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Interactions, Changes and Meanings Cover Image

Культурные взаимодействия. Динамика и смыслы
Interactions, Changes and Meanings

Essays in honour of Igor Manzura on the occasion of his 60th birthday

Contributor(s): Stanislav V. Ţerna (Editor), Blagoje Govedarica (Editor), Denis A. Topal (Illustrator)
Subject(s): History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Comparative history, Ancient World
Published by: Издательский дом Stratum, Университет «Высшая антропологическая школа»
Keywords: archaeology; Neolithic; Bronze Age; Cucuteni-Tripolie Culture; Linearbandkeramik (LBK); archaeological theory;
Summary/Abstract: This volume is dedicated to the 60th birthday anniversary of Igor Vasilyevich Manzura, leading Moldovan archaeologist and specialist in prehistory of South-Eastern Europe, Professor of the High Anthropological School University, member correspondent of the German Archaeological Institute, grantee of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) and IREX (USA). The articles in this volume cover a wide range of topics to match Igor Manzura's scientific interests — from Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age of our region to archaeological theory and anthropology. This publication is meant for archaeologists, anthropologists, historians of culture, students and wider circles of readers.

  • E-ISBN-13: 978-9975-3148-9-3
  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-9975-3148-8-6
  • Page Count: 600
  • Publication Year: 2016
  • Language: English, Russian, German, Moldavian
List of published works by Igor Manzura

List of published works by Igor Manzura
(Список печатных трудов И. В. Манзуры)

  • Contributor(s):Stanislav V. Ţerna (Composer)
  • Language:English, Russian, German, Moldavian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Comparative history, Ancient World
  • Page Range:15-18
  • No. of Pages:4
  • Summary/Abstract:List of works
The Origin and Spread of the Late Mesolithic Blade and Trapeze Industries in Europe: Reconsidering J. G. D. Clark’s Hypothesis Fifty Years After

The Origin and Spread of the Late Mesolithic Blade and Trapeze Industries in Europe: Reconsidering J. G. D. Clark’s Hypothesis Fifty Years After
(The Origin and Spread of the Late Mesolithic Blade and Trapeze Industries in Europe: Reconsidering J. G. D. Clark’s Hypothesis Fifty Years After)

  • Author(s):Paolo Biagi, Elisabetta Starnini
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:33-45
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:Europe; North Africa; Near East; Late Mesolithic; Blade and Trapeze Industries; “Castelnovization”; Late Boreal/Early Atlantic period;Radiocarbon dating;
  • Summary/Abstract:Already in the late 1950s J. G. D. Clark outlined the important changes that took place at the end of the Mesolithic period in many regions of Europe, North Africa and the Near East, which led to the production of chipped stone assemblages characterized by parallel-sided blades and different types of trapezoidal arrowheads. This paper discusses the origin, chronology, eventual spread, and distribution of the new assemblages that suddenly, almost contemporaneously made their appearance in many different territories of the Old World in the light of the discoveries made during the last fifty years.
К интерпретации жилищных комплексов восточного ареала культуры линейно-ленточной керамики (новые материалы полевых исследований на территории Республики Молдова)

К интерпретации жилищных комплексов восточного ареала культуры линейно-ленточной керамики (новые материалы полевых исследований на территории Республики Молдова)
(On the Interpretation of Dwelling Complexes from the Eastern Linear Pottery Cultural Area: new materials from field investigations from the Republic of Moldova)

  • Author(s):Thomas Saile, Stanislav V. Ţerna, Maciej Dębiec, Martin Posselt
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:47-63
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:Neolithic; settlement; longhouse; Linearbandkeramik (LBK); architecture;geophysics;
  • Summary/Abstract:The article presents new data on the LBK architecture coming from recent geophysical and archaeological investigations on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. Combining geomagnetic prospections and test-trenches we have proved that the architecture of eastern LBK communities from the Prut-Nistru interfluve is very similar to the one known from Central-European settlements, namely the presence of longhouses with postholes accompanied by parallel-running long pits. In contrast to Central Europe, the presence of a thick chernozem layer above the Neolithic features as well as the effect of heavy bioturbations complicate both the recognition of dugout features and the interpretation of geomagnetic plots. Nevertheless, our research has shown that the geophysical identification of eastern LBK features is essentially possible, bringing to the reconsideration of some of the results of older investigations.
Ceramics Technology and Transfer of Ideas in the West Carpathian Region in Neolithic

Ceramics Technology and Transfer of Ideas in the West Carpathian Region in Neolithic
(Ceramics Technology and Transfer of Ideas in the West Carpathian Region in Neolithic)

