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Fates, Fronts, Ideas. Studies for the Centenary of the First World War Cover Image

Sorsok, frontok, eszmék. Tanulmányok az első világháború 100. évfordulójára
Fates, Fronts, Ideas. Studies for the Centenary of the First World War

Contributor(s): István Majoros (Editor), Gábor Antal (Editor), Péter Hevő (Editor), Anita M. Madarász (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Cultural history, Diplomatic history, Economic history, History of ideas, Political history, Social history, Gender history, Recent History (1900 till today), Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
Published by: Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, Új-és Jelenkori Egyetemes Történeti Tanszék
Keywords: War; conflicts; Postcards; Great Powers; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; Serbia; Sarajevo;
Summary/Abstract: Eötvös Loránd University has taken a conference of two-days for the Centenary of the First World War in 2014 (8-9 May). This book contains the texts of this conference, 53 studies.

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-963-284-582-1
  • Page Count: 786
  • Publication Year: 2015
  • Language: English, French, German, Spanish, Hungarian
Kollektív és családi emlékezet

Kollektív és családi emlékezet
(Collective and Family Memory)

  • Author(s):Tamás Dezső
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Local History / Microhistory, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:11-16
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Great War; 20th Train-Band Infantry Regiment; Nagykanizsa; Brusilow offensive; losses of the Faculty of Humanities; Eötvös Loránd University; Budapest; national remembrance; community remembrance;family
  • Summary/Abstract:The memory of the Great War is made up of three levels: national memory (the Hungarian tradition of remembrance), the community level (to commemorate the victims of smaller comunities), and the family level (to remember the losses of family members). The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost 1.1 billion lives, the Faculty of Humanities of Eötvös Loránd University lost 141 lecturers and an unknown number of students, who lost their lives on various fronts of the Great War. Almost all of the Hungarian families were affected by losses of lives. My great-grandfather was reported to his family as missing in action on the 20th of September, 1916 on the last day of the Brusilow offensive on the Russian front.The Great War, the last of the classical wars, a two dimensional war caused terrible losses not only in human lives (mainly of soldiers), but changed the world – irreversibly: two totalitarian ideologies (red and black) was born on its ruins, only to ’consume’ further tens of billions of lives during the IInd World War.
Európa százéves háborúja

Európa százéves háborúja
(Europe’s Hundred-year War)

  • Author(s):Ferenc Glatz
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Comparative history, Diplomatic history, Economic history, History of ideas, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Transformation Period (1990 - 2010), Present Times (2010 - today)
  • Page Range:17-41
  • No. of Pages:25
  • Keywords:Europe’s hundred-year war; European nation-states; New Europe; Cold War; European Union; world order; world governance; Industrial (Scientific) Revolution;
  • Summary/Abstract:As to my personal project plan for the coming six years on the issue of present concern, I shall in the following present my hypothesis––a hypothesis which is about to take shape, while I am looking up for a moment from behind the heaps of books taken from my bookshelf. The reason why I shall submit my hypothesis at this stage is that I hope that you might prompt me––by expressing your appreciation or doubts to what you read––to advancing new perspectives and new ideas.
Az első világháború keletkezése új megközelítésben

Az első világháború keletkezése új megközelítésben
(The Causes of the First World War in a New Approach)

  • Author(s):Richard John Evans
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Comparative history, Diplomatic history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:43-49
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:World War I; historiography; diplomacy; Austria-Hungary; Luigi Albertini; Fritz Fischer; Sarajevo;
  • Summary/Abstract:The centenary year 2014 yielded a huge number of books on the causes of World War I, ranging from broad panoramas of the preceding decades to detailed investigation of international relations in the weeks after Sarajevo. This contribution draws briefly on some of the more rigorous and ambitious of the new English-language work, to set it in the context of existing historiography on the subject. It finds current analysis to have reverted to many of the conclusions drawn by those assessing the issues during the 1920s and 1930s, which culminated in the magisterial treatment by Luigi Albertini. Structuralist interpretations, and the thesis of well-nigh exclusive German war guilt, associated most famously with the writings of Fritz Fischer, have given way again to a stress on the personal and all-round responsibility of those who determined the foreign-policy decision-making of the great powers in mid-1914. This is especially clear in reappraisal of the key role of Austria-Hungary in that process.
Europe’s Fraternal War

Europe’s Fraternal War
(Europe’s Fraternal War)

  • Author(s):Mária Schmidt
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Comparative history, Diplomatic history, Economic history, Political history, Social history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:51-56
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:World War I; Central Powers; Entente Powers; Versailles Peace Conference; Treaties of Paris;
  • Summary/Abstract:At the beginning of the 20th century, the arms race was already underway, and conflicts were gradually reduced to either-or questions. Either the German Empire would be successful in tipping the European balance of power and thus challenging British dominance, or the Triple Entente would succeed in pushing back German expansionist efforts. It was only a matter of time as to who would brave the first move
Tisza István és az első világháborúhoz vezető válság

Tisza István és az első világháborúhoz vezető válság
(István Tisza and the Crisis leading to the First World War)

  • Author(s):Zoltán Maruzsa
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Military history, Political history, Social history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:57-67
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:István Tisza; 1914 july crisis; war crime; Austro-Hungarian Empire; Sarajevo; First World War;
  • Summary/Abstract:The aim of the essay is the examination of the decisions which led to the breaking out of the WWI, and clearing of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and especially Hungary’s wartime role. The analysis amplifies the events’ background, the Hungarian projections of the geopolitical situation with the help of the Prime Minister István Tisza and his political perspective. The essay shows the wartime situation by the historical literature, the delivered speeches in the Hungarian national assembly and the obtainable correspondences. The article draws a distinction between wartime responsibility and wartime crime while holds responsible for the whole European political elite because of the breaking out of the cataclysm.
A háború gazdasági hatásai Közép-Európában

A háború gazdasági hatásai Közép-Európában
(Economic Effects of the War in Central Europe)

  • Author(s):Ferenc Szávai
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Economic history, Political history, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
  • Page Range:69-84
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:government asset; inflation; disintegration; expropriation; economic self-sufficiency; Treaty of Trianon; Hungary; Austria;
  • Summary/Abstract:The First World War brought total economic exhaustion to the Central-European region. It caused problems in the workforce, and finances. Together with inflation, it emerged in the form of a serious government debt. The agricultural balance of the world was lost, as well as the system of financial gold standard. In this the Central-European region, the typical form of existence was the economy of self-supply, and the policy of seclusion. After the dissolution of this great economic unity, the national assets became the possession of the former member states of the Monarchy, however, in numerous cases it gave grounds for quarrels and complaints. This study focuses on the cases of options, pension provisions and old korona accounts.
„Zeigen der Flagge.” II. Vilmos három hadihajója és Heinrich von Hohenzollern főherceg missziója 1914 tavaszán és nyarán Brazíliában, Uruguayban, Argentínában és Chilében

„Zeigen der Flagge.” II. Vilmos három hadihajója és Heinrich von Hohenzollern főherceg missziója 1914 tavaszán és nyarán Brazíliában, Uruguayban, Argentínában és Chilében
(„Zeigen der Flagge.” Three Warships of Wilhelm II and the Misson of Grand Duke Heinrich von Hohenzollern in Spring and Summer 1914 in Brazilia, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile)

  • Author(s):Ferenc Fischer
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:85-103
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Keywords:German Navy; special mission 1914; South-America; Wilhelm II; Heinrich von Hohenzollern;
  • Summary/Abstract:On the 15th of November 1913, Wilhelm II gave order to the two brand new and strongest dreadnought type warships of the German Navy, the SMS Kaiser, the flagship of the emperor, the SMS König Albert and the SMS Strassburg cruisers to navigate from the North Sea to visit the West-African German colonies, and to demonstrate the strength of the German Navy on South-American waters, visiting Brazilian, Argentinian, Uruguayan, and Chilean harbours. In the meantime, the same South-American countries were visited by Heinrich von Hohenzollern and his wife. Against the background of a very tense international atmosphere, the so-called „Detaschierte Division” was placed, during its special mission of 25.000 nautical miles and 6 months, under the command of the emperor himself. The most important aims set by the twofold special mission were to test the warship’s maximal war capacities and abilities with a view to preparing for war („Kriegsfall”); „war advertisment” to make the South-American Navies purchase German warships; to strengthen the German orientation of Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay while reducing the influence of the USA, Great-Britain and France in these countries; to strengthen the loyalty of German colonies towards the fatherland in remote countries. The German warships returned to Kiel on the 17th of June 1914. The paper is based on primary sources explored in German archives and marked as „secret” („Geheim”).
„C’est la paix!” A Sixtus-levelek és Károly császár különbéke-kezdeményezése 1916-17-ben

„C’est la paix!” A Sixtus-levelek és Károly császár különbéke-kezdeményezése 1916-17-ben
(„C’est la paix!” The Letters of Sixtus and the Initiation of a Separate Peace by the Emperor of Karl I of Austria in 1916-1917)

  • Author(s):Tibor Frank
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:105-113
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:World War I; separate peace; German-Austro-Hungarian relations in World War I; the Entente; Emperor Karl (Charles) I of Austria; Empress Zita (Princess Bourbon-Parma); Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Emperor Karl I of Austria (King Károly IV of Hungary) is remembered today in Hungary mostly for his staunch attempts at a forced retake of his Hungarian kingdom in 1921 which proved to be an abysmal failure. The Emperor, however, initiated a separate peace treaty with the Entente powers right after inheriting the throne from the Emperor Franz Joseph on November 21, 1916. His endeavour to lead Austria-Hungary out of the war was an important political decision, based on a sincere vision of world peace. The peace effort was carried out almost exclusively by the Emperor’s family, first and foremost by his brother-in-law Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma. Executed in utmost secrecy, the peace plan involved the Empress Zita and her immediate family, as well as Count Tamás Erdődy, a childhood friend of the Emperor. The plan failed for a number of domestic and international reasons, but the Emperor deserves credit for his separate peace project of 1916-1917 which could have saved the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, innumerable lives and, eventually, avert the peace treaties of St. Germain-en-Laye and Trianon. Partly for his peace efforts, the Emperor was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2004
A béke utolsó hónapja a Monarchia Magyarországán (1914. június 28.-1914. július 28.)

A béke utolsó hónapja a Monarchia Magyarországán (1914. június 28.-1914. július 28.)
(The Last Month of the Peace in Hungary of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (28 June 1914 - 28 July 1914))

  • Author(s):András Gerő
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Economic history, History of ideas, Political history, Social history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:115-129
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:peace; war; Hungarian nationalism; István Tisza; national interest;
  • Summary/Abstract:The analysis is based on sixty newspapers and journals of the given period. It wants to show the political and everyday life of people in the last month of the peace after the assasination of Franz Ferdinand and before the declaration on war. The essay also wants to show the changing standpoint of Hungarian political elite concerning the outbreak of the war, and the cultural background of Hungarian nationalism.
Az osztrák-magyar haderő magyar származású tábornokai és a Nagy Háború

Az osztrák-magyar haderő magyar származású tábornokai és a Nagy Háború
(The Hungarian Generals of The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Great War)

  • Author(s):Tibor Balla
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Ethnohistory, Military history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:133-146
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; Great War; Hungarian generals; career paths;
  • Summary/Abstract:Act Names of the 1.200 active and reactivated Austro-Hungarian generals can be found in almost all works discussing the events of the Great War. In the first part of the paper regular features of this corps of Austro-Hungarian generals are analysed.
A Kettős- és Hármasszövetség katonapolitikai együttműködése és szerepe az első világháború kirobbanásában

A Kettős- és Hármasszövetség katonapolitikai együttműködése és szerepe az első világháború kirobbanásában
(Politico-Military Cooperation and Role of the Dual and Triple Alliance in the Outbreak of the First World War)

  • Author(s):András Kocsis
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:147-166
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Keywords:Triple Alliance; Triple Entente; military agreements; military plans; preventive war; Sarajevo; declaration of war; Austro-Hungarian army;
  • Summary/Abstract:This study wants to give proof of the close connection between army policy and the questions of authority leading to the outbreak of World War I. How did the Austro-Hungarian Empire start the war? How well -prepared for war was the army of the Monarchy in 1914? How did the military preparedness affect the length of the war? What caused the neglect of the Austro-Hungarian army before the Great War? Did the High Command of the Austro-Hungarian Army have any choice between supporting the war or rejecting the conflict?
Egy tábornagy bukása – Gondolatok Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf vezérkari főnök 1917. évi leváltásáról

Egy tábornagy bukása – Gondolatok Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf vezérkari főnök 1917. évi leváltásáról
(Fall of a Field-Marshal - Thoughts about the Removal of the Chief of Staff, Conrad von Hötzendorf in 1917)

  • Author(s):Dávid Ádám Ligeti
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:167-180
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf; chief of staff; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; Arthur Arz; Charles I;
  • Summary/Abstract:In this lecture, I would like to summarize the circumstances of the fall of the Austro-Hungarian chief of staff, Field-Marshal Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf in 1917. Conrad (1852–1925) was chief of staff from 1906 to 1911, and then again from 1912 to 1917. He was the longest serving chief of staff on either side during the war. His memoirs and records are an obvious, if poorly known source of the Great War. Although he managed to stay in the army, and remained a remarkable commander until the summer of 1918, Conrad’s career was doomed to failure from the point he was removed from his position as chief of staff. His successor, Arthur Arz, could not replace Conrad, but Arz’s personality was more suitable for Emperor Charles I, who wanted to make peace as soon as possible. I am looking for the answers to the following questions: Which events caused the end of his carrier? Why did Emperor Charles choose to remove Conrad?
A navalizmus és az osztrák-magyar haditengerészet felkészülése a Nagy Háborúra

A navalizmus és az osztrák-magyar haditengerészet felkészülése a Nagy Háborúra
(Navalism and the Preparation of the Austro-Hungarian Navy to the Great War)

  • Author(s):Mihály Krámli
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:181-194
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Austro-Hungarian Navy; navalism; Mediterranean; dreadnought; Triple Alliance Naval Convention;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Anglo-German naval arms race of early 20th century was one of the causes of First World War. There were also naval buildups in many other counties, so this period was described as the age of navalism. The intense naval buildup begun in 1904 in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which culminated in the dreadnought-programme of 1911-1914. The budget of the Austro-Hungarian Navy was quadrupled in this period. The Triple Alliance Naval Convention of 1913 calculated with joint Austro-Hungarian-Italian operations against the French fleet, but after the outbreak of the war the declaration of neutrality of Italy rendered the Convention a piece of paper.
A tengerről a sivatagba: Az Emden cirkáló Hellmuth von Mücke emlékiratai alapján

A tengerről a sivatagba: Az Emden cirkáló Hellmuth von Mücke emlékiratai alapján
(From the Sea to the Desert: the Cruiser Emden on the base of Helmuth von Mücke's Memories)

  • Author(s):Gábor Antal
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:195-202
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:World War I; Emden; Hellmuth von Mücke; Karl von Müller; cruiser; Germany;
  • Summary/Abstract:Light cruiser Emden was a unit of the German Imperial Navy’s East Asian Squadron at the outbreak of the World War I. Although she left her post in China with Admiral Spee’s other ships, she was soon separated from her fellow ships, and started hunting alone against the commercial vessels of the Allied forces. From August to November 1914, she carried out military campaigns against allied war ships, as well as against the ports of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. When sunk, some members of the crew under the leadership of first officer, Lieutenant Hellmuth von Mücke were taking part in an action on land so they survived the destruction of their ship. The shipwrecked German mariners finally, after an epic journey, came back to their home countries through the Arabian desert. Emden was the most active German cruiser during the World War I. With this document The author presents this unique result of combat activites.
Összedőlt a menetrend…. Magyar vasutak a Nagy Háború első évében

Összedőlt a menetrend…. Magyar vasutak a Nagy Háború első évében
(The Timetable collapsed ... Hungarian Railways in the First Year of the Great War)

  • Author(s):János Majdán
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Economic history, Military history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:203-214
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:military train; of military importance; Galicia; Serbia; frontiers;
  • Summary/Abstract:In Europe and Hungary the soldiers first got on the trains during the revolutionary waves of 1848-1849. The military headquarters deliberately put up the railway-systems in service of moving the military corps from the second half of the 19th century. The Austrian-Hungarian military commanders prepared for a war against Russia and Serbia, but separately. Railways transported soldiers both to southern and eastern directions when the Great War broke out on the summer of 1914. The civilian schedule of railways collapsed, the military trains were treated first everywhere. Enormous amounts of munitions, thousands of soldiers and horses were transported to the frontiers by the MÁV (Hungarian National Railways) in the first year of the Great War. On the north-eastern and southern parts – as signed on the map – meagre civilian traffic was conducted for six months.Keywords: military train, of military importance, Galicia, Serbia, frontiers.
Az első balkáni háború idején Magyarországra menekült török katonák

Az első balkáni háború idején Magyarországra menekült török katonák
(Turkish Refugee Soldiers to Hungary during the First Balkan War)

  • Author(s):Melek Çolak
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:215-225
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:1st Balkan War; Turkish soldiers; internment; Hungary; Ottoman State;
  • Summary/Abstract:During the 1st World War, in order not to be taken war prisoners by Serbs and Montenegrins, a group of Turkish soldiers took shelter in Austrian-Hungarian lands. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy settled these soldiers in garrisons in the cities in the inner parts of the Empire such as Ungvár, Znaim, Miskolc, Lőcse, Kaposvár. Lives of these soldiers in Hungary were closely watched by Hungarian media. Local media frequently issued news about these soldiers. In the presents study, the lives of the Turkish soldiers are revealed with the analysis of Hungarian Military History Archive (Magyar Hadtörténelmi Levéltár), Hungarian National Archive (Magyar Országos Levéltár), documents of contemporary Hungarian media and some other Hungarian sources. The current study presents a small sample of Turko - Hungarian relations before the 1st World War.
Elkerülhetetlen volt-e a háború, avagy kik voltak a Nagy háború felelősei?

Elkerülhetetlen volt-e a háború, avagy kik voltak a Nagy háború felelősei?
(Was the war Inevitable or else Who were Responsible for Breaking out of the War?)

  • Author(s):Csaba Surányi
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Military history, Political history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:227-243
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:Sarajevo; Mlada Bosna; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Serbia; Habsburgs; the Great Powers;
  • Summary/Abstract:By the summer of nineteen-hundred-fourteen, the political, military situation and the public opinion was mature for the war. When the war broke out, its purposes were not at all clear, the least the end result. The Great War had redrawn the map of Europe, rewrote its political order and had established new states. Europe has lost its role as leader of the world as a result of the word war started as a regional conflict. The great powers were unable to recognize that the war was the worst possible scenario, it was a disaster. Was the war inevitable? Why did it break out and why just then? Who were responsible for breaking out of the war? What were the goals of the rulers, governments and influential groups? Who were the real decision makers? Could the newly found interrelated facts significantly alter the judgment of events and key actors? Which are those questions that we still find controversial? We are looking for the answer to these questions in this essay. For presenting the regional background of the events, we have in large part used literature and sources published in the 2010s in Serbian language while striving to present the differing Serb views.
The Levantine Press of Istanbul and the Outbreak of the Great War (1914)

The Levantine Press of Istanbul and the Outbreak of the Great War (1914)
(The Levantine Press of Istanbul and the Outbreak of the Great War (1914))

  • Author(s):Ateş Uslu
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Diplomatic history, Economic history, Military history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:245-255
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Public opinion; Ottoman Empire; Levantine community; history of press; social history;
  • Summary/Abstract:The mid-nineteenth century was a period of intense reforms in the Ottoman Empire in a variety of sectors including public administration, law, and education. The French connection played an important role in the development of the period’s reformist ideas. The French presence in Ottoman civil society was also striking from the 1850s on. The present paper aims at analyzing the public opinion in the Ottoman Empire in 1914, at the moment of the outbreak of the Great War, as reflected in the French-language press of Istanbul. The first part presents a general panorama of the period preceding the outbreak of the war. The second part covers the political comments published in the French-language newspapers of Istanbul during the crisis of summer 1914 and in the weeks following the declarations of war.
Der Erste Weltkrieg in der modernen deutschen und russischen Geschichtsschreibung

Der Erste Weltkrieg in der modernen deutschen und russischen Geschichtsschreibung
(Modern German and Russian Historiography about the First World War)

  • Author(s):Nikolay Baranov
  • Language:German
  • Subject(s):Comparative history, Diplomatic history, Economic history, Military history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Between Berlin Congress and WW I
  • Page Range:257-263
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:World War I; historiography; Germany; Russia; political history; history from „below”; everyday life; anthropological history;
  • Summary/Abstract:The author gives a comparative analysis of the positions and prospects of the main problems in the history of World War I in the contemporary historiography of Germany and Russia (in the last 20 years). The author concludes that not only do German historians focus on historical events but also mentality in the context of contemporary research approaches: anthropological history, the history of everyday life, history from „below”, the history of experiences (emotions) and suffering, history of violence and imprisonment. In Russian historiography as mainstream remains to study on World War I in the context of the political, military, diplomatic, and social history.
Spanyolország az első világháborúban. A semlegesség dilemmái

Spanyolország az első világháborúban. A semlegesség dilemmái
(Spain in the First World War. The Dilemma of the Neutrality)

  • Author(s):Mária Pallagi
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:265-282
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:Spanish neutrality; Ballhausplatz ; Madrid; duke Karl Emil Fürstenberg; Spanish expansion; „visions” in the WWI; Álvaro de Figueroa y Torres; count of Romanones; Eduardo Dato; Vásquez de Mella;
  • Summary/Abstract:I examine the Spanish neutralism during the WWI. Primarily I show the question of Spain’s role between 1914-1918 in the aspects of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy’s diplomats in Madrid and I examine the reports of the ambassador duke Karl Emil Fürstenberg. I try to find the answer: why was Spain, and the maintenance of Spanish neutralism important in the rivalry of the Great Powers and I show the division of the Spanish political elite and society in the question of the attitude towards war, while I emphasize the elements of the arguments, expectations and hopes of the two sympathizer camps towards the great powers. In my essay I prove the dilemmas of Alfonz XIII in connection with the neutralism as well.
A magyar nemzeti érdekek első világháború alatti érvényesítésének lehetőségei és vaskos korlátai

A magyar nemzeti érdekek első világháború alatti érvényesítésének lehetőségei és vaskos korlátai
(Possibilities and Limitations of the Hungarian National Interest during the First World War)

  • Author(s):Pál Pritz
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Comparative history, Diplomatic history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), Present Times (2010 - today)
  • Page Range:283-292
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Responsibility; István Tisza; Saint Stephen’s Hungary; the mainstream of Hungarian history; the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867; the civil democratic revolution of 1918;
  • Summary/Abstract:István Tisza, along with most of the Hungarian political elite was well aware that the country would inevitably suffer damage in the war. In case of a victory, it would have to put up with even more foreign nationals, and upon defeat the empire would fall apart.After a lost war, Saint Stephen’s Hungary was inevitably doomed. However, fate could have been somewhat less tragic. For the subsequent events, the state of the civil democratic revolution of 1918 can partly be held accountable. But the main responsibility lies with István Tisza’s Hungary, and the government in power from August 1919.
Bécs? Prága? Budapest? A szlovák nemzeti mozgalom útkeresései az 1910-es években

Bécs? Prága? Budapest? A szlovák nemzeti mozgalom útkeresései az 1910-es években
(Vienna? Prague? Budapest? The Quests of the Slovakian National Movement in 1910s)

  • Author(s):Zsolt Vesztróczy
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Ethnohistory, History of ideas, Political history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:293-306
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Slovak national movement; Nationality Law; autonomy; Hungarian government; Czech-Slovak cooperation;
  • Summary/Abstract:In the 1910’s the Slovak national movement had a double political program. The first level of this was the realization of the Nationality Law of 1868/XLIV. The second was the achievement of the autonomy for the compact Slovak language area in Upper Hungary. The Slovak national movement was too week to reach these goals all by itself, so they had to look for allies. They had four possibilities. The first was making alliance with other parties in the Hungarian parliament or besides it. The second was entering into connections with the crown prince, Franz Ferdinand who intended to federalise the Empire and give autonomy to ethnic groups within the Monarchy. The third was the Czech-Slovak cooperation, because the Czech regarded them as a brother nation. The fourth was to make pact with the Hungarian government to get some preferences by virtue of the Nationality Law of 1868/XLIV. Until the World War I the last the Hungarian government meant the real alternative, from 1915 the Czech-Slovak cooperation.
A trianoni békediktátum aláírói az első világháborúban

A trianoni békediktátum aláírói az első világháborúban
(Signatories of the Peace Dictate of Trianon in the First World War)

  • Author(s):László Tamás Vizi
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Political history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:307-324
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:Hungarian signatories; Trianon peace dictate; Benárd Ágost; Drasche-Lázár Alfréd; Eastern Front; military deeds; military enterprises; awards; Military Survey Committee; the press subcommittee;
  • Summary/Abstract:Few people know that the Hungarian government representatives, who acted as signatories at the Trianon peace dictate in the Grand Trianon palace of Versailles, had covered other roles as well during the Great War. Dr. Benárd Ágost (Welfare and Labor minister in 1920) as an army physician regiment colonel, served fifty month of front line service. and according to the medals received during the war, together with the military log of the Hungarian Royal 31st (Veszprém) Foot Regiment testify that he fought all the war years honorably and decently. His military deeds and his war letters to his son bring the war to a tangible closenes
Geopolitikai változások Európában a Nagy Háború után – Németország javára

Geopolitikai változások Európában a Nagy Háború után – Németország javára
(Geopolitical Changes in Europe after the Great War in favor of Germany)

  • Author(s):Gábor Székely
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Geopolitics
  • Page Range:325-338
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:War; geopolitics; the changing of the geopolitical position; Germany; Europe;
  • Summary/Abstract:Germany lost the Great War, but its geopolitical position was strengthened. The great powers such as Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire disappeared from its country boundaries, and France was seriously weakened. Germany still had the highest economic potential of continental Europe. What Germany had to solve was the financing of the economy, which was hindered by Brand’s increase of public debt from the pre-war 5 billion to 147 billion as well as by the reparation payments. The former was largely eliminated by the super-inflation in 1923 while the latter was solved by the end of the 1920s through the help of the Dawes- and Young-plans. The reason for the collapse of the Weimar Republic was not the economic crisis, but the incorrect management of the political crisis in 1939-1932. This incorrect management shaped the President's governments from 1930, whose failure led to Adolf Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor.
Az első világháború következményei a kelet-közép-európai kisállamok geopolitikai sorsában

Az első világháború következményei a kelet-közép-európai kisállamok geopolitikai sorsában
(Consequences of the First World War for the Geopolitical Fate of the Small Countries in Eastern Central Europe)

