Hrvatska u Srednjoj Europi. Kulturni transferi između dvaju svjetskih ratova. Zbornik u spomen Julija Benešića
Croatia in Central Europe: Cultural Transfers Between Two World Wars: Works Dedicated to the Memory of Julije Benešić
Contributor(s): Patrycjusz Pająk (Editor), Maciej Falski (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Language and Literature Studies, Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
Published by: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Keywords: Croatia; Central Europe; interwar period (1918–1939); Julije Benešić
Summary/Abstract: Julije Benešić (1883–1957) was a Croatian writer, essayist, translator and, in the interwar period, a cultural activist and emissary of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Poland, where he, among other activities, he taught the first Croatian language course at the University of Warsaw. To this day he remains the most prolific translator of Polish literature into Croatian. The papers comprising this volume are based on presentations given at a conference commemorating Benešić, but are not mere reminiscences. They put the life and work of Benešić, as well as his entire generation, in the perspective of the cultural exchange taking place in Central Europe since the times of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The aim of the articles presented in the monograph is to analyse the changes in cultural and social practices that occurred in the area after 1918. No culture exists in a vacuum, and in the case of the polycentric states of interwar Central Europe the question about directions of cultural transfers seems crucial.
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-6415-7
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-235-6407-2
- Page Count: 222
- Publication Year: 2024
- Language: Croatian
Predgovor
Predgovor
(Foreword)
- Author(s):Tomislav Vidošević
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):History, Language and Literature Studies, Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:7-8
- No. of Pages:2
- Keywords:Croatia; Central Europe; interwar period 1918–1939; Julije Benešić
- Summary/Abstract:Julije Benešić (1883–1957) was a Croatian writer, essayist, translator and, in the interwar period, a cultural activist and emissary of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Poland, where he, among other activities, he taught the first Croatian language course at the University of Warsaw. To this day he remains the most prolific translator of Polish literature into Croatian. The papers comprising this volume are based on presentations given at a conference commemorating Benešić, but are not mere reminiscences. They put the life and work of Benešić, as well as his entire generation, in the perspective of the cultural exchange taking place in Central Europe since the times of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The aim of the articles presented in the monograph is to analyse the changes in cultural and social practices that occurred in the area after 1918. No culture exists in a vacuum, and in the case of the polycentric states of interwar Central Europe the question about directions of cultural transfers seems crucial.
Hrvatska i kulturni transferi u posthabsburško doba. Uvod u problematiku
Hrvatska i kulturni transferi u posthabsburško doba. Uvod u problematiku
(Croatia and Cultural Transfers in the Post-Habsburg Periods. An Outline of the Problem)
- Author(s):Maciej Falski
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:9-18
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:cultural transfers; Austria-Hungary; social practices; interwar period
- Summary/Abstract:The text problematizes the category of cultural transfers as a concept that is relevant for describing the dynamics of the social process. Especially for the multi-ethnic states, like the Habsburg Monarchy or the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, concepts related to the reality of a national state are not relevant. The category of cultural transfers helps, thus, to understand changes in the cultural field after the collapse of the Austria-Hungary. The paper focuses on the question of how the change of activities of various actors in the literary or linguistic field answers the problem of the shift of power from the old centres to the new ones. A new interpretative model is proposed, alongside with the introduction to the collective publication.
Julije Benešić i njegovi kritičari. Prilog kritičkoj bibliografiji
Julije Benešić i njegovi kritičari. Prilog kritičkoj bibliografiji
(Julije Benešić and His Critics: a Contribution to a Critical Bibliography)
- Author(s):Tea Rogić Musa
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:21-37
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Julije Benešić; Croatian literary criticism; interwar period; Croatian-Polish literary connections; literary reception
- Summary/Abstract:Based on the extensive research of subject catalogs about people from the interwar period (in the Miroslav Krleža Lexicographic Institute and the National and University Library in Zagreb), this paper presents a selection from criticism of the works and public activities of Julije Benešić before the First World War and in the interwar period. A double contribution is expected from the work: primarily the reception of Benešić’s work in the native culture, which was fraught with controversies and contradictions in the interwar period, and a contribution to the analysis of Croatian interwar criticism, both literary and theatrical and directly ideological, as extremely heterogeneous and in later literary-historical treatment unevenly commented and evaluated corpus of texts. The methodological assumptions follow the principles established by Stanko Lasić in his approach to the analysis of the reception of Benešić’s companion, Miroslav Krleža − the analysis of critical reception differs from the analysis of a literary text in the narrower sense and has specific limitations, which, first of all, arise from the fact that a huge body of material must be examined and studied (by looking at the individual units, we decided that this analysis should be limited to selected contributions). First, the explication of the material implies an overview of the material and its conscientious description; secondly, Benešić’s biography is not the goal but the starting point of this work; thirdly, a valid approach, which implies a density of bibliographic units with a logical selection, requires a high level of information about the topic in order to approach the material critically; and finally, it is necessary to know the circumstances and protagonists of the interwar literary and public life in detail in order to contextualize the articles in the periodical. In a series of contributions that, from today’s point of view, give credible testimony about Benešić, all of them are nevertheless witnesses of time and convincing evidence that understanding temporality is an essential step in literary-historical work. Stepping into the theory of the history of literature, we start from the deduction that an explicative synthesis is preceded by a careful insight into the material, from which, however, it is necessary to keep a distance to finally offer a literary-historical conclusion. Since there already exists in recent times in Croatian and Polish culture a series of articles and debates that establish a solid diachrony of the reception of literature about Benešić (therefore not his works directly), a return to early criticism and echo in contemporary times when Benešić was in the middle of his most active years, we keep with a permanently relevant approach in the research of a personality that, with its public and literary biography, is a metonymy of the literary life not only of Croatia but also of the Central European interwar period.
Suradnja Julija Benešića i Vojeslava Molèa u međuratnom i poslijeratnom razdoblju (1928.–1957.)
Suradnja Julija Benešića i Vojeslava Molèa u međuratnom i poslijeratnom razdoblju (1928.–1957.)
(Cooperation of Julije Benešić and Vojeslav Molè in the Interwar and Postwar Periods (1928–1957))
- Author(s):Josip Jagodar
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:39-59
- No. of Pages:21
- Keywords:Julije Benešić; Vojeslav Molè; Poland; Croatian/Slovenian-Polish relations; 1928–1957
- Summary/Abstract:Julija Benešić is one of the most significant people from the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, who worked on connecting and promoting Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian and Montenegrin literature, art, culture, and science in Poland, especially in period 1930–1938. In many papers and books, his significance has been addressed in a rich translation, editorial, linguistic, literary, scientific, and other work, especially in the promotions of Polish culture in Croatia and Croatian culture in Poland, but there are no works or books which deals with its significance for Slovenes and cooperation with Slovenes who lived or worked in Poland. For this reason, in this paper, on the basis of available literature and archival material, especially correspondence from the legacy of Julius Benešić, which is kept in the Archives of the Department of History of Croatian Literature, the Institute of History of Croatian Literature, Theatre and Music, HAZU, seek to present private and business relations between Julije Benešić and Slovenian Vojeslav Molè and their cooperation in terms of Croatian and Slovenian literature and science, art and promotion in Poland.