  • Author(s):Sławomir Kadrow, Anna Rauba-Bukowska
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:65-72
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:LPC; Malice culture; technology; pottery;Lesser Poland;
  • Summary/Abstract: Our study encompassed the area of Lesser Poland and is aimed to trace the evolution of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) and of the Malice culture (MC). The study is focused on mineralogical and petrographic composition of clay as well as the component quantity ratios. Pottery analysed in this article was excaveted from Targowisko, located in the western part of the discussed territory and Rozbórz, located in the eastern part of it. Samples were assigned to groups using the hierarchical cluster analysis. The results of technological analyzes reinforce the hypothesis about the genesis of MC in the eastern part of Lesser Poland. It is certified by technological similarity of LBK and MC pottery in Rozbórz. Then MC spread to other regions of Lesser Poland, as evidenced by the lack of technological links between LBK and MC in other regions.
Precucuteni — a culture or a chronological horizon?

Precucuteni — a culture or a chronological horizon?
(Precucuteni — a culture or a chronological horizon?)

  • Author(s):Constantin-Emil Ursu
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:73-79
  • No. of Pages:7
  • Keywords:Precucuteni; Cucuteni A; chronological horizon
  • Summary/Abstract:Basing on a compact analysis of the Precucuteni dwellings’ construction, evolution of ceramics, anthropomorphic representations and funerary rites, the author finds inappropriate the term of „Precucuteni culture”, spread in Romanian archaeology, pointing rather to a linear evolution between Precucuteni and Cucuteni A stages. Thus, Precucuteni is rather a distinctive chronological horizon within Precucuteni-Ariuşd-Cucuteni/Trypolie Cultural Complex, with three evolutionary phases. Consequently, this article brings arguments in favour of using the term „Precucuteni chronological horizon” as part of Precucuteni-Ariuşd-Cucuteni/Trypolie Cultural Complex, which corresponds, generally, to phase Trypolie A (according to Passek’s periodization).
Conflict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area

Conflict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area
(Conflict or Coexistence: Steppe and Agricultural Societies in the Early Copper Age of the Northwest Black Sea Area)

  • Author(s):Blagoje Govedarica
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:81-91
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Steppe culture; agricultural society; copper age; Sceptre bearer; Bolgrad-Aldeni; Varna; Giurgiuleşti; Suvorovo; Northwest Black Sea Area
  • Summary/Abstract:The course of culture during the 5th millennium presents a distinct depiction of the specific character of the northwest Black Sea region and particularly its role as mediator between the various cultural worlds. This can be demonstrated and verified on the basis of the emergence and dissemination of the Group of “sceptre burials”. The example shows impressively how a culturally and socially affective unit could develop out of a culture historical indolent substrate. Thereby, of crucial relevance was the economic interaction with an advanced and foreign cultural sphere, which occurred in this geoculturally exposed borderland.
О технике скола пластин болградского варианта культуры Гумельница

О технике скола пластин болградского варианта культуры Гумельница
(On the Blade Detachment Technique in the Bolgrad Variant of Gumelnita Culture)

  • Author(s):Dmitry V. Kiosak, Leonid V. Subbotin
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:93-106
  • No. of Pages:14
  • Keywords:Lower Danube region; Eneolithic; flintknapping; blades; technique of detachment
  • Summary/Abstract:The paper treats the selection of blades found on the five sites of Bolgrad variant of Gumelnita culture, situated in the southern Ukraine and Moldova close to the Lower Danube. It concentrates mainly on the different knapping technologies applied in blade production. Authors argue that they were mostly produced by punch technique and make an attempt to correlate the development of Eneolithic “large-blade” lithic industry and wide application of the indirect percussion on the chronological scale. Punch-produced blades entered Lower Danube region as ready-made items or as preforms. Early Eneolithic exchange was not limited to the objects involved in the definition of high social status. It could also bring “non-prestigious” everyday items to considerable distances.
Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der frühen Metallurgie des westlichen Eurasiens

Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der frühen Metallurgie des westlichen Eurasiens
(Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der frühen Metallurgie des westlichen Eurasiens)

  • Author(s):Svend Hansen
  • Language:German
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Comparative history, History of ideas
  • Page Range:107-119
  • No. of Pages:13
  • Keywords:Rad; Wagen; Pferd; Kupfer;Technologiepolitik;
  • Summary/Abstract:In dem Beitrag wird anhand der einschlägigen Funde dargelegt, daß sich die entscheidenden Innovationen der Metallurgie im 6. und 5. Jahrtausend (der Guß von Kupferobjekten, die Legierung von Metall und der Guß in verlorener Form) weitgehend synchron in einer geographischen Zone zwischen Balutschistan und Balkan vollzogen. Dies wird als das Ergebnis eines raschen Wissenstransfers interpretiert. Anhand frühneuzeitlicher Beispiele werden Aspekte der Spezialisierung und Mobilität von Handwerkern behandelt.
Природный ландшафт поселения Картал в эпоху энеолита