  • Author(s):Imre Garaczi
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Comparative history, History of ideas, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Post-War period (1950 - 1989), Present Times (2010 - today), Geopolitics
  • Page Range:339-351
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:the concept of Eastern Central Europe; geopolitics; World War I; globalisation; types of nationalism; mentalitie;
  • Summary/Abstract:From the beginning of the 19th century, the newly emerging nationalistic sentiments characteristically took the guise of some ideology (other than nationalism). People belonging to small ethnic groups felt their authentic national existence threatened by the frequent recurrence of dynastic hegemonies on the one hand, and the interests of neighbouring nations on the other. At the same time, nationalism provided fuel for courage to face the future and possibly build a more fortunate and more modern society. Nationalistic sentiments were in the beginning tied to various other ideologies but from the start of the 20th century they became ideologies in their own right. This phenomenon continued to exist in Eastern Europe after World War II, even under Soviet dominance. In my paper I examine mental factors in the region and their effects on the situation that emerged throughout the 20th century.
Gustav Stresemann und seine Ostpolitik

Gustav Stresemann und seine Ostpolitik
(Gustav Stresemann and his Eastern Policy)

  • Author(s):Péter Hevő
  • Language:German
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
  • Page Range:353-368
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Locarno Treaties; Weimar Republic; Gustav Stresemann; Ostpolitik; German foreign policy; Versailles system;
  • Summary/Abstract:Gustav Stresemann’s achievements regarding the reconciliation between Germany and the Entente are well-known (for example the Locarno Treaties, Germany’s admission to the League of Nations, the evacuation of the allied troops from the Rhineland). But as long as Germany officially recognized the new – post-World-War I – western borders, the eastern borders were not guaranteed by a general agreement. The paper analyses the so-called „Ostpolitik” of the German Foreign Minister until his unexpected death in 1929. The study comes to the conclusion that at the end of the 1920’s the chance of a peaceful change in the East was significantly reduced, which is one reason why the Wilhelmstrasse refused to proceed with this prudent policy.
La Gran Guerra Europea y la independencia de Finlandia

La Gran Guerra Europea y la independencia de Finlandia
(Great War and Finland's Independence)

  • Author(s):Petri Minkkinen
  • Language:Spanish
  • Subject(s):Political history, 18th Century, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:369-386
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Keywords:Great War; Russian revolutions; Finland; Brest-Litovsk;
  • Summary/Abstract:This article analyzes how the Great European War or the First Eurocentric Civil War and the Russian revolutions affected the process of Finland’s Independence of 1917. In the beginning the historical context of the Independence, its roots derived from the position of Finland as an autonomous Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire, the internal Finnish Independence related events as well as its interconnections with the Russian revolutions and the Great War of 1914-1918 are discussed. This article gives special emphasis to the analysis of how the three phases of the Brest-Litovsk peace process affected the Finnish independence process, from the Finnish point of view through the main official actors.
Az első világháború és a fajvédelem

Az első világháború és a fajvédelem
(First World War and the Racism)

  • Author(s):József Vonyó
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):History of ideas, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
  • Page Range:389-401
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:racisme; First World War; antisemitism; social thought; antiliberalism; strong central power; Gyula Gömbös; Endre Zsilinszky; Miklós Kozma;
  • Summary/Abstract:In the years after the First World War the racist group with the leadership of Gyula Gömbös played an important role in the Hungarian public life. The leaders of this group served as officers on the fronts and in the general staff of the army of the Austro – Hungarian Monarchy. The war experiences and other impacts influenced well their political programs and theories after 1919. This study presents the development of their policy program on the basis of the writings of Gyula Gömbös, Endre Zsilinszky and Miklós Kozma.
Impérialisme, idéologies et opinions publiques dans les origines de la Grande Guerre (années 1890-1914)

Impérialisme, idéologies et opinions publiques dans les origines de la Grande Guerre (années 1890-1914)
(Imperialism, Ideology, Public Opinion in the Origin of the Great War (1890s - 1914))

  • Author(s):Julien Papp
  • Language:French
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Financial Markets
  • Page Range:403-430
  • No. of Pages:28
  • Keywords:impérialism; finance capital; crises in Marocco; Balkan Wars; nationalism; public opinion; press;
  • Summary/Abstract:This study presents the role of the export of capital in the creation of the systems of alliance at the end of the 19th century. The author examines the case of Marocco, Russia and the Ottoman Empire. Then the study deals with the French diplomatical relations in Belgium, with the Balkan wars and the role of the press before the First World War.
Expanzió, önreflexió s annak hiánya az orosz politikában Szarajevótól a Herceg-szigetekig (1914 – 1919)

Expanzió, önreflexió s annak hiánya az orosz politikában Szarajevótól a Herceg-szigetekig (1914 – 1919)
(Expansion, Self-reflexion and its lack in the Russion Politics from Sarajevo to Prince Islands)

  • Author(s):Géza Gecse
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:431-443
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:Prince Islands; Russian foreign policy; Pan-Slavism; Expansionism; Soviet; Versailles; Brest-Litovsk; Constantinople;
  • Summary/Abstract:Russian expansionism in Europe during World War I - despite the temporary victories - by the end of 1916 concluded to an occasional and by the spring of 1918 a decisive defeat. Nicholas II was the first who was willing to take steps towards peace that led to the fiasco of Tsarism.
Háborús gyűlölet andante és allegro. A hivatalos irodalom, a katolikus egyházhoz közeli irodalmi lapok és a háború Magyarországon (1914-1916)

Háborús gyűlölet andante és allegro. A hivatalos irodalom, a katolikus egyházhoz közeli irodalmi lapok és a háború Magyarországon (1914-1916)
(War Hatred andante and allegro. The Officiel Litterature, the Periodicals close to the Catholic Church and the War in Hungary (1914-1916))

  • Author(s):Eszter Balázs
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, History of ideas, Political history, Social history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:445-460
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:WWI and culture; WWI and literature; WWI and intellectuals; WWI and cult of Shakespeare in Hungary; ideas of 1914 in Hungary;
  • Summary/Abstract:As for European intellectuals, war gave way to a new field of experiences for Hungarian writers, scholars as well as for artists. Writers close to the inner circles of the power and those of the Catholic Church committed to take part energetically in the war efforts of their country from the first moment. Some characteristic topics were popular among them such as the „ideas of 1914” or the strategic use of Shakespeare. However, writers close to power were less radical in the hatred of the enemy than those of the catholic periodicals who included also verbal abuse and anti-semitism.
Az elköteleződés határai. Kosztolányi Dezső szellemi mobilizációjának háttere

Az elköteleződés határai. Kosztolányi Dezső szellemi mobilizációjának háttere
(The Limits of the Commitments. The Background of the Intellectual Mobilization of Dezső Kosztolányi)