Pisma Julija Benešića Czesławu Jastrzębiec-Kozłowskom. Uvod
Pisma Julija Benešića Czesławu Jastrzębiec-Kozłowskom. Uvod
(The Letters of Julije Benešić to Czesław Jastrzębiec-Kozłowski)
- Author(s):Anita Gostomska
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:61-72
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Julije Benešić; Czesław Jastrzębiec-Kozłowski; correspondence; Croatian-Polish cultural contacts; translation; Yugoslav Library
- Summary/Abstract:This article presents the collection of letters written in Polish by Julije Benešić to Czesław Jastrzębiec-Kozłowski in the period from 1930 to 1949. Although the correspondence stored in Poland remains incomplete, its value should be highly recognised because, as a subject of detailed research, it provides the opportunity to get to know Benešić better and reminds us of the person of his friend and prominent translator, who, as a long-time collaborator of the “Yugoslav Library“ started in Warsaw, was the addressee of these letters.
"Šešir" Oktavijana Miletića u svjetlu frojdizma
"Šešir" Oktavijana Miletića u svjetlu frojdizma
(Oktavijan Miletić’s "The Hat" in the Light of Freudianism)
- Author(s):Patrycjusz Pająk
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:75-91
- No. of Pages:17
- Keywords:Oktavijan Miletić; Croatian film; Sigmund Freud; psychoanalysis; fetishism
- Summary/Abstract:Oktavijan Miletić is the most famous Croatian film director of the interwar period. A breakthrough for his career, as well as for Croatian cinematography, was the short film "The Hat" from 1937. It is Miletić’s first professional feature film and the first Croatian sound film. It combines the features of a psychological drama and surreal film. The article proposes its psychoanalytic interpretation, based on Sigmund Freud’s views on the Oedipus complex, castration anxiety and fetishism. Such an interpretation allows us to consider "The Hat" as a film about the crisis of masculinity. Also, for this reason, it is a precursor for Croatian cinematography. The patriarchal tradition is an important topic in modern Croatian culture because of the significant role that patriarchal tradition plays in it.
Između Vuka i strukturalizma. Stjepan Ivšić prema starim i novim lingvističkim pristupima
Između Vuka i strukturalizma. Stjepan Ivšić prema starim i novim lingvističkim pristupima
(Between Vuk and Structuralism. Stjepan Ivšić’s Attitude towards Old and New Linguistic Approaches)
- Author(s):Janusz Szablewski
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:93-100
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Stjepan Ivšić; Neogrammarians; structuralism; dialectology; standard language; orthography
- Summary/Abstract:Stjepan Ivšić (1884–1962) was a Croatian linguist with a wide range of interests. He is internationally recognized for the discovery of the eponymous "Ivšić’s law" concerning Slavic accentuation, whereas in Croatia he is remembered as the editor of the journal “Hrvatski jezik”, who resisted both the language unitarism enforced by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the attempts to introduce etymological spelling in the Banovina of Croatia. As a scholar whose work was hampered by historical events, Ivšić studied accentology, dialectology, historical and comparative grammar, as well as orthography. Thanks to the numerous scholarly interests, he was exposed to various methodologies and schools of thought in Yugoslav and European linguistics. His teacher was Tomo Maretić, a Neogrammarian and Vukovian. Ivšić’s accentological work was informed by the achievements of European linguists, such as Ferdinand de Saussure and Antoine Meillet. He was also acquainted with the structuralist Prague and Kazan Schools. Other than that, he would frequently appeal to Vuk’s authority in his papers on standard language and orthography. Despite all of these inspirations and influences, Ivšić cannot be viewed as a representative of any of the above-mentioned schools of thought. This paper presents Ivšić’s attitude towards Vukovian principles and existing methodologies in Croatian and Yugoslav linguistics at the time, as well as towards structuralism, based on his work from the interwar period, especially his understanding of dialectology, standard language, and orthography.
Ogledi o jugoslavenstvu i Srednjoj Europi u očima umjetnika – homo politicusa. Memoari Ivana Meštrovića "Uspomene na političke ljude i događaje"
Ogledi o jugoslavenstvu i Srednjoj Europi u očima umjetnika – homo politicusa. Memoari Ivana Meštrovića "Uspomene na političke ljude i događaje"
(The Image of Yugoslavism and Central Europe through the Eyes of a Homo Politicus Artist. Ivan Meštrović's Memoirs: "Uspomene na političke ljude i dogaᵭaje")
- Author(s):Ewa Szperlik
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:101-118
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Ivan Meštrović; memoir; autobiographical prose; Yugoslavism; Central Europe
- Summary/Abstract:The paper analyses the memoirs of Ivan Meštrović, a prominent Croatian sculptor and politician (a member of the Yugoslav Committee). The memoirs were written in exile (Buenos Aires 1961) and are an account of the turbulent events in Europe in the first half of the 20th century. The work has been poorly researched and is dominated by autobiographical discourse, the position of the narrator (a participant in events) and a subjective view of the past. Meštrović presents the past events and the so-called great history (the First World War, the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy and the fall of tsarist Russia, design of nation-states) from a personal, often intimate perspective, allowing readers to interpret the past in the key of geopoetics, auto/bio/geo/graphy (E. Rybicka), interactions between the literary text and the geographical space, emotive topography (fatherland, exile). Adhering to the rules of the autobiographical pact (Ph. Lejeune), the memoir (as a subgenre of autobiographical writing) becomes a source of historical knowledge and testimony about the era.
"U agoniji": zagrebačka građanska elita između održavanja tradicije i prihvaćanja novih obrazaca
"U agoniji": zagrebačka građanska elita između održavanja tradicije i prihvaćanja novih obrazaca
("In Agony": Zagreb’s Civic Elite between Maintaining Tradition and Acceptance of New Forms)
- Author(s):Boris Senker
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:119-136
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:Miroslav Krleža; Zagreb; Croatian drama; élite; Kingdom SHS
- Summary/Abstract:Krleža’s prose-drama cycle, completed at the turn of the twenties and thirties of the last century, is a kind of “unfinished saga” in which the author, opening and only partially closing several narrative sequences, thematizes the changes in the personal and public life of members of the Croatian middle class, represented in the fictional world of the “agrammer patrician family” Glembay and people from their closest circle, caused by the collapse of the Central European Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its traditional value system and the establishment of a South Slavic state, the Kingdom of SHS, with a different value system. In the central text of the cycle, the psychological drama In Agony, published and premiered in 1928 and expanded in 1958, which takes place in the first years of the interwar period, two male characters embody two possible existential choices: Baron and Colonel Lenbach, loyalty to the past and the defeated regime, persistence in tradition and, consequently, on maintaining the “form” that it prescribes, even at the cost of renouncing biological life, and the lawyer and politician Ivan Križovec who adapts to the present and the new regime, renounces the past and accepts changes and participates in the constitution of a new regime and a new system of values, even at the cost of renouncing one’s former identity and spiritual life. The central female character, Laura, Lenbach’s legal wife and general’s daughter, who is, at the same time, in a sentimental relationship with Križovec, proves the impossibility of “double loyalty” to the past and the present, the impossibility of continuing to live in a changed world while maintaining the system of values and identities shaped by tradition.
Srednja Europa u odabranim putopisima Miroslava Krleže
Srednja Europa u odabranim putopisima Miroslava Krleže
(Central Europe in Selected Travelogues of Miroslav Krleža)
- Author(s):Antonina Kurtok
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:137-151
- No. of Pages:15
- Keywords:Krleža; travelogues; Central Europe; Mitteleuropa
- Summary/Abstract:The article is an attempt to present the image of – organically close to Miroslav Krleža – Central Europe drawn in selected travelogues of the great Croatian writer. The starting point and at the same time the literary framework of the analysis are Krleža’s descriptions and impressions after visiting several cities – Vienna, Berlin, Dresden – recorded in the texts created in the interwar period: "Bečke impresije, U Drezdenu" ("Mister Vu San-Pej zanima se za srpsko-hrvatsko pitanje") and "Berlinske impresije". A characteristic of Krleža’s travel discourse is a combination of memoirs, topography, description of everyday life and circumstances, but also artistic impressions, whereby the emphasis is always on the subject’s experiences. Thanks to this, it is possible to consider his travelogues from several perspectives. Through a close reading of the selected travelogues in a geopoetic key and through the prism of a few frequent features of the writer’s creativity, we will aim to present Krleža’s description of the Central European area and the author’s vision and experience of that area. Travelogues will thus be viewed as a narrative form of existential experience, the experience of a place and its testimony, a multi-sensory, complex experience of a place and a place of memory. We will also check in which way and to what extent Krleža’s world of ideas (an immanent part of his writing) is outlined in the author’s travelogues.
Jedinstvenost i različitost. Bilješke o književnom jeziku (1918–1941)
Jedinstvenost i različitost. Bilješke o književnom jeziku (1918–1941)
(Unity and Diversity. Notes on Standard Language (1918–1941))
- Author(s):Krešimir Mićanović
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:155-173
- No. of Pages:19
- Keywords:standard language; literary unity; variants; recensions; Serbo-Croato-Slovene; Serbo-Croatian standard language; Croatian and Serbian standard languages
- Summary/Abstract:The paper analyses contributions to the debate on standard language published in the period between the end of the First World War and early 1941. Even though the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes sanctioned “Serbo-Croato-Slovene” as the official language, the prevailing attitude, not only among the philologists, was that the Slovenes have a standard language of their own, whereas the Croats and the Serbs share a common one. In the name of national unity, the champions of Serbo-Croat “literary unity” incessantly propagated linguistic unification, i.e. instituting a single standard usage, thereby implicitly admitting that differences in standard language are of more significance than they allowed. In the papers under analysis, lexical differences between Croatian and Serbian usage were taken as confirming the completion of the process of differentiation, i.e. the existence of two recensions/two standard languages (Bošković), as well as being identified as variants of a standard language (Đorđić), while a younger generation of Croatian linguists (Krstić, Guberina) aimed not only to list but also to elaborate the differences between the two standard languages – Croatian and Serbian. The polemics and discussions from the late 1930s through the very beginning of 1940s established two diametrically opposed positions. On the first view, there is a single standard language shared by Croats and Serbs, and the differences that nevertheless exist are to be removed by unified usage; and on the other, there are two standard languages, Croatian and Serbian. The discussions of the unity of standard language were renewed in the Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, and in conclusion it is indicated that that the debate between Croatian and Serbian linguists on single standard language was resolved by both sides acquiescing to the view that there are variants in standard language, which was a viable compromise.
Promjena granica 1918. i hrvatska arhitektura – novi centri, novi uzori, novi stilovi
Promjena granica 1918. i hrvatska arhitektura – novi centri, novi uzori, novi stilovi
(Change of Borders in 1918 and Croatian Architecture: New Centres, New Models, New Styles)
- Author(s):Dragan Damjanović
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:175-202
- No. of Pages:28
- Keywords:Kingdom of Serbs; Croats and Slovenes; architecture; art-déco; neo-historicism; expressionism; Czech cubism; Zagreb; Split; Sušak; Osijek
- Summary/Abstract:The disintegration of Austria-Hungary marked the end of not only political but also cultural and economic ties that existed for centuries on the territory of the Danube Monarchy. The break was reflected in the field of architecture as well, which can be particularly clearly seen in the change in the place where Croatian architects were educated. Until 1918, the main place architects were educated was Vienna, primarily the Technische Hochschule and/or the Academy of Fine Arts. Less often, even though Croatia was part of the eastern, Hungarian part of the Monarchy, Croatian architects went to Budapest to study, primarily because of the language barrier. Alternately, a limited few sought instruction in other Central European universities situated in Prague, Karlsruhe, Munich, and beyond. After 1918 and the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, not a single important Croatian architect will be educated in Budapest, and Vienna also becomes less and less important as a place of education (it retains a certain reputation only in the 1920s). On the other hand, key new cultural centres of interwar Europe are gaining increasing importance: Berlin, Dresden, Prague and sometimes Paris. The change in the place of education also leads to a strengthening of the influence on Croatian architecture from Germany, Czechoslovakia, and France. Expert architectural magazines, monographic publications and architectural exhibitions from these areas are becoming a key dissemination channel, along with the place of education. The