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Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective Cover Image

Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective
Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective

Contributor(s): Latinka Perović (Editor), Drago Roksandić (Editor), Mitja Velikonja (Editor), Wolfgang Höpken (Editor), Florian Bieber (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Recent History (1900 till today)
Published by: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji

Series: Helsinki Committee Serbia (VARIA books)

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-7208-208-1
  • Page Count: 578
  • Publication Year: 2017
  • Language: English
Foreword (Drago Roksandić) and Introduction (Milivoj Bešlin and Srđan Milošević)

Foreword (Drago Roksandić) and Introduction (Milivoj Bešlin and Srđan Milošević)
(Foreword (Drago Roksandić) and Introduction (Milivoj Bešlin and Srđan Milošević))

  • Author(s):Drago Roksandić, Milivoj Bešlin, Srđan Milošević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:13-25
  • No. of Pages:13
PART I: MANIFOLD YUGOSLAVISMS - Yugoslavism before the Creation of Yugoslavia

PART I: MANIFOLD YUGOSLAVISMS - Yugoslavism before the Creation of Yugoslavia
(PART I: MANIFOLD YUGOSLAVISMS - Yugoslavism before the Creation of Yugoslavia)

  • Author(s):Drago Roksandić
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:29-61
  • No. of Pages:33
  • Summary/Abstract:Nations, understood primarily as a sovereign people, had in the “long 19th century”, already after the French Revolution of 1789, become historical subjects that had appropriated the experience of the national past, the national present and future, so that (Yugo) Slavism, too, originally a phenomenon of South Slavic interconnectedness, had conceptually changed its meanings dramatically in different national traditions. From that standpoint, (Yugo) Slavism cannot be an analytical concept, but nevertheless can be the subject of analysis, including in all its distinct, particular historical manifestations, meaning also as an ideologeme. Yugoslavism was essentially the only attempt among the South Slavs in mid-south-eastern Europe to use endogenic processes from “below” to go beyond the (sub) regional logic of survival at the periphery of imperial regimes, to secure a better future for all by constituting a multifaceted complex state union according to the measure of its own needs. However, such an ideal type of Yugoslavism never, in fact, existed. It could not have existed anyway, since the dynamics of interconnected changes “externally” and “internally” prevented all nations individually in their development in central and south-eastern Europe.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - The Bosniaks, the Croats and the Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina: their Experiences of Yugoslavia - In Permanent Gap

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - The Bosniaks, the Croats and the Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina: their Experiences of Yugoslavia - In Permanent Gap
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - The Bosniaks, the Croats and the Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina: their Experiences of Yugoslavia - In Permanent Gap)

  • Author(s):Husnija Kamberović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today), Identity of Collectives
  • Page Range:65-89
  • No. of Pages:26
  • Summary/Abstract:Now that integration into Europe is on the public agenda, the discourse in Bosnia-Herzegovina is tending to build up a narrative about Bosnia-Herzegovina that is not actually integrating but returning to Europe from which it was “torn away” when it joined the Yugoslav state in 1918. Similar narratives, characteristic of Croatia and Slovenia, may have found their way into Bosnia-Herzegovina too. Indeed, what happened to Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1918 up to 1992, and was it really “abducted” from Europe where, as part of the Habsburg Monarchy, it had spent the last decades of the 19th and first decades of the 20th century? Has Bosnia-Herzegovina returned to the Balkans since , where it had been up to 1878 and wherefrom, now in the early 21st century, it is trying to join Europe or – in line with this new narrative – is it once again “making a break” for it? What, in this sense, are Bosniak, Croat and Serb experiences of Yugoslavia and what memories of Yugoslavia are they building in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Montenegro and the Montenegrins in the Yugoslavia - Statehood loss and its renewal

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Montenegro and the Montenegrins in the Yugoslavia - Statehood loss and its renewal
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Montenegro and the Montenegrins in the Yugoslavia - Statehood loss and its renewal)

  • Author(s):Šerbo Rastoder
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:90-125
  • No. of Pages:36
  • Summary/Abstract:Montenegro, in the 20th century, is an example of “accelerated history” in which the dynamics of change and the complexity of historical occurrences accentuated the phenomenology of its history and its largely ideologically biased perception. In the the 20th century, Montenegro had been an independent state until 1918; an integral part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1943); one of the six socialist republics in socialist Yugoslavia (1943–1992); and a member state of the two-state Yugoslav federation (FRY) 1992–2006. At the referendum of May 21, 2006, Montenegro renewed ist statehood and once again became an agent in its own right in Balkan and European history. It looked as if Montenegro had “spent” an entire century running around in a circle looking for itself. Crucified between the myth of its own historical significance and its objective importance as measured by statistics and hard pragmatism, Montenegro had always strived to outdo itself. This is why, in the historical sense, it is a place of extremes and contradic-tions that are diffcult to reconcile. In that kingdom of illusions modern ideologies supplanted the old in an attempt to “bury” them, just as the “old”, for which many had thought they were al-ready only a part of historical archives, kept resurrecting themselves. In the 20th century the conflict between the traditional and patriarchal and the modern also determined the dramatic social changes that appeared on the surface to be the surrogates of different ideologies. In the 20th century, Montenegro had gone through four wars, two of them world wars. At the end of World War I it had lost its statehood, and at the end of World War II it had partially re-stored the attributes of statehood. At the end of the 20th century, in the break-up of Yugoslavia, Montenegrin society was confronted with a new historical challenge and with the re-emergence of old historical redundancies. Although it was not, as an independent political agent, a direct participant in the wars marking the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, the consequences of events of the last decade of the 20th century, excluding the fact that on its territory there were no direct hostilities, were equally as dramatic for Montenegrin society as the previous wars.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Croatia and Croats in Yugoslavia - Resistance to Centralism

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Croatia and Croats in Yugoslavia - Resistance to Centralism
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Croatia and Croats in Yugoslavia - Resistance to Centralism)

  • Author(s):Ivo Goldstein
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:126-162
  • No. of Pages:37
  • Summary/Abstract:Our Analysis will focus on the Croatian experience of Yugoslav history. The question that is usually asked, at the level of popular understanding of the past, is confined to the very simple dilemma of whether Yugoslavia was a good or bad solution for the Croatian people. It is clear that a simple or short answer does not exist. In both Yugoslavias, the “Croatian question” (although it was not so called after 1945), in other words, the question of the status of the Croatian lands and Croatian people was still relevant just like in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. The promotion of “Croatian interests” and “Yugoslavism” was not necessarily contradictory; rather, it consisted, or could consist, in some form of federal union.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Macedonia and Macedonians in Yugoslavia: in Search for Identity

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Macedonia and Macedonians in Yugoslavia: in Search for Identity
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Macedonia and Macedonians in Yugoslavia: in Search for Identity)

  • Author(s):Aleksandar Litovski
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today), Inter-Ethnic Relations, Ethnic Minorities Studies
  • Page Range:163-185
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Summary/Abstract:Macedonia was the most southerly region, i.e. republic (South Serbia, Vardar Banovina, Vardar Macedonia, the Democratic Federal Republic of Macedonia, the People’s Republic of Macedonia, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia) of the once kingdom or republic prefixed Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia linked a part of the Macedonian people and other Yugoslav peoples into a common state. In the period 1918–91, Macedonia’s territory of , 25,713 square kilometers was an integral part of Yugoslavia and its population ranged from 808,724, to 2,002.547 people (according to the censuses of 1921 and 2002 respectively). Characteristic of this region or republic throughout the Yugoslav era was its multi-ethnicity. According to statistics in the period of the Kingdom of SCS/Yugoslavia, the Macedonian ethnic community predominated in the corps of the Serbian ethnic community in Macedonia. Of all other ethnic communities, Turkish, Serbian, Bosniak, Aromanian, Roma, etc. the Albanian was the biggest.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Slovenia and Slovens in Yugoslavia: Reasons for Entering and Exiting

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Slovenia and Slovens in Yugoslavia: Reasons for Entering and Exiting
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Slovenia and Slovens in Yugoslavia: Reasons for Entering and Exiting)

  • Author(s):Božo Repe
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:186-219
  • No. of Pages:34
  • Summary/Abstract:The current Slovenian view of Yugoslavia, particularly from a political standpoint, is based on the thesis that Yugoslavism was a solution arrived at out of necessity, something that helped the Slovenians to overcome a diffcult period until they returned to where they belong –to so-called Europe. History, of course, paints a different picture. Slovenians did believe in Yugoslavia and they invested a lot of energy and money, as well as political effort, into its democratization; both major politicians, priest Anton Korošec and communist Edvard Kardelj were proud Yugoslavs, but both also saw in it an ideological connotation: Korošec saw a guarantee that his party would have absolute rule over Slovenia in agreement with the court and Serbian parties and that he would organize it in accordance with Catholic principles, while Kardelj was convinced that the main connective tissue of Yugoslavia was socialism and that the country would collapse without it – which ultimately did happen.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - The Serbs and Serbia in Modern History: Experience with other Nations

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - The Serbs and Serbia in Modern History: Experience with other Nations
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - The Serbs and Serbia in Modern History: Experience with other Nations)

  • Author(s):Latinka Perović
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:220-270
  • No. of Pages:51
  • Summary/Abstract:There are more or less detailed histories of Serbia in the 19th and the 20th centuries. This paper tries to summarize the history of the modern Serbian state, established at the turn of the century and its experience in the common state with other Yugoslav nations; Yugoslavia’s development and the reasons why it turned out to be unsustainable at two global historical crossroads: the beginning of World War II and the demise of the Soviet Union as a political-military and ideological hegemonist in Eastern Europe. And both times it collapsed in bloody wars between its nations. One of the first detailed insights into 19th century Serbia after the rule of the Obrenović dynasty was penned by Serbian lawyer, historian and politician Slobodan Jovanović (1869–1958). This paper refers to it not because of its originality and completeness, but also the indisputable intellectual authority of its author who also wrote another – true, more concise – overview of Serbia’s historical experience up to the mid-19th century published, in deference to the author’s last will and testament, after his death.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Kosova in Yugoslavia: Against Colonial Status

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Kosova in Yugoslavia: Against Colonial Status
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Kosova in Yugoslavia: Against Colonial Status)

  • Author(s):Mrika Limani
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today), Inter-Ethnic Relations
  • Page Range:271-294
  • No. of Pages:24
  • Summary/Abstract:To situate Serbs and Albanians in a historical context – especially where Kosovo is concerned – is a diffcult task to achieve. While historical inquires often tend to shed light on complicated and disputed matters, they generally have the advantage of mulling over past conflicts and topics that no longer have a direct impact on anyone’s everyday life. It is perhaps precisely this triviality that spoils most historical narratives on Kosovo, as they will indubitably impact on its current political situation one way or another, or be influenced by the prevailing situation. Remaining true to objectivity has proven time and time again to be troublesome, as it has somehow been assumed that it falls upon the historian to approve or negate Kosovo’s ownership by one or other of the leading players. In saying this, however, I contend that it falls upon no one, still less upon a historian, to intentionally fashion the historical and mythical narratives of any polarized side, which serves no greater purpose than to induce and fuel hatred and conflict even more.
PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Vojvodina in Yugoslavia: The struggle for the Autonomy

PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Vojvodina in Yugoslavia: The struggle for the Autonomy
(PART II: YUGOSLAV EXPERIENCE FROM NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES - Vojvodina in Yugoslavia: The struggle for the Autonomy)

  • Author(s):Milivoj Bešlin
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:295-345
  • No. of Pages:48
  • Summary/Abstract:Serbian Vojvodina achieved its aim by self-realising the historical aspirations of its conceptual creators through its unification with the unitary Serbian state and then the Yugoslav state in 1918. The advocates of the narrow-Serbian conception of Vojvodina also tried to continue and reaffirm their orientation at the time of the collapse of Autonomous Vojvodina in 1988 by organising the so-called anti-bureaucratic revolution and adopting the constitutional amendments in 1989, as well as through the wars and change in ethnic composition of the province, its political subordination and economic exploitation. There is no doubt that there are two conceptions of Vojvodina. Both of them are based on historical experience – one reflects the character of the 19th century and the other the values of the 20th century. The idea of Vojvodina in the 21st century still does not show any signs of an articulated concept. The ideology of nationalism as the dominant legitimation matrix in Serbia, with the nation as an organic category, has never reconciled itself with Autonomous Vojvodin a, holding that this implies separatism and splitting the unity of the nation, and sparing no effort to suppress such an alternative. Nevertheless, the historical, democratic and nationally pluralistic motives of Vojvodina’s autonomy as well as the raison d’être of Vojvodina itself did not cease to exist, even when its very survival was openly challenged.
PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslav Society 1918–1991: From the Stagnation to the Revolution

PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslav Society 1918–1991: From the Stagnation to the Revolution
(PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslav Society 1918–1991: From the Stagnation to the Revolution)

  • Author(s):Srđan Milošević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:349-390
  • No. of Pages:42
  • Summary/Abstract:At the time it came into existence, the first Yugoslav state was composed of regions differing very much among themselves economically (different stages of capitalist development), socially (primarily the relationship between urban and rural structures), culturally (primarily literacy and education), and religiously (multiconfessionality), not to mention their political institutions and political culture, as well as their legal frameworks (the level of bureaucratization and the rule of law). Taking into account all quantitative and qualitative criteria, it is diffcult to imagine a more diverse territory. Some historical regions were sharply divided within themselves by multiple lines separating groups and smaller regions according to various criteria. Class, ethnic and religious differences were dominant for a long time but, with the development of capitalism on Europe’s periphery, the class dimension was increasingly important, adding a new quality to the existing multiple relationships. The Yugoslav state began its life in a territory, which, according to the 1917 Corfu Declaration, was divided into eleven provincial divisions and thirteen legislations. With its overwhelmingly rural polulation and remnants of landed aristocracy, Yugoslavia was a “museum of agrarian structures”, including the remnants of the agrarian relations inherited from the period of antiquity (the colonate in Dalmatia). The bourgeois and working classes were unequally, but essentially poorly, developed.
PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Everyday Life in both Yugoslavias: Catching up with Europe

PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Everyday Life in both Yugoslavias: Catching up with Europe
(PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Everyday Life in both Yugoslavias: Catching up with Europe)

  • Author(s):Igor Duda
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Social history, Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:391-408
  • No. of Pages:18
  • Summary/Abstract:As in most of Europe during the past century, the everyday life of the majority of the population in both Yugoslavias was taking big strides toward change. Shorter and traumatic periods of high mortality rates and destruction (during the wars) alternated with long peaceful periods, and the initial and final results of both Yugoslav half-times pointed to an increase in the quality of life. This was especially felt among those strata of the population – workers and most peasants – whose initial position was low and unenviable and their basic material safety uncertain over both the short and long term. After two wars, social, economic and cultural circumstances were guided by the idea of shaping a better environment and significant leaps towards moderization, which was especially pronounced during the second post-war period, when the society was shaped according to the principles of socialist modernization, based on rapid industrialization, electrification and urbanization. New everyday practices and customs were permeated with new conceptions, shaping different identities and gradually changing long-established mentalities.
PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslavia and Development: Benefits and Costs

PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslavia and Development: Benefits and Costs
(PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslavia and Development: Benefits and Costs)

  • Author(s):Vladimir Gligorov
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Economic history, Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:409-441
  • No. of Pages:33
  • Summary/Abstract:Both the economic and political history of Yugoslavia consists of a series of ill-advised constitutional decisions and then intermittent attempts to implement necessary reforms so as to rectify these decisions. These decisions would regularly go on to prove themselves as untenable since they were guided by the same, mainly ethnic or national motives. Some form of dictatorship was always seen as justified, above all from the perspective of security. And then one form or other of territorial devolution was used to seek out equity for national-territorial and economic interests. At the same time, the external circumstances were not favorable. The country needed (i) a liberal-democratic constitution in an era of rising nationalism; (ii) the development of a private-ownership-based economy open for exchange with the world in a time of growing protectionism and totalitarianism and (iii) the rule of law in revolutionary times. Favorable conditions for liberalization and democratization occurred only on the eve of the country’s dissolution. During the last couple of decades after the break-up, seven ex-Yugoslav states co-exist within a system of regional cooperation that suffers from the same shortcomings as the former common state. Thus the current situation seems as temporary and unnatural as any of the Yugoslav structures from the inception of the common state to its disappearance.
PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslav Art and Culture: From the Art of a Nation to the Art of a Territory

PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslav Art and Culture: From the Art of a Nation to the Art of a Territory
(PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslav Art and Culture: From the Art of a Nation to the Art of a Territory)

  • Author(s):Nenad Makuljević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:442-460
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Summary/Abstract:Art and Culture have great significance in the creation of nations and national identities. Art was understood as the embodiment of the national spirit and testimony to its existence, as well as a means for creating a nation. The historical processes of creating Yugoslav art and culture, as well as their fates show just that. The rise and fall of the idea of Yugoslav art occurred during three different historical periods – the period until the unification in 1918, in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia and in the socialist Yugoslav state. The dynamics of the emergence and duration of the idea of Yugoslav art was determined by different political contexts, which never completely interrupted the initiated processes.
PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslavia on the International Scene: The active Coexistence of Non-Aligned Yugoslavia

PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslavia on the International Scene: The active Coexistence of Non-Aligned Yugoslavia
(PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Yugoslavia on the International Scene: The active Coexistence of Non-Aligned Yugoslavia)

  • Author(s):Tvrtko Jakovina
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:461-514
  • No. of Pages:54
  • Summary/Abstract:The foreign policy of Tito’s Yugoslavia was always unusually dynamic, conspicuous and creative. Even immediately after the Second World War, when diplomats were impregnated with revolutionary charge, while the ideologized interpretation of the world and its future, search for allies among ideologically like-minded people, and the belief in restructuring based on a Marxist vision of the world and relying on the Soviet Union, did not mean that the diplomacy of the new Yugoslavia was not active and dynamic from the very outset. It often remained proactive and dynamic, distinguishing itself from the diplomacies of similar communist countries.
PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Ways of Remembering Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Rear-View Mirror

PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Ways of Remembering Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Rear-View Mirror
(PART III: YUGOSLAVIA FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (1918–1991) - Ways of Remembering Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Rear-View Mirror)

  • Author(s):Mitja Velikonja
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Cultural history, Social history, Recent History (1900 till today)
  • Page Range:515-547
  • No. of Pages:33
  • Summary/Abstract:In the following text I’ll try to do the impossible: review Yugoslavia from the perspective of “memory studies” – currently a very invigorating interdisciplinary branch at the productive intersection of historical anthropology, the sociology of time, cultural studies and transition studies. Already at the outset, one encounters a series of problems. Namely, which Yugoslavia to review? The Yugoslavia from the time of the Karađorđević dynasty (1918–1941)? Tito’s (1945–1991) or Milosevi ’s (1992–2006) Yugoslavia? Should all three be reviewed at once? What kind of memory will be considered: collective or personal? Cultural or political? Or memory based on memoirs – that much-loved but factually unreliable literary form? Will the subject-matter be based on offcial, that is, institutionalized memory, or unoffcial, minority memory: established or subversive? Oral, written, recorded, engraved in monuments and memorials, or memory on the Internet, in the social media? Memory from first-hand or second-hand accounts or those passed-on, retrieved, “inherited”? And should these include the subjects of nostalgia and anti-nostalgia, bitter-sweet, heavy and traumatic memories? Retro and reproductive cultures, which in current cultural forms elicit traces of memory of previous times? Spontaneous amnesia or its opposite – contrived and systematic amnesia? Memories as a means of emancipation?
PART IV: CLOSING REMARKS - After Yugoslavia: Societies transform at a Snail’s Pace

PART IV: CLOSING REMARKS - After Yugoslavia: Societies transform at a Snail’s Pace
(PART IV: CLOSING REMARKS - After Yugoslavia: Societies transform at a Snail’s Pace)

  • Author(s):Marija Bešlin Feruh, Srđan Milošević
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Post-Communist Transformation
  • Page Range:551-554
  • No. of Pages:4
PART IV: CLOSING REMARKS - Causes and Consequences

PART IV: CLOSING REMARKS - Causes and Consequences
(PART IV: CLOSING REMARKS - Causes and Consequences)

  • Author(s):Vladimir Gligorov
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Recent History (1900 till today), Post-Communist Transformation
  • Page Range:555-565
  • No. of Pages:11
ANNEX: About the Authors

ANNEX: About the Authors
(ANNEX: About the Authors)

  • Author(s):Author Not Specified
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Essay|Book Review |Scientific Life
  • Page Range:566-576
  • No. of Pages:11
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