  • Author(s):Eszter Edina Molnár
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, History of ideas, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:461-473
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:enthusiasm; intellectual mobilization; private life; personal sacrifice; Dezső Kosztolányi; Géza Csáth; Világ;
  • Summary/Abstract:Can we talk about war enthusiasm when people only enthuse in public, but not in their private lives? Based on the hypothesis of this present study, by the involvement of certain private documents, the manners and signs of private devotion will be recognizable. Through these explicit manifestations and the attitudes towards their personal sacrifices, the extent of their devotion can be clearly measured. This research is based on the depth, nature and motivations of a possible variant of the intellectuals’ devotion: beyond Dezső Kosztolányi’s public revelations, I am studying the attitude of his private opinion, while using one of his cousins, Géza Csáth as a control person. Over and above, I also discuss a daily newspaper’s (called Világ) changes in attitudes towards the world war.
A nagy háború gondolata a dualizmus kori utópisztikus és sci-fi irodalomban

A nagy háború gondolata a dualizmus kori utópisztikus és sci-fi irodalomban
(The Idea of the Great War in the Science-fiction and Utopien Litterature of the Dualism)

  • Author(s):Miklós Veres
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Comparative history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:475-486
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:science-fiction; utopian lirerature; invasion literature; future wars;
  • Summary/Abstract:The modern Hungarian science-fiction and utopian literature was born and attained its majority after the Compromise of 1867. The novel of Mór Jókai, A jövő század regénye [The Novel of the Next Century] (1872-1874) was the first of Hungarian utopian novels to present a modern technicised war, which transforms both Hungary and the world. The followers of Jókai (Pál Privigyey, Gyula Farkas) share the same views; the great wars of the future are fought with the help of technical and scientific discoveries. After the turn of the century, in the shade of the forming federal systems, the writers placed the break out of the war in tangible proximity instead of the distant future. (Maritimus: Nagy Háború, [Great War] 1909; Ábel Barabás: A jövő évtized regénye, [The Novel of the Next Decade] 1910). In my study besides the analytical introduction of the war-time future depiction of the texts I show how they fit into the international „invasion” literature, which became popular with the novel of George Tomkyns Chesney entitled Battle of Dorking (1871) and which was fulfilled with The War of the Worlds by (1898) H. G. Wells.
Témaválasztások az első világháború alatti magyar nyelvű könyvkiadásban

Témaválasztások az első világháború alatti magyar nyelvű könyvkiadásban
(Topics in the Hungarian Book Publishing during the First World War)

  • Author(s):Zoltán Oszkár Szőts
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, History of ideas, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:487-499
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:hinterland; Hungary; book publishing; National Széchényi Library; First World War Collection; homefront; everyday life;
  • Summary/Abstract:The political and military history of the First World War is well examined by historians, but researchers usually pay less attention to the matters of the homefront. This is problematic, because the war between 1914 and 1918 made an impact in all aspects of life. Book publishing was not an exception. The military activity and the difficulties of the heartland were discussed by the released books. This study wants to introduce the main directions and trends in Hungarian book publishing and present the former First World War Collection of the National Széchényi Library.
„Figyeljetek és jól átkozzatok" - A Galilei Kör „antimilitarista" tevékenysége az első világháború alatt (1914-1918)

„Figyeljetek és jól átkozzatok" - A Galilei Kör „antimilitarista" tevékenysége az első világháború alatt (1914-1918)
("Listen and Curse me Good!" Atimilitarist Activity of the Gallilei Circle during the First World War (1914-1918))

  • Author(s):Péter Csunderlik
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, History of ideas, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:501-513
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:Galilei Circle; antimilitarism; free-thinker; ateism; Ilona Duchynska; Tivadar Sugár; Endre Ady; Oszkár Jászi;
  • Summary/Abstract:The study presents the activity of the Galilei Circle duringt the First World War. The circle was a student association created in 1908. It was a radical left answer to the National Christian provocations in the framework of the Kulturkampf in the Hungarian universities. During the Great War the circle organized antimilitarist demonstrations, the activists took conferences. In March 1919 the Galilei Circl ceased to existe as organisation, but the activists took part in the short lived Hungarian Soviet Republic.
Tisza István a magyarságról, a Monarchiáról és a háborúról

Tisza István a magyarságról, a Monarchiáról és a háborúról
(István Tisza about the Hungarians, the Monarchy and the War)

  • Author(s):László Tőkéczki
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Diplomatic history, History of ideas, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:515-520
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:value-conservative; national liberal; historical homeland; historical realism; practical politics; world-historical mission; rule of law; Hungarian imperialism; national independence;
  • Summary/Abstract:The main political objective of István Tisza was to protect the integrity of historical Hungary at all costs: this was the underlying reason for sustaining the dualist system and the relationship with the Habsburgs. He believed that the situation dictated by the balance of powers exposed the Hungarians to grave danger, thus he maintained order with a firm hand, though by rule of law. He tried to curb the excesses of Hungarian nationalism („Hungarian imperialism”). He regarded contemporary world politics as struggle for regional dominion. Though he was a pro-German politician, in my view he rejected German dominance over Central Europe. As a devoted Christian, he considered the war a disaster.
Charles de Gaulle és az I. világháború - Hatások és következmények

Charles de Gaulle és az I. világháború - Hatások és következmények
(Charles de Gaulle and the First World War - Effects and Countereffects)

  • Author(s):Zoltán Garadnai
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:521-535
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:Verdun; Charles de Gaulle; The First World War; The Great War; Philippe Pétain; Dinant; France; Germany;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Great War changed a whole generation's lives. Due to his intellectual capacities and his moral conviction De Gaulle could solve his trauma of war, and during the two and a half years of his captivity he had enough time to „write out” his psychological wounds by self-training and self-education. At the same time he searched the possibilities for escaping from his military prison. The First World War remained as reference in his studies and determined his political decisions as well. In this study we can get to know a highly sensitive and introverted man.
Charles de Gaulle à la Grande guerre

Charles de Gaulle à la Grande guerre
(Charles de Gaulle in the Great War)

  • Author(s):Géza M. Szebeni
  • Language:French
  • Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:537-550
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:de Gaulle; Great War; Clemenceau; Arras; Verdun; trench;
  • Summary/Abstract:Amongst the great leaders of the 20th century, de Gaulle was perhaps the only one who served as an active frontline officer during the Great War. His diary and military papers of the days and months were published as „Carnets, notes et lettres”. They offer a meticulous and dry recital describing in its very detail what life was like in the first lines of battles, from the perspective of trenches. He lived through the whole experience as a real professional who did not care about the many atrocities of war, but considered his role as that of someone who had a duty, and different problems that needed to be solved in an efficient manner.
Lloyd George és az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia

Lloyd George és az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia
(Lloyd George and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy)

  • Author(s):Gergely Egedy
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:551-564
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:War Memoirs; Sixtus mission; secret negotiations; separate peace; Smuts-Mensdorff talks; the fate of the Monarchy;
  • Summary/Abstract:The author focuses his attention in this study on the role Lloyd George played in shaping the relation between Britain and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1917-1918. The article highlights the repeated attempts of the British Prime Minister to conclude a separate peace with the Dual Monarchy after Emperor Karl initiated a peace offensive in early 1917. The author relies primarily on the War Memoirs of Lloyd George and analyses the Sixtus-mission from a British point of view. The study also covers the secret Smuts-Mensdorff talks in December 1917.
Az I. világháború története a társadalmi nemek szerint

Az I. világháború története a társadalmi nemek szerint
(History of the First World War by Genders)

  • Author(s):Andrea Pető
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Political history, Gender history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939), Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
  • Page Range:567-575
  • No. of Pages:9
  • Keywords:gender history; feminist movement; politics of forgetting; feminist geneologies; pacifist movement;
  • Summary/Abstract:In the Open Forum on legacy of WWI of The European Journal of Women’s Studies Joanne Nagel claimed that no matter that major changes happened in women’s position in the society the basic structure of patriarchal militarism remained the same. The chapter after analsying the different frameworks of gendering the history of the Great War explores a case study to uncover the different forms of silencing of women’s contribution to history of Hungary.
„Mit ér a szavazati jog, ha elvész az ország ahol szavazhatunk?” A brit nők és a munka világa, 1914-1918

„Mit ér a szavazati jog, ha elvész az ország ahol szavazhatunk?” A brit nők és a munka világa, 1914-1918
("What good is the right to vote, if it is lost in the country where you vote for?"British Women and the World of the Work, 1914-1918)

  • Author(s):Anita M. Madarász
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Political history, Social history, Gender history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:577-590
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:NUWSS; WSPU; Home Front; DORA; manpower shortage; compulsory military service; wartime woman worker; job opportunities for women; economic hardship; electoral inequality;
  • Summary/Abstract:From the beginning of the call for the first petition in 1866 until 1914 the lesser or greater groups were unable presenting considerable results. The government regarded the potential consequences – sometimes mentioned extremely ridiculous exceptions - and the members declined the suffrage for women until 1918. The breaking out of the First World War (or Great War) and the events of the four years following it contributed the fact that changing in the women’s social role and their political role should occur: the roles were changed, there was a need for the women and their work. It was necessary to say thanks to them for their vague work made in the course of four years and their voluntary willingnesses to make sacrifice somehow. So, the government granted the franchise, the opportunity that the women should be allowed to interfere in the establishment of the country’s politics among other things.
Miként befolyásolta a nők magyarországi helyzetét az első világháború?

Miként befolyásolta a nők magyarországi helyzetét az első világháború?
(How did the First World War influence the situation of the Hungarian Women?)

  • Author(s):Balázs Sipos
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Political history, Social history, Gender history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
  • Page Range:591-606
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:emancipation of women; women’s rights; new women hybridities; right wing feminism; Christian national frames;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Hungarian society was modernized after 1867 as a consequence of the economical prosperity and the liberal political atmosphere. The first period of the emancipation of women started in the same decades of the 19th century. The process of this emancipation became powerful during the Great War because of the mobilization of the whole society when the women replaced the men on the home front. In the short period of the bourgeois republic of 1918 the women could enjoy civic and political rights from the right to vote to the right to study at all faculties in the same conditions as men. First the so called Christian and national counterrevolutionary political regime gave voting right to women in 1919 too but it restricted the opportunities of women’s education in the next year and also restricted the female voting right in 1922. Despite of those facts the fight for emancipation of women was continued by right wing and/or conservative female societies and hybrid types of women: they promoted the Christian and national regime on the one hand and wanted to got the same or similar rights as men on the other hand. So we can call them right wing feminists. And it needs to be mentioned the bourgeois feminists who changed their vocabulary and used the right wing and national frames in the political communication.
Az I. világháború és a Kelet

Az I. világháború és a Kelet
(The First World War and the East)

  • Author(s):András Balogh
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919), Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
  • Page Range:609-631
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Keywords:China; Egypt; India; Near East; Iran; Ottoman Empire; the May Fourth Movement; open doors; Sun Yat-sen; Chiang Kai-sek; Mao Zedong; Kemal pasha; Gandhi; Sykes-Picot; Montagu-Chelmsford reforms;
  • Summary/Abstract:The study presents the changes in China, India, and in the Middle East during and after the First World War. The author examines the effects of the Great War, the role of the peace treaties in these regions of the world and presents the anticolonialism, the efforts of these countries to be independent.
Az európai nagy háború hatása a brazíliai társadalmi mozgalmakra (1917-1920)

Az európai nagy háború hatása a brazíliai társadalmi mozgalmakra (1917-1920)
(The Impact of the Great War on the Social Movements in Brazil (1917-1920))

  • Author(s):Ágnes Judit Szilágyi
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Economic history, Political history, Social history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:633-643
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Brazil; First World War; strike; trade-union; syndicalism; social movements;
  • Summary/Abstract:Brazil did not enter into the First World War until October, 1917. But as for most of the Latin American societies - especially in the cities - the most urgent problems caused by the war: rising prices, significant increases in the cost of living, unemployment. In July, 1917 a general strike paralyzed the city of São Paulo and workers in Rio de Janeiro city and is federal states Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Maranhão, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí, Sergipe and Paraná joined in solidarity, organised by the Brazilian revolutionary syndicalist movement. This article examines and characterizes the waves of trade-union militancy guided by two different ideologies: anarcho-syndicalism (directly linked to immigration from Spain, Italy and Portugal) in contrast with the reformist 'yellow' unions.
Az első világháború Európán kívüli hadszínterei – az első lövésektől az utolsókig

Az első világháború Európán kívüli hadszínterei – az első lövésektől az utolsókig
(Theatres of War of the First Word War outside Europe - from the First Shot to the Last)

  • Author(s):Gábor Búr
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:645-654
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:Colonial competition; "white men's war"; sea blockade; German wireless stations overseas; "native" soldiers; Schutztruppe; askaris; stab-in-the-back myth; League of Nations mandate territories;
  • Summary/Abstract:The First World War was a predominantly European war, military actions outside Europe played only subordinate role. However they were plans to move the war out of the deadlock in faraway places like Asia, Africa, the Pacific or the high seas. This article does not deals with the Ottoman front sin Asia but focuses on the German pocessions in the Far East and Africa. Because of geopolitical conditions Germany was cut from it’s colonies from the very moment of the outbreak of the war. This is why Germany insisted that any military conflict should be a „white men’s war”. The Entente forces were interested to cut all German military communication lines in the first days of the war, to eliminate all potential threat and to award allies and first of all themselves with newly conquered territories of Ottoman Turkey and Germany
„Búr és Brit-is(h)”. A Maritz lázadás (1914‒1915). Egy majdnem polgárháború a Nagy Háborúban

„Búr és Brit-is(h)”. A Maritz lázadás (1914‒1915). Egy majdnem polgárháború a Nagy Háborúban
("Boer and Brit -ish" . Maritz Rebellión (1914-1915). An almost Civil War in the Great War)

