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Cheating in Higher Education: Between Habit, Resourcefulness and Pressure to Help

Cheating in Higher Education: Between Habit, Resourcefulness and Pressure to Help

Author(s): Beata Bielska,Mateusz Rutkowski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: academic integrity; cheating; copying; educational dishonesty; sociology of higher education;

The article analyses the phenomenon of cheating among Polish students. It is based on a research study using a survey conducted in 2019 at one of Poland’s universities. The study results confirm the findings of other researchers concerning the universality of cheating. The issues of interest include the learned breaking of the “do not cheat” norm that is reinforced at subsequent stages of education, the effectiveness of cheating as an educational strategy and the norm of friendship which could incline a person to help.

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The impact of research waste on the scientific validity and integrity of clinical trials

The impact of research waste on the scientific validity and integrity of clinical trials

Author(s): Mateusz Wasylewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: bioethics; early-phase clinical trials; pediatric participants; scientific validity and integrity; social value;

Despite advancements in medicine and research methodology as well as enormous financial investments, many clinical trials do not provide the expected results, which is to deliver new, safe and effective drugs on the market. While this may stem from the poor performance of the tested treatment, many failures in clinical trials may be due to flaws in their design, conduct, and data analysis. Together with misconduct, non-reporting, and publication bias, this amounts to research waste that has a negative impact on the scientific validity and integrity of clinical trials. These flaws may endanger the wellbeing of trial participants. This article provides an overview of different sources of research waste in clinical trials, with a special focus on early phase trials that enroll paediatric participants. Finally, hallmarks of wasteful trials identifiable at the stage of Ethics Committee assessment are discussed. The article proposes solutions that may reduce the negative effects of research waste, strengthening the scientific validity and integrity of new clinical trials.

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Can a passion be tiring? Basic psychological needs as the mediator between the passion for work and the chronic fatigue of teachers

Czy pasja męczy? Podstawowe potrzeby psychologiczne jako mediator związku pasji pracy i zmęczenia przewlekłego nauczycieli

Author(s): Karolina Mudło-Głagolska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: chronic fatigue; health; organisation and management psychology; positive psychology; work passion;

For some teachers, their work is so important that it gives meaning to their lives and becomes part of their identity, thus it is their passion. The aim of the presented study was to determine if teachers without a passion for their work, those with a balanced passion and those who could be defined as obsessive in their passion differed in their level of chronic fatigue. A model was tested, in which passion for one’s work was a predictor of chronic fatigue, whereas satisfaction was related to satisfying basic psychological needs – the mediator of this relationship. There were 389 teachers involved in the study, which included the Passion Scale, Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction Scale at Work and Checklist Individual Strength (CIS20R). Teachers with a balanced passion achieved a significantly lower score in every dimension of fatigue than those having no passion or obsessive passion. Persons in those latter two categories did not differ in the results of successive dimensions of fatigue. Satisfaction with having needs met mediated the relationship between balanced passion and chronic fatigue.

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Intelligence and consciousness as predictors of exam results. When hard work does matter more than being smart?

Inteligencja i sumienność jako predyktory sukcesów maturalnych. Kiedy ciężka praca liczy się bardziej niż bycie bystrym?

Author(s): Anna Błaszczak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: consciousness; exam results; intelligence; International Baccalaureate;

This paper undertakes the discussion related the relationship between intelligence, consciousness and exam results in the sample of students passing out International Baccalaureate exams. Despite many years of research subject literature still provides more questions than univocal answers. Particularly problematic is the lack of coherence in the strengths of the relationship between those variables and significant difference of coefficient established in past studies which vary from strong to lack of any correlation. Undertaken analysis of gathered results demonstrated that this difference could depend on the level of intellectual potential of students. If the student has lower cognitive abilities then increase in intelligence level leads to increase in final exam results. While in case of students with higher cognitive abilities this relationship decline but consciousness appear to be significant predictor of exam grades. This indicates that hard work does matter more when the student is smart.

