Search results for: DISPUTATIONES SCIENTIFICAE in All Content

The Antichrist in the Czech Lands of the Early Modern Period

Antikrist v Českých zemích raného novověku

Author(s): Alena A. Fidlerová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2014

Keywords: Dionysius of Luxemburg; Antichrist; Martin of Cochem; manuscript culture; Baroque literature; history of Czech literature; Erbauungsliteratur; Czech-German cultural relations

The article deals with the Czech manuscript translation of one of the works of Dionysius of Luxemburg, German Capuchin, preacher, writer and a fellow brother of another famous writer, Martin of Cochem. This book, first published under the title Leben Antichristi, oder Ausfuhrliche, grundliche und historische Beschreibung von den zukunftigen Dingen der Welt in 1682 in Frankfurt am Main, was in the German speaking Catholic countries quite popular (till 1771, it was published at least eleven times, including five Vienna editions and one edition localized in Vienna and Brno) and in a way represents a counterpart to Cochem’s well-known work Leben Christi oder Ausfuhrliche, andachtige und bewegliche Beschreibung des Lebens und Leydens unsers Herrn Jesu Christi (1st published 1677), which went through many editions both in original German version and in Czech translation (Veliky život Pana a Spasitele našeho Krista Ježiše, 1st edition 1698) until the beginning of the 20th century. Unlike Cochem’s book, Dionysius’s Leben Antichristi was probably never published in Czech. Still, it was apparently well received among the Czech speaking population, as at least three manuscript versions of its Czech translation and two versions of an extract from it are extant, all of them most probably dating back to the 18th century (though some of the preserved in copies from the early 19th century). As no academic attention has been paid to them so far, these translations may represent the most extensive hitherto unknown texts of Czech Baroque literature. The article aims at providing a first, preliminary report about Leben Antichristi, its author and its Czech translation; first, it summarizes the facts known about the life of Dionysius of Luxemburg (paying attention also to his fellow brother Martin of Cochem), and then it provides a list of full titles of all his works (not available so far in any work of reference) and a list of German editions of Leben Antichristi. Consequently, it describes all the extant versions of manuscript Czech translations of the work and extracts from it originating from Czech Lands (both Czech and German). Finally, based on partial analyses of these texts it formulates several hypotheses, namely how many distinct Czech translations of the work were created and when, whether it is possible to identify the printed edition the translator(s) used, what do we know about the translator(s) and their motivations etc. Finally, it briefly sketches possible directions of further research.

From the history of Slovakia-German relations: The German and Slovak ledger from the 17th century

Z dejín slovensko-nemeckých vzťahov: Nemecká a slovenská účtovná kniha zo 17. storočia

Author(s): Ján Doruľa / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 03/2012

V tohtoročnom treťom čísle časopisu Slavica Slovaca (supplementum) uverejňujeme plný text nemeckej a obsahovo ekvivalentnej slovenskej účtovnej knihy mesta Banskej Bystrice zo 17. storočia. Knihy obsahujú vyúčtovanie príjmov a výdavkov mesta za obdobie od 14. decembra 1650 do 14. decembra 1651. Ich rukopisné originály sú uložené v Štátnom archíve v Banskej Bystrici vo fonde Magistrát mesta Banská Bystrica pod číslami 248 a 249.

Holmi October 2012

Holmi 2012 október

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 10/2012

Gárdos Bálint: „A kérdést vitára bocsátva”. Samuel Johnson Shakespeare-értelmezése • 1187 Samuel Johnson: Előszó Shakespeare műveihez (1765) (I) (Gárdos Bálint fordítása) • 1195 Takáts József: Kemény Zsigmond és a rajongás politikai fogalma • 1212 Kucserka Zsófia: Az arc: a jellem tükre (Fiziognómiai szemlélet Kemény Zsigmond „Gyulai Pál” című regényében) • 1219 Sághy Miklós: Tömörkény karikatúrarajzai • 1237 Filip Sikorski: Három ismeretlen „Prae”-részlet • 1246 Dénes Iván Zoltán: A legitimitás és a politikai kultúra mintái • 1259 Boros Gábor: Az elégtelen, ám elengedhetetlen nyelv: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz • 1275 Horkay Hörcher Ferenc: A csiszoltság brit diskurzusának kezdetei – Shaftesbury és Addison • 1287 Szalai Júlia és Szalai Anna: Szalai Sándor szabálytalan „Önéletrajz”-a elé • 1299 Szalai Sándor: Önéletrajz • 1305

BOGOMILS, CATHARS AND BOSNIAN ‘CHRISTIANS’. THE TRANSFER OF DUALISTIC HERESY BETWEEN ORIENT AND OCCIDENT (11th -13th CENTURIES)

BOGUMILI, KATARI I BOSANSKI KRSTJANI. TRANSFER DUALISTIČKIH HEREZA IZMEĐU ISTOKA I ZAPADA (11.-13. STOLJEĆE)

Author(s): Manuel Lorenz / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 15/2015

Keywords: Heresy; dualism; Cathars; Bogomils; Bosnian Church; Bosnian ‘Christians’; history; theology; Slavic studies; philosophy; religious studies; church history; transfer; High Middle Ages; Orient; Occident

In this paper, Manuel Lorenz examines the exchange of dualistic beliefs between Byzantium, the Balkans and Central Europe (11th-13th centuries). After a detailed analysis of sources, in the course of which various scientific paradigms are critically commented on and partially revised, he comes to the conclusion that a transfer of dualistic thoughts between East (Bogomils) and West (Cathars) is quite probable. Moreover, he elaborates that the group of Bosnian ‘Christians’, which has received varied and controversial assessments in the literature, was exposed only to insignificant influence of dualistic ideas – whether from East or West.

The forgotten collection of the counsellor of appeal Václav Řehoř Hannl or Where came the oldest and most valuable manuscripts of the former majorat Czernin Library from

Zapomenutá sbírka apelačního rady Václava Řehoře Hannla aneb odkud pocházely nejstarší a nejcennější rukopisy někdejší majorátní czerninské knihovny

Author(s): Milada Svobodová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 45/2015

Keywords: noble libraries of the 18th century; manuscript collections

The former fi deicommissum Library of the counts Czernin of Chudenice located in the Czernin Palