmerie Force is one of the EU's "hard power" tools. This kind of power allows the EU to be visible in various conflicts and crises around the world. This visibility implies concrete EU actions on the ground. In certain missions, which are very complex, the EU has already started to engage the European Gendarmerie Force, so it can be assumed that these forces will increasingly be engaged around the world. Through the European Gendarmerie Force, the EU demonstrates its strength and asserts itself as a global actor in resolving conflicts and crises.