change in the state framework had a strong impact on the dissemination of ideas with other areas within Yugoslavia too. There is a strong influence of Ljubljana, where one of Europe’s most important architects of the first half of the 20th century, Jože Plečnik, works, and Belgrade, due to the role of this city as the political centre of the country. Since Zagreb was the most important economic, cultural, and educational centre in the country immediately after the foundation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Zagreb’s architectural scene had a stronger influence on Belgrade’s than Belgrade’s on Zagreb’s. Thanks to the establishment of the Technical High School in Zagreb in 1919, many future architects, not only from Croatia but also from other parts of Yugoslavia, completed their studies there, making this city an important place for the dissemination of new trends in architecture in the rest of the new country. Finally, in contrast to the situation in Belgrade, Russian architects who immigrated to Yugoslavia had only a minor influence on events in Croatian architecture. The aim of this paper is to show how the change of borders in 1918 was reflected in the architecture of Zagreb. The general characteristics of Croatian architecture of that period, its stylistic diversity and main protagonists are presented, as well as how the influence of the state and local authorities was reflected in the architectural production. Events in the field of architecture are contextualized with the broader political and social situation.
Revolucijska imaginacija 1918. Hrvatsko hrvanje s europskim kontekstom
Revolucijska imaginacija 1918. Hrvatsko hrvanje s europskim kontekstom
(Revolutionary Imagination of the Year 1918 – Croatian Struggle with the European Contexts)
- Author(s):Ewa Wróblewska-Trochimiuk
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:203-216
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:revolution; revolutionary imagination; 1918; Croatia; protest
- Summary/Abstract:A few days after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, a bloody confrontation took place in the main square of Zagreb. The first force was a rebel group of soldiers dissatisfied with the political changes and the second, that clashed with protesters, were the security forces of the new state. These events can be found in history books as “December victims”. Croatian historiography could undoubtedly emphasize the social background of the protest and portray the “December victims” within the broader European context: the general social unrest that began to spread across Europe in 1918 or as an echo of the October Revolution, the flames of which, at that time, had not yet burned out. Nevertheless, this historical event was, first of all, recorded with an emphasis on the national tone and to this day it strengthens the Croatian national discourse. Regardless of whether the mentioned events had the character of a revolution or not, the article emphasizes the importance of revolutionary imagination as a prerequisite for changes and revolutions.
Kazalo imena
Kazalo imena
(Index of names)
- Author(s):Patrycjusz Pająk, Maciej Falski
- Language:Croatian
- Subject(s):History, Language and Literature Studies, Cultural history, Studies of Literature, Croatian Literature, Polish Literature
- Page Range:217-221
- No. of Pages:5
- Keywords:Croatia; Central Europe; interwar period 1918–1939; Julije Benešić
- Summary/Abstract:Julije Benešić (1883–1957) was a Croatian writer, essayist, translator and, in the interwar period, a cultural activist and emissary of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Poland, where he, among other activities, he taught the first Croatian language course at the University of Warsaw. To this day he remains the most prolific translator of Polish literature into Croatian. The papers comprising this volume are based on presentations given at a conference commemorating Benešić, but are not mere reminiscences. They put the life and work of Benešić, as well as his entire generation, in the perspective of the cultural exchange taking place in Central Europe since the times of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The aim of the articles presented in the monograph is to analyse the changes in cultural and social practices that occurred in the area after 1918. No culture exists in a vacuum, and in the case of the polycentric states of interwar Central Europe the question about directions of cultural transfers seems crucial.