  • Author(s):Gábor Szabó-Zsoldos
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Ethnohistory, Military history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:655-669
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:Afrikaner nationalists; Austria-Hungary; Boer; Boer War; Cristiaan de Wet; Jan Christiaan Smuts; Koos de la Rey; Louis Botha; Maritz Rebellion; South Africa;
  • Summary/Abstract:South Africa ten years after the Boer War was still a divided country. The end of the war and the establishment of the Union in 1910 emerged barriers between the political and military elite of the Afrikaners. Mainly this polarisation (ruling party – Afrikaner nationalists) and the social tension culminated in northern part of the former Orange Free State and west Transvaal led to the Maritz Rebellion. Although the governmental troops led by Prime Minister Louis Botha defeated easily the rebels, the political consequences of the Rebellion meant more difficulties for the ruling party than the fight. Present study deals with different aspects of the Maritz Rebellion as well as the way how the contemporary Hungarian public opinion interpreted that conflict.
A brit közel-keleti politika dilemmái (1914–1915)

A brit közel-keleti politika dilemmái (1914–1915)
(Dilemma of the British Policy in Near East (1914-1915))

  • Author(s):Péter Ákos Ferwagner
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Military history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:671-682
  • No. of Pages:12
  • Keywords:Britain; Middle East; Allies’ interests; self-determination; Ottoman Empire; Indian viceroyalty; sharif of Mecca; principle of the territorial integrity;
  • Summary/Abstract:During the first phase of the World War I Britain made desperate efforts to defend its own oriental interests. The applied methods moved on a wide scale including the diplomatic and military means. However, it was no clear at all among the British decision makers, what kind of strategy should be followed.
Portugália az első világháborúban

Portugália az első világháborúban
(Portrugal in the First Word War)

  • Author(s):István Szilágyi
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Political history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:683-698
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:World War I; Portuguese Republic; colonial empire; Peace Treaty of Versailles;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Portuguese foreign affairs have had three major priorities for centuries.The first one was the priviliged inter-state contacts with Great Britain, the second one was constituted by the changing and ambiguos connection with Spain. The maintenance and the keeping up of the colonial system formed the third main tendency.
Az első világháború emlékezete a családi hagyományban

Az első világháború emlékezete a családi hagyományban
(The Memory of the First World War in the Family Tradition)

  • Author(s):László Kósa
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Military history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:701-713
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:First World War; family story; oral history; battlefield diary;
  • Summary/Abstract:A family may cherish some typical information about a soldier’s life, which otherwise would not have survived. A ticket-inspector, Dániel Zsengellér (1889–1979), a corporal in the 38th Infantry Regiment of the Austro–Hungarian Monarchy was seriously wounded in the war against Serbia on September 8th 1914. First it was presumed that he died but thanks to a series of lucky chance survived. The story of his survival, which he later told his family members several times, became a family legend. Even during the communist era, when the First World War had no official cult, the story was handed down by his descendants to the younger generations as a piece of oral history. The paper presents and analyzes the humble objects related to the story, which have also been kept – a battlefield diary, photographs, medals, rings, shells, military records.
Áldozatok a háború után: arzénnel mérgezett veteránok

Áldozatok a háború után: arzénnel mérgezett veteránok
(Victims after the War: Veterans poisoned by Arsenic)

  • Author(s):Mónika Mátay, Henrietta Trádler
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Social history, 19th Century, Interwar Period (1920 - 1939)
  • Page Range:715-731
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:Great war; Trianon; gender; midwife; mass murders; public opinion; press;
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper investigates aspects of the most notorious criminal scandal in interwar Hungary. In the Tiszazug area which is roughly one hundred miles from the capital, Budapest, inhabitants of two villages killed their relatives, mostly husbands, but also old parents and children by giving them poisoned food. The murders remained unnoticed by the authorities over two decades. Among the victims we can identify disabled men who returned from the war, but due to serious injuries were unable to work for the household. The authors examine individual stories of such soldiers and also the heated reation of the wider society.
A halál villamoson érkezett. Fővárosi hétköznapok a spanyolnátha árnyékában

A halál villamoson érkezett. Fővárosi hétköznapok a spanyolnátha árnyékában
(Death arrived by Tramway. Capital Everydays in the Shadow of the Spanish Flu)

  • Author(s):Eleonóra Géra
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Local History / Microhistory, Social history, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:733-752
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Keywords:Spanish flu; control; World War I; administration; Budapest; supply problems; hinterland; tramtransportation;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Spanish flu occurred in the summer of 1918 in Budapest. The protection against the disease was complicated by the fact that the viruses had not yet been known and the Spanish flu was not included in the law on notifiable diseases. Budapest city leaders acknowledged for the first time in September 1918 that there in an epidemic. The problem of introducing restrictive measures to contain the disease divided the city leadership. They wereafraid of the panic and the political uncertainty due to the lost war, and the power of the crowds. The necessary foodstuffs for everyday life, other articles, but also the essential drugs were difficult to obtain. Therefore, the measures to limit the tram transportation often led to crowd scenes, spontaneous demonstrations. This is how the tram became the symbol of the Spanish flu in the capitol.
Az első világháború járványtörténeti jellegzetességei az Orvosi Hetilap egykorú számai alapján

Az első világháború járványtörténeti jellegzetességei az Orvosi Hetilap egykorú számai alapján
(Epidemic History Features of the First World War on the Base of the Orvosi Hetilap (Medical Weekly Paper))

  • Author(s):Bence Péter Bozó
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:753-768
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:sanitary; news; studies; epidemics; acute; chronic; cholera; typhus; tuberculosis; venereal;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Medical Weekly Paper („Orvosi Hetilap”) has been a considerable journal about medicine since 1857 when it was founded by Lajos Markusovszky. The study of issues published under the First World War may open up new perspectives for historians. Articles between 1914 and 1918 can give us a lot of information about wartime weekdays from a sanitary viewpoint. The essay mainly focuses on news and treatises about epidemics which came up in almost every battlefield and hinterland in the war. They may divide into two groups in virtue of epidemiology: acute (cholera, typhus, petechial fever) and chronic (tuberculosis, some venereal diseases).
Képeslapok a frontról

Képeslapok a frontról
(Postcards from the Front)

  • Author(s):István Majoros
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Military history, Social history, 19th Century, Pre-WW I & WW I (1900 -1919)
  • Page Range:769-778
  • No. of Pages:10
  • Keywords:postcard; poilu; franchise; military control; public relations;
  • Summary/Abstract:The study presents in brief the history of the postcards in Europe. Then the author examines and analyzes the pictures, the official and private texts of the French postcards during the First World War. He tries to present the role of the postcards in manipulating of the soldiers and civils.
Szerzők

Szerzők
(The Authors)

  • Contributor(s):Author Not Specified (Editor)
  • Language:Hungarian
  • Subject(s):Editorial
  • Page Range:779-780
  • No. of Pages:2
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