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Health-oriented behaviour of girls from selected Biała Podlaska schools in the context of the requirement to apply the principles of health education

Zachowania prozdrowotne dziewcząt z wybranych szkół bialskich w kontekście obowiązku realizacji założeń edukacji zdrowotnej

Author(s): Dorota Różańska,Krystyna Górniak-Kocikowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: development and physical fitness; girls; health behaviour;

Numerous health problems of children and youth have obliged educational institutions to increase the activities of health education programmes and evaluate their functioning. A major role in this respect is assigned to physical education teachers, who face difficult challenges regarding the adaptation of the school’s physical exercise activities to students’ needs and psychomotor capabilities. Creating proper health habits, attitudes towards physical exercise and motor abilities are important for every individual from their earliest years. However, it is especially significant when working with girls at puberty. The objective of this project was to learn the opinions of girls about topics concerning personal health care as well as verifying the effectiveness of current school activities in meeting health education objectives and promoting a healthy lifestyle. The research was conducted in 2010 in Biała Podlaska. The study included 201 schoolgirls aged 13-18. It applied a diagnostic poll method and examination methods to evaluate the development and physical fitness of the girls. The obtained results indicate insufficient concern for one’s own health. Only the principles of proper nutrition were mentioned by the girls as those which were often applied. Half of the respondents took care to get proper sleep and rest, many of them used stimulants, including cigarettes, as well as alcohol. Although the girls perceived the value of physical activity, in practice they rarely attended to getting the proper amount of exercise in their free time. A worrying fact is that the school offers no incentives for schoolgirls to lead an active lifestyle and the source of their knowledge about health was not usually a teacher. Only 15% of the girls had a proper body weight. Also, the level of general physical fitness, including endurance and arm muscle strength, was unsatisfactory. Although the school documentation in force contained a rich health education curriculum, the actions of the institutions were not effective enough. In light of the information gathered, it seems necessary to increase interdisciplinary integration, synchronisation and evaluation of activities in the field of students’ health education as well as a regular assessment of their effects.

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The impact of technological and information factors on the effectiveness of education in Poland

Wpływ czynników technologiczno-informacyjnych na efektywność kształcenia w Polsce

Author(s): Michał Hnatiuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: digital school; educational effectiveness; pedagogy; subjective and objective factors; technological and information factors; threats caused by new technology; virtual school;

The subjective and objective factors conditioning the effectiveness of education in Poland are discussed in this article. It is noted that social factors also affect education, in particular its effectiveness. One of the important social determinants conditioning the effectiveness of education is included - the technological and information factor. The influence of a given factor on society as well as on various levels of education in Poland is presented. Next to the radical changes made in the education system under the influence of the technological and information factor, the threats it carries are also highlighted.

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Sailing the seas as perceived by youth – images, fears and expectations

Żeglarstwo morskie w oczach młodzieży – wyobrażenia, obawy i oczekiwania

Author(s): Miłosz Wawrzyniec Romaniuk,Joanna Łukasiewicz-Wieleba / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: adventure education; sail training; sailing;

This paper presents the results of research conducted among school children and youth between 12 and 19 years of age on their perceptions about sailing the high seas on a tall ship. The aim of the research was to find out if young people would like to take part in a school sailing cruise, as well as the motivators, fears, barriers and expectations they have relating to this. The study participants were 88 students from schools without a tradition of maritime activities and 61 students from the Krzysztof Baranowski School Under Sails, organised on the STS Pogoria sailing ship. The respondents provided written answers. The narrative of modern youth shows that despite the risks associated with negative models and limitations in the form of being accustomed to conveniences and an unwillingness to leave their comfort zone, they perceive such a cruise as an opportunity for self-development and treat it as a challenge that is worth taking. Girls were found to be more courageous in going beyond their own limits than boys.

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The reflective education of pedagogical students in family assistant work methods

Refleksyjna edukacja studentów kierunku pedagogika w zakresie metodycznego działania asystenta rodziny

Author(s): Izabela Krasiejko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: family assistance; family support; reflective education;

Representatives of social services are required to overcome the tendency of formulating stereotypical judgments and acting hastily based on a superficial assessment of situations or events. A person who professionally assists others should allow for a moment of doubt and uncertainty. This enables the individual to examine reality from various perspectives. Searching for additional pieces of information and synthesizing them leads to choosing a form of assistance that is adequate to the needs of the person or family. The family assistant should therefore have the ability to reflect more deeply before, during and after undertaking actions. Reflective education at the university level is an important way of improving these skills. It involves both the academic teacher and students asking themselves questions about the meaning and the essence of various practical activities addressed to people in need of support. This allows them to break out of schematic activities and algorithmic solutions. This article presents an example of reflective education among students preparing for the profession of family assistant and the process of educational action research with its conclusions.