Природный ландшафт поселения Картал в эпоху энеолита
(The Natural Landscape of the Settlement of Kartal in the Eneolithic Epoch)

  • Author(s):Igor V. Bruyako
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Physical Geopgraphy, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Environmental Geography
  • Page Range:121-131
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Lower Danube region; multilayered settlement; Bolgrad-Aldeni group; Cernavoda culture; spores and pollen complex; palynological analysis
  • Summary/Abstract:The author uses palynological data to offer a reconstruction of landscape and climate in the vicinity of the Eneolithic settlement of Kartal. The pollen section should be considered extremely valid, since it is made in buried soil. The period of the Bolgrad-Aldeni accounted for the climatic optimum of the Holocene. This fact has been repeatedly pointed out by experts. This warm and humid cycle of oceanic climate largely contributed to the development of agrarian cultures of the early Eneolithic. Termination of life in Kartal in the period of the Bolgrad-Aldeni and subsequent population gap, which falls on the second half of the VI Millennium (5500—5000 BP), based on available data, was not accompanied by any abrupt climatic fluctuations. However, by the time Cernavoda I population appeared in Kartal, the climatic situation had become much less comfortable than in the Gumelnita period. In the most general terms, we can talk about a much more continental climate, general aridity and, consequently, low humidity.
Die ältesten Grabhügel in Ost- und Südosteuropa

Die ältesten Grabhügel in Ost- und Südosteuropa
(Die ältesten Grabhügel in Ost- und Südosteuropa)

  • Author(s):Elke Kaiser
  • Language:German
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:133-133
  • No. of Pages:1
  • Keywords:Nördliche Schwarzmeerküste; Äneolithikum; 14C-Datierung; absolute Chronologie; Grabhügel; Bestattungsbrauchtum
  • Summary/Abstract:In meinem Beitrag stelle ich die 14C-Datierungen für Bestattungen zusammen, die als älteste Beisetzungen unter Grabhügeln in der Steppe nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres gelten können. Diese werden mit Daten für Tumuli in Südosteuropa verglichen, um eine mögliche chronologische Priorität für den Beginn der Errichtung von Grabhügeln in einem der beiden Gebiete feststellen zu können. Leider reicht die Datierungsgrundlage in beiden Regionen noch längst nicht aus. So kann lediglich bestätigt werden, dass im späten Äneolithikum bzw. in den letzten Jahrhunderten des 4. Jts. v. Chr. der Grabhügel zu einem weit verbreiteten konstruktiven Element in Osteuropa wird. Aber auch in Südosteuropa wurden Bestattungen in Grabhügeln nicht erst mit dem Beginn der Jamnaja-Kultur angelegt, so dass Interaktionen zwischen Populationen der Steppenzone und dem Karpaten-Balkan-Raum auch anhand von Grabkonstruktionen und Bestattungssitten während des 4. Jts. v. Chr. deutlich sichtbar werden.
Уникальный могильник эпохи энеолита на острове Хортица в районе Днепровских порогов (Украина): предварительные итоги изучения

Уникальный могильник эпохи энеолита на острове Хортица в районе Днепровских порогов (Украина): предварительные итоги изучения
(An Unique Eneolithic Cemetery on the Island Khortytsia in the Dnieper Rapids Area (Ukraine): preliminary results of investigations)

  • Author(s):Yuri Ya. Rassamakin
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:145-167
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Keywords:Copper Age; cemetery; steppe burials; Kvityana type
  • Summary/Abstract:The article presents preliminary information on a Copper Age flat cemetery with stone constructions, investigated in the northern part of the island Khortytsia (on the territory of the city Zaporizhzhia) on the Dnieper river.Burials of children in graves with stone constructions were laid out in two rows. Each burial was covered with a small “cairn”, built of stone slabs and various other stones placed around and on top of the slabs. In addition, stone circles adjoin each burial “cairn” from its southern side. The circles consist of small stones and pebbles placed on the ancient surface. Each stone “cairn” containing a child burial was connected with a stone circle, together they formed a so-called “burial complex”. In total, nine such complexes were excavated.Unfortunately, only in two graves the fragments of the children’s skulls were preserved. We do not know the exact funerary rite employed in the burials. Some vessels, copper ornaments and pieces of ochre were found directly in the burials, but many fragments of Eneolithic ceramics of the so-called “Kvitiana type” were collected from the ancient surface. All artifacts are very similar to finds from the so-called “extended burials” of the Black Sea steppe area. According to radiocarbon dates available both from sites of Trypillian culture (stages BII—CI; CI) and from kurgan steppe burials, we can date the cemetery by the first part of the IV millennium BC.
The Chalcolithic Stone Fortress of Provadia-Solnitsata

The Chalcolithic Stone Fortress of Provadia-Solnitsata
(The Chalcolithic Stone Fortress of Provadia-Solnitsata)

  • Author(s):Vassil Nikolov
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Social history
  • Page Range:169-173
  • No. of Pages:5
  • Keywords:Chalcolithic; salt production; stone fortresses
  • Summary/Abstract:The Middle and Late Chalcolithic settlement of Provadia-Solnitsata was exceptionally well fortified. Remains of three major, successively existing Chalcolithic fortification systems (4700—4200 BC) have been excavated. The massive and high stone walls enclosing it on all sides were the best protection for both the wealth gained as a result of salt production and trade, and for the lives of its residents. There has been no evidence so far of the existence of such a stone citadel during the fifth millennium BC in Europe which, apart from everything else, was an incredible achievement of the military theory and the building art. Its construction and reconstruction after several subsequent large earthquakes was an exclusively labor-consuming activity which involved the efforts of many people including highly specialized builders. That could have been done only for a sufficient amount of ‘money’, i. e. salt. The fortress of Provadia-Solnitsata could have been erected, maintained, rebuilt and extended only as a military center and a symbol of the power of the Middle and Late Chalcolithic community in the area of the Provadiyska River.
«Погребенные дома» и ритуал сожжения поселений Кукутень-Триполья

«Погребенные дома» и ритуал сожжения поселений Кукутень-Триполья
(“Buried Houses” and Cucuteni-Trypillia Settlements Incineration Ritual)

  • Author(s):Natalia B. Burdo, Mykhailo Yu. Videyko
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:175-191
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture; ritual incineration; ‘platforms’; settlement abandonment rite;offerings;
  • Summary/Abstract:Remains of burnt down structures have been lately considered to be evidence of incineration ritual, common for Trypillian settlements at the final stage of their existence. At the same time, as demonstrated by digs on different settlements (starting from the smallest ones, like Lenkivtsi or Polyvaniv Yar, and up to such giants as Maidanetske, Olkhovets and Kosenovka), the incineration ritual could have been used repeatedly in their history. Meanwhile, the results of some `interim’ rituals — such as burnt houses — were supposed to be fully or partly buried in pits. And only when a settlement was to be abandoned forever, provided that it was not replaced by another settlement, everything was to remain in its place. The rite of `interim’ incineration, as suggested by the data we have collected, had been practiced from Trypillia A to early СІІ stage.The fact that, in most cases, material collected in such `burials’ and from debris of burnt structures found close to the surface is indistinguishable, we can conclude that all such finds can be attributed to the same chronological phase. Its duration, given the package of radiocarbon dates from Maidanetske, could last for 150—200 years. Currently, it would be difficult to ultimately determine the reason for an `interim’ ritual — whether it was a calendar cycle or a certain case, or some special circumstances that imposed this action.We are tempted to conclude that dwellings were not supposed to neighbor debris of burnt houses left on the surface. The latter was supposed to be placed in a pit, while this action could be accompanied by an offering (pit 50 from Maidanetske, etc.). The rite included placing in the pit of meat/bones of sacrificed animals (skulls, horns), ceramic ware (vessels, sometimes a ceramic model of sledge (`the idea of road’ after B. I. Balabina), zoomorphic and, especially, anthropomorphic figurines), tools (an antler hoe was found on the bottom of many such pits, with different degrees of preservation), use of fire.We should also draw attention to the fact that such objects were found at different, sometimes rather remote parts of the settlement at Maidanetske. This means that the `interim’ ritual associated with `burial’ of houses was practiced by inhabitants of several structures of the settlement, who might belong to different groups (large families, clans). This ritual might be used to commit a certain part of the settlement to such social groups.
Демографические тенденции и динамика социально-экономического развития в преистории: некоторые проблемы корреляции

Демографические тенденции и динамика социально-экономического развития в преистории: некоторые проблемы корреляции
(Demographic Trends and Socio-economic Dynamics: Some Issues of Correlation)

  • Author(s):Robert Hofmann, Alexander V. Dyachenko, Johannes Müller
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Demography and human biology
  • Page Range:193-198
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Europe; Neolithic; Eneolithic; demograhic trends; socio-economic development; population estimates; settlements
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper examines the relation between long-term trends in the demographic development and evolution of socio-political organization and economy of settlements and settlement cluster. Case studies dealing with Butmir and Tripolye sites do not show a significant correlation between the population proxies and economic and/or socio-political increase.
К вопросу о кубках и амфоровидных сосудах майкопско-новосвободненской общности и проблема их аналогий на Западе

К вопросу о кубках и амфоровидных сосудах майкопско-новосвободненской общности и проблема их аналогий на Западе
(Оn Beakers and Amphora Type Vessels of the Maykop-Novosvobodnaya Community and the Problem of their Analogies in the West)

  • Author(s):Sergej N. Korenevskij
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:199-226
  • No. of Pages:28
  • Keywords:North Caucasus; Copper-Bronze Age; Eneolithic; Maykop culture; Novosvobodnaya culture; migration; ceramics; beaker; typology; ornament; glossing
  • Summary/Abstract:The article defines typology of small Maikop-Novosvobodnaya community vessels, which are commonly known in archaeological literature as beakers and tulip-shaped vessels. There is a perception that these forms are similar to the vessels of the funnel beaker cultures, and reflect the migration of the latter tribes to the Ciscaucasia, which enabled the formation of Novosvobodnaya group of sites. The article presents a typological analysis of the Western Caucasus beakers and an overview of the forms of goblets of Trichtenbecher culture published by R. Kossian (2005). The author concludes about almost complete absence of typical ornamented Trichtenbecher beakers in Western Ciscaucasia. This outcome of the benchmarking analysis does not enable treating the carriers of the funnel beaker cultures as initiators of the formation of spiritual and material culture of the Novosvobodnaya community tribes in the piedmont Adygea.
Расписная амфора со сценами ритуальных танцев из позднетрипольского поселения у села Кирилень (район Сынжерей, Молдова)

Расписная амфора со сценами ритуальных танцев из позднетрипольского поселения у села Кирилень (район Сынжерей, Молдова)
(Painted Amphora with Scenes of Ritual Dances from a Late Tripolian Settlement at Chirileni (Sângerei, Moldova))

  • Author(s):Veaceslav Bicbaev
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history
  • Page Range:227-253
  • No. of Pages:27
  • Keywords:Tripolye CII; settlements of Chirileni type; painted amphora; anthropomorphic representations; ritual dance scenes
  • Summary/Abstract:The archaeological research on a multilayered late Tripolian settlement Chirileni III conducted by the author in 1988 revealed a kiln dated by the Chirileni time of CII stage of Cucuteni-Tripolian culture. The kiln contained a unique find, i. e. geometrically painted amphora with two scenes of female ritual dances. The objective of this article is a detailed publication of this find with extended description and analysis. The author suggests that the scenes could mean spring-summer rites of the Cucuteni-Tripolian agricultural calendar, related to important religious dates and accompanied by dances. The author maintains that the amphora and the dances depicted on it are connected with the cult of the Goddess of Animals — the local Artemis — a highly esteemed goddess among the Cucuteni-Tripolian bearers. The fact that this goddess played a very important role among the Cucuteni-Tripolian population is confirmed by its images on earlier painted ceramics, where she is depicted as a Great Goddess invested with a number of functions: the Goddess of Hunting and the Goddess-Patron of Animals, the Goddess of Earth and vegetal fertility, as well as the Goddess of Moon and moon calendar.
Microzona Trinca în contextul eneoliticului est-carpatic

Microzona Trinca în contextul eneoliticului est-carpatic
(The Microzone of Trinca in the Context of the Eastern Carpathian Eneolithic)

  • Author(s):Oleg Leviţki, Ghenadie Sîrbu, Ion Bajureanu
  • Language:Moldavian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:255-271
  • No. of Pages:17
  • Keywords:microzone; Trinca; Neolithic; houses; manufacturing complexes
  • Summary/Abstract:The article represents information about the archaeological situations in the microzone of Trinca, Edineţ district, Republic of Moldova, where there have been discovered five sites with different materials, characteristic of the Middle and Late Eneolithic. Excavations were conducted on two settlements (Izvorul lui Luca and La Şanţ), and resulted in unearthing dwelling, manufacturing and utility complexes as well as some pottery. The other three were recorded during some saving excavations. All sites rank high on both sides of the gorge formed by the river Draghişte.
Курганы vs поселения: скотоводы vs земледельцы

Курганы vs поселения: скотоводы vs земледельцы
(Barrows vs Settlements: Herdsmen vs Farmers)

  • Author(s):Svetlana V. Ivanova
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Comparative history
  • Page Range:273-291
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Keywords:Balkan-Carpathian region; Northern Black Sea Coast; Cucuteni-Tripolian culture; Budzhak Culture; Yamnaya cultural-historical community
  • Summary/Abstract:Article treats the cultural and historical situation during the Late Eneolithic-Early Bronze Age, and the role of steppe pastoral populations in cultural transformations that took place in the world of early farmers (such as the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, and areas to the west of it). Apparently, the population of Yamnaya (Pit Grave) culture, moving to the territory previously occupied by Tripolian tribes, was not related to the death of protocities. There is no reason to explain all the cultural changes in Europe during Paleometal epoch by the influx of new-comers — their causes could be quite varied. In this context, one should speak rather of the interaction of different cultures, influences of cultural and ideological traditions, which were manifested in the individual micro-regions in a variety of ways.
Проблема археологической идентификации тохаров

Проблема археологической идентификации тохаров
(The Problem of Archaeological Identification of Tocharians)

  • Author(s):Leo S. Klejn
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Migration Studies
  • Page Range:293-320
  • No. of Pages:28
  • Keywords:Tocharians; Afanasyevo; Tarim mummies; Chemurchek culture; Proto-Indo-European; migration; Xsinjiang
  • Summary/Abstract:Researchers have been interested to associate Tocharians with a certain archaeological culture, because this association is connected with a number of other issues: the peneretration of European cultural elements into China, the definition of ethnic nature of some historical forces in the East, and localisation of the original home of Indo-Europeans. The author considers seven hypotheses of archaeological identification of Tocharians — those hypotheses that connect them with 1) Afanasyevo culture, 2) Seyma-Turbino culture, 3) Karasuk culture through Fatyanovo culture, 4) a culture known as Chaodaogo in the Near East, 5) Yuezhi and Kushans, 6) Tarim (Taklamakan) mummies, 7) recently discovered Chemurchek culture. The new excavations by Anatoly Kovalev discovered in Altay, Mongolia and Хsinjiang the phenomenon of Chemurchek culture for which its migration from France is most convincingly proved. Yet this hypothesis has its own inconsistencies.Neither of these versions including the most popular of them (Afanasyevo) or most convincing (Chemurchek) can be accepted as fully proved.
Новые находки металлических изделий эпохи бронзы у с. Терновка на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

Новые находки металлических изделий эпохи бронзы у с. Терновка на левобережье Нижнего Днестра
(New Finds of the Bronze Age Metal Items Near Ternovka Village on the Left Bank of the Lower Dniester)

  • Author(s):Sergey D. Lysenko, Sergey N. Razumov, Svetlana S. Lysenko, Vitalii S. Sinika
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Ancient World
  • Page Range:321-328
  • No. of Pages:8
  • Keywords:Dniester basin; Late Bronze Age; Babino cultural circle; Sabatinovka culture; Beloziorka culture;metal items;-
  • Summary/Abstract:The article presents a few Late Bronze Age artefacts found on settlements near Ternovka village, Slobodzeia district, on the left babnk of the Lower Dniester. The new findings, when compared with the materials of earlier studies, allow to identify three chronological horizons of existence of the Late Bronze Age sites near Ternovka village: Late Babino — Early Sabatinovka, Sabatinovka and Beloziorka.Poor saturation of the layer on the settlement Ternovka-1 shows that the site was not inhabited continually throughout the period of the Late Bronze Age, but was visited only episodically. The location of the settlement on a small butte amidst a wide floodplain on the left bank of the Dniester allows to regard it as a short-term station related to certain seasonal trades. While Ternovka-2 seems to be remains of a Sabatinovka settlement and requires further research.
Die Doppelaxt aus der Toumba Agios Mamas, Prähistorischem Olynth

Die Doppelaxt aus der Toumba Agios Mamas, Prähistorischem Olynth
(Die Doppelaxt aus der Toumba Agios Mamas, Prähistorischem Olynth)

  • Author(s):Emily Schalk
  • Language:German
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:329-334
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:Doppelaxt; Fundkontext; asymmetrische Form; Ägäische Typen; Thrakien; späte Bronzezeit
  • Summary/Abstract:Während der Ausgrabungen der Freien Universität in Berlin unter der Leitung von Prof. Dr. Bernhard Hänsel und Dr. Ioannis Aslanis, Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens, auf der Toumba Agios Mamas/Prähistorischem Olynth in 1996—2001, kam eine Doppelaxt mit Schaftloch zutage. Sie wurde im Raum 2 eines Großbaus in der spätbronzezeitlichen Schicht 8 (SH I–SH IIA, 1610—1550 calBC) entdeckt. In dem Raum um eine Herdstelle lagen außerdem Fragmente von Bronzeblech und -schaft, Eberzahnlamellen, eine Keramikscheiben, Garnrolle und Spinnwirtel aus Ton, ein Spatel aus Knochen, die Hälfte einer Gußform für eine Schaftlochaxt, und mehrere Abschläge, Steinklingen, eine Steinperle und ein Brocken Radiolarit. Die Doppelaxt stellt das früheste Exemplar dieses Typs im nordägäischen-westkleinasiatischen Raum dar. Sie ist eine bekannte ägäische Form, mit vor allem der minoischen und mykenischen Kultur identifiziert, und entspricht allgemein Branigans ägäischem Typ II. Sie unterscheidet sich von diesem hauptsächlich jedoch durch die etwas asymmetrische Erscheinungsform und kann in mehrere Typen und Varianten unterteilt werden.
Исследования курганов возле поселка Тараклия в 1979 году

Исследования курганов возле поселка Тараклия в 1979 году
(Investigations of Barrows near Taraclia Township in 1979)

  • Author(s):Valentin A. Dergachev, Eugen Sava
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:335-365
  • No. of Pages:31
  • Keywords:Northern Black Sea Region; Budzhak steppe; barrows; Chalcolithic; Bronze Age; Sarmatians;Late Middle Ages;
  • Summary/Abstract:Systematic studies of barrows in the Budzhak steppe were started in the early 1970s and continued until the end of the 1980s. During this period there were excavated about 100 burial mounds, in which funerary complexes belonging to different cultural and chronological periods were found. However, most of the discovered complexes are not yet published. This paper presents the results of excavations of four barrows, in which there were discovered 62 burials dated from the Chalcolithic to the Early Middle Ages.
Археологические разведки у с. Паланка: новое античное поселение на Нижнем Днестре

Археологические разведки у с. Паланка: новое античное поселение на Нижнем Днестре
(Archaeological Field Surveys near Palanka Village: a New Classical Settlement on the Lower Dniester)

  • Author(s):Mark E. Tkachuk, Denis A. Topal, Evghenii Yu. Zverev
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Ancient World
  • Page Range:367-377
  • No. of Pages:11
  • Keywords:Northern Black Sea region; Lower Dniester region; Classical period; Palanca; West-slope; 3rd century BC
  • Summary/Abstract:In November 2014, the expedition of the University of High Anthropological School conducted archaeological investigations on the territory of Palanca village (Republic of Moldova) and its surroundings. The North-Eastern part of the village situated on a high river terrace turned out to be the most promising one, which is where the prospecting pits were made. Among the most interesting finds from the trench 1 were the fragments of black glazed pottery and a stamped handle of Rhodian amphora. A large fragment allowed to reconstruct the complete profile and diameter of black glazed plate with projecting rim characteristic of the Hellenistic period (from 250—225 BC to Early 2nd century BC). Two-line stamp on the amphora’s handle found on structure 1 belongs to Rhodian manufacturer Mikythos II, followed by the name of the month. The stamp, and therefore structure 1, appear to be attributed to the 230s BC. In trench 2 a fragment of black glazed kantharos of West Slope style was discovered (250—225 BC). Statistics shows that the percentage of hand-made ware was not more than 15%, while the wheel-made pottery was more than 85%. This ratio allows us to confirm the hypothesis that Palanca was the first Greek settlement found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. This could be proved by the number of table-ware pottery (2%) and amphora fragments.
«Глубокоуважаемый и дорогой друг Михаил Маркович!» (Хельсинкская коллекция писем Н. Е. Макаренко А. М. Тальгрену)

«Глубокоуважаемый и дорогой друг Михаил Маркович!» (Хельсинкская коллекция писем Н. Е. Макаренко А. М. Тальгрену)
(“My dear friend Michail Markovich!” (Helsinki collection of the letters written by N. E. Makarenko to A. M. Talgren))

  • Author(s):Sergei V. Kuzminykh, Anatolii N. Usachuk
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Scientific Life, Source Material
  • Page Range:379-427
  • No. of Pages:49
  • Keywords:N. E. Makarenko; A. M. Tallgren; history of archaeology; correspondence; international scientific relations
  • Summary/Abstract:This paper is devoted to the publication and analysis of the letters written by N. E. Makarenko to A. M. Talgren in the period from March 1917 till September 1935. The letters are kept in the Manuscript Department of the Finland National Library. The correspondence is divided in three periods: Petrograd period (March—April 1917), Kiev period (October 1925 — March 1934) and Kazan period (September 1935). The subject of the correspondence were publications in the journal “Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua”, excavations of the Mariupol burial mound, Makarenko’s efforts to organize the archeological research in Kiev etc. The dramatic events in Makarenko’s private life, such as exile, detention and execution on 4 January 1938 were also reflected in this correspondence. The letters are supplied with comments and notes.
Theory in Prehistory and Prehistory in Theory (Filling the Gaps)

Theory in Prehistory and Prehistory in Theory (Filling the Gaps)
(Theory in Prehistory and Prehistory in Theory (Filling the Gaps))

  • Author(s):Lolita Nikolova
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology
  • Page Range:429-434
  • No. of Pages:6
  • Keywords:theory; prehistory; methodology; research methods; Eurasia; the Balkans;Anatolia;
  • Summary/Abstract:Advance in development of theory in prehistory is one of the directions of improvements of the prehistoric research. It may also have impact on the way prehistory has been integrated into the theoretical research.The systematic approach in prehistoric research follows the general qualification of the scholarly approaches by using quantitative and qualitative methods, typically in combination (QlQnI approach — a qualitative-quantitative integrative approach).The archaeological study usually misses the social sciences methodology based on a literature review, revealing the gaps and filling of the gaps. This three step research has been substituted by approaches which rarely would include a critical analysis of the previous research and rarely explain what exactly and how the used records fill specific gaps related to well defined research question.The emerging theory on filling of gaps considers critical approach, debating, generating a system of new arguments, cross-discipline interactions, new theories and new ways of bridging prehistory and contemporary culture.
Змея как сексуальный и брачный партнер человека. (Еще раз о семантике образа змеи в фольклорной традиции европейских народов)

Змея как сексуальный и брачный партнер человека. (Еще раз о семантике образа змеи в фольклорной традиции европейских народов)
(Serpent as a Bride and an Intimate Partner of a Man. Once more about the semantics of serpent in European folk-lore)

  • Author(s):Andrei I. Behr-Glinka
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):Anthropology, Customs / Folklore, Cultural Anthropology / Ethnology, History of Religion
  • Page Range:435-575
  • No. of Pages:141
  • Keywords:European traditional beliefs; serpent worship; sexual intercourse in traditional beliefs; magic tale; genius loci; reincarnation; chthonic beings; ancestors; animal bride
  • Summary/Abstract:The article examines the snake as a mythological character of folk traditions of Europe, Western and Southern Asia and Africa, in the aspect of their sex and marital connection with a person, idea of the relationship of man and snake, as reflected in the fairy-tale and folklore. Fairy tales and ethnographic evidence reveal a snake as a human counterpart (both living and dead), the connection with the birth of the human snake, the reincarnation of the deceased into a snake and the snake — into a newborn. Special attention is paid to the idea of the snake as a tribal ancestor (totemism), and how the snake is related to male and female initiation. The article addresses the relationship of the snake with the elements (fire, water, earth, air), parts of the home (fireplace, oven), the world of plants, the world of the dead.
Восточноевразийская гипотеза дене-кавказской прародины в свете данных геногеографии: попытка синтеза

Восточноевразийская гипотеза дене-кавказской прародины в свете данных геногеографии: попытка синтеза
(The East-Eurasian Hypothesis of Dene-Caucasian Motherland in the Light of Genogeographical Data: a Brief Synthesis)

  • Author(s):Aleksey A. Romanchuk
  • Language:Russian
  • Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Ethnohistory, Historical Linguistics
  • Page Range:577-597
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:Dene-Caucasian languages; haplogroups of Y-chromosome;genogeography;
  • Summary/Abstract:More than eight years ago A. A. Romanchuk, basing on the analysis of archaeological, paleobotanical and linguistic data, suggested the localization of the Dene-Sino-Caucasian Motherland in Eastern Eurasia. The “East-Eurasian hypothesis” of Dene-Sino-Caucasian Motherland had found new confirmations from the analysis of physical anthropology’s data: odontological and craniological ones.The previous results suggest the localization of Dene-Caucasian Motherland in the area of so-called “Chinese-Siberian Late Upper Paleolithic”.This article presents main results of verification of East-Eurasian hypothesis of Dene-Caucasian Motherland through the light of genogeographical data — investigations of haplogroups of Y-chromosome, first of all. The genogeographical data support the East-Eurasian hypothesis. So, we come to conclusion that the spread of R haplogroup from Eastern Eurasia into the western parts of continent, which occurred in the end of Late Pleistocene — Early Holocene, was closely related with Sino-Caucasian peoples.
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