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Improving the process of using the PDSA cycle using the example of evaluating the recruitment of external quality assurance entities for the Integrated Qualifications System

Doskonalenie procesów z użyciem cyklu PDSA. Przykład naboru podmiotów zewnętrznego zapewniania jakości w ramach Zintegrowanego Systemu Kwalifikacji

Author(s): Paweł Szymborski,Emilia Sobol,Tomasz Kasprzak,Kamila Hernik,Magdalena Dybaś-Stronkowska,Michał Stempień / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: evaluation; Integrated Qualifications System; lifelong learning; PDSA cycle; quality assurance;

The aim of the article is to present the potential of the PDSA cycle as a methodology useful in improving the processes of public systems, using the example of the Integrated Qualifications System. The considerations are based on an analysis comparing two recruitment processes in the selection of external quality assurance entities. The first one was based on imprecisely formulated criteria. A research team from the Educational Research Institute developed the assumptions for the evaluation of this action based on the methodology of the PDSA improvement cycle and then commissioned it. The results of the study were used to modify the recruitment process, which allowed us, among others, to shorten the time taken to assess applications from five to three months, as well as to increase participants’ satisfaction with the process and its perceived transparency.

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Relaxation techniques during physical education classes and the choice of anti-stress coping strategies of girls in upper secondary school

Techniki relaksacyjne podczas lekcji wychowania fizycznego a wybór strategii radzenia sobie ze stresem przez uczennice szkoły ponadgimnazjalnej

Author(s): Anna Urbańska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: coping with stress strategy; relaxation technique; upper secondary school;

The primary aim of the study was to find whether and to what extent physical education classes using relaxation techniques compared to traditional classes influence the stress coping strategies of an experimental group. The experiment involved 182 girls aged 16-18 from a secondary school in Wrocław. The participants were divided into 2 groups: experimental (122 persons) and control (60 persons). In both pre-tests and posttests, a research tool was used to assess stress coping strategies – a questionnaire entitled “How Do You Cope”? Analysis of the results showed that physical education classes using relaxation techniques, compared to traditional lessons, had a positive impact on the stress coping strategies of the analyzed group. Participants from the experimental group used better strategies of dispositional coping with stress in particularly difficult situations compared to participants from the control group.

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The personality of a teacher and burnout

Straty i zyski zasobów osobistych a wypalenie zawodowe na przykładzie badań nauczycieli

Author(s): Aleksandra Jędryszek-Geisler,Paweł Izdebski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: burnout; well-being; losses and gains of personal resources; burnout prevention;

Since the 1970s, the phenomenon of professional burnout has garnered the interest of an increasing group of researchers around the world. There is much empirical evidence showing that burnout is a serious threat to mental health and the ability of workers to work. The aim of the conducted study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the losses and gains in personal resources and burnout, and to establish which losses and gains of personal resources may be predictors of burnout. The research sample consisted of 90 teachers working in primary and secondary schools in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Pomorskie Voivodeships. The following tools were used in the research: Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI-ES, Conservation of Resources Evaluation (COR) (based on Stevan Hobfoll’s theory). Analysis of the collected data indicated that the losses of hedonistic and vital resources as well as power and prestige correlate with exhaustion. Meanwhile, gains of hedonistic and vital resources correlate with exhaustion and personal accomplishment, while gains of family resources correlate with exhaustion. No relation was confirmed for the losses and gains of resources with depersonalization, nor for losses and gains of internal and spiritual resources, as well as economic and political resources with burnout. It was also found that hedonistic and vital resources are the most significant predictors of professional burnout.

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Pupils’ motivational orientation – verification of John Nicholls’ theory under Polish educational conditions

Orientacja motywacyjna uczniów – weryfikacja teorii Johna Nichollsa w polskich warunkach edukacyjnych

Author(s): Joanna Ogrodnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: educational psychology; motivational orientation; motivation to learn; Achievement Goal Theory; task orientation; ego orientation; avoidance orientation;

The article focuses on the characteristics of the motivational orientation of pupils, both theoretical and empirical. It is an attempt to verify John Nicholls’s theory under Polish educational conditions. The aim of the research was to identify the motivational orientation of pupils – their task, ego and avoidance orientations, i. e. the goals that pupils pursue when undertaking school tasks. The study covered 615 upper secondary school graduates from 6 general upper secondary schools in the Silesian region. John Nicholls’ self-adapted Motivational Orientation Scale was used, whose individual subscales are characterized by a high degree of reliability. The results of the research showed that young people in their learning process are guided primarily by task goals, to a large extent also by performance goals, while the smallest number of upper secondary school graduates showed avoidance tendencies. This means that most upper secondary school graduates, especially girls, exhibit the most positive motivational patterns.

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The role of humour in the didactic and educational process

Rola humoru w procesie dydaktyczno-wychowawczym

Author(s): Paweł Ochwat / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: humour; school education; didactic process; educational process;

A number of studies concerning the influence of humour on various aspects of didactic and educational processes was conducted between 2015 and 2017 in the school and academic environment. The research examined the extent of using humour in didactic and educational processes by secondary school teachers, and to what degree it is understood by students. The main objective of the analysis was to determine a universal form of humour acceptable to both teachers and students. This article constitutes only a fragment of wider research conducted in secondary schools and universities. The aim of the research was to determine the level of understanding and acceptance of humour used by teachers. The analysis presented in this article refers to the school environment. The research problems concentrate on several aspects of the phenomenon of educational humour. The first analysed aspect refers to the frequency of using humour by teachers in the teaching process – if and when it is used. The other aspect is connected with the use of humour in the educational process. In this case, the frequency and aim of the humour were also analysed. The presented results revealed several regularities in terms of the use and understanding of humour.

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The normative capital of students in the context of the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies

Kapitał normatywny studentów w kontekście nabywania przez nich wiedzy, umiejętności oraz kompetencji

Author(s): Łukasz Kutyło / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: sociology of education; social behaviourism; higher education; normative capital; social norm;

Although we rarely realize it, most of our behaviour is, to a greater or lesser extent, socially organised. The more important our activity is for the collectivity, contributing, for example, to the achievement of certain collective goals, the more likely it is to be governed by that collectivity. The article focuses on those social rules that direct the activity of students towards the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competencies. They form a sort of normative capital. What is it that determines the level of that capital? What makes students want to observe those rules? Do “intermediary structures” play an important role here, meaning cognitive scripts that operate between a pattern and behaviour, which are usually initiated by society and provide a number of reasons to abide by those rules? Is it of any relevance here that a student works or has an active social life? In order to answer these questions, a survey was conducted in May 2017 on a group of 306 students in the 2nd and 3rd years of 1st cycle studies at the Faculty of Economics and Sociology of the University of Łódź in Poland.

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The effectiveness of a media education programme for early school-aged children

Skuteczność programu edukacji medialnej dla dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym

Author(s): Krzysztof Ostaszewski,Agnieszka Pisarska,Kinga Sochocka,Marcin Sochocki,Karolina Van Laere / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: evaluation; media literacy; primary education; prevention;

The digital revolution is rapidly changing reality and brings new prevention challenges. In this context, an educational and preventive programme for pupils aged 9–10 has been prepared, entitled Common Steps in the Cyber World. Its aim is to shape attitudes and skills that promote the safe use of the Internet and other electronic media. The aim of the research project was to check whether and to what extent the implementation of this programme contributes to the expected changes in students’ knowledge, skills and psychosocial functioning, as well as in parents’ educational practices. The evaluation was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with purposively selected third grade pupils of elementary schools (N=424). The analysis of variance with repeated measures, Student’s t-test, or non-parametric tests were used to analyse results by type of variable. The results of the evaluation indicate a positive impact of the programme on participants’ knowledge of safe Internet use, and on some of their psychosocial skills, as well as on parental monitoring behaviours relating to new media. For these reasons, the programme can serve as a proven tool to help third-grade elementary school teachers in implementing media education tasks. The program can also help schools to support parents in effectively monitoring their children’s online activities.

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Impact of Information Provision on Investments in Human Capital. Review of Experimental Studies

Impact of Information Provision on Investments in Human Capital. Review of Experimental Studies

Author(s): Aneta Sobotka / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: decision-making; educational choices; experimental studies; human capital; information;

The classical approach of economics to education assumes that individuals regard education as an investment and have perfect information on the costs and benefits of their educational choices. This review investigates the burgeoning literature on information interventions in education and attempts to discover whether such interventions can be effective tools for education policies to increase the time spent in school and modify educational choices and preferences. The findings of 19 experimental studies were analysed. The results of this review show that some groups of students made educational choices using very inaccurate information and information interventions led them to update their beliefs. Despite existing informational constraints, raising students’ knowledge on the profitability of education had mixed results on educational behaviour. The most promising effects of information interventions were raising student learning efforts and changing student preferences.

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Teachers’ Professional Training Needs and Incoherent Knowledge on Autism Spectrum Disorder. A Pilot Study Within the Central Europe Context

Teachers’ Professional Training Needs and Incoherent Knowledge on Autism Spectrum Disorder. A Pilot Study Within the Central Europe Context

Author(s): Joanna Kossewska,Elina Aliieva / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder; inclusive education; teachers’ knowledge; teachers’ training needs;

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a serious neurodevelopmental disorder manifested in both social and behavioural symptoms. Essential knowledge about ASD is the basis of effective interaction, treatment and therapy. School teachers are required to have adequate knowledge about ASD so that early intervention and effective school treatment can be provided. In the presented study, a Polish and Ukrainian version of a five-degree Likert rating scale on knowledge about autism was used. The scale, developed by an international ASD-EAST project team, contains statements about autism characteristics, therapy methods and teachers’ training needs. Randomly sampled participants were Polish (N=90) and Ukrainian (N=60) teachers from mainstream and inclusive schools. Results showed that teachers’ knowledge as well as teachers’ training needs differed depending on the country of origin. Ukrainian teachers compared to Polish significantly more often reported the need to participate in additional training, however, they were much less willing to work under supervision.

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Executive functions in children with autism spectrum – between theory and educational practice

Funkcje wykonawcze u dzieci z zaburzeniami ze spektrum autyzmu w świetle wybranych badań

Author(s): Dorota Pufund / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder; executive function; special education;

The aim of the article is to present executive function disorders as one of the determinants of functioning of a child with autism spectrum. For this purpose, a systematic review of the literature was performed. On the basis of this analysis, the relationships between executive function disorders and intensification of difficulties in social-emotional functioning, as well as the regulation of behavioural states are described. Possible forms of support and therapy methods are also presented to address the executive function disorders of children with autism spectrum.

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CODA – The Unseen Special Needs of Students in the Education System

KODA – niewidoczne specjalne potrzeby uczniów w systemie edukacji

Author(s): Dorota Podgórska-Jachnik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: CODA; deaf parents; KODA; special educational needs;

The concept of special educational needs has emerged in both global and national educational discourse to alert educators to the necessity of providing special support to some students. Without such support, these students may have difficulties with learning or behaving, making psychological-educational support – which in principle should be available to every student – particularly important in their case. Special educational needs (SEN) are defined as those children who, because of learning difficulties, need special conditions, methods, programmes, aids, communication methods, etc.32 It is a concept that can be called classical because it comes from the author who is credited with introducing the term. A child with SEN is a child that requires special teaching and educational interventions. However, not all the different needs are equally visible to teachers. The text discusses the subject of hearing children of deaf mother/father, known as KODA (Kids of Deaf Adults), who go beyond the traditionally understood catalog of students with SEN.

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The parental attitudes adopted by deaf parents and the family roles assumed by their hearing children

Przyjmowane postawy rodzicielskie a podejmowane role w rodzinie przez słyszące dzieci niesłyszących rodziców

Author(s): Dominika Wiśniewska,Paulina Malenta / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: CODA; deaf parents; family roles; hearing children of deaf parents; parental attitudes;

The process of hearing children growing up in families with deaf parents is little known despite its specificity. The developmental context for children is the bicultural and bilingual nature of their families, the disability of their parents, and the lack of an adequate support system for deaf parenting. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between the parental attitudes of deaf parents and the family roles undertaken by their hearing children. Two questionnaires were used in the study: Questionnaire for the Retrospective Evaluation of Parental Attitudes (KPR - Roc) by Mieczysław Plopa (2008) and the Questionnaire of Family Roles (KRR) by Andrzej Margasiński (2018). The analysis of the results showed that when deaf parents were overly demanding or inconsistent, their hearing children were more likely to adopt the role of a scapegoat or lost child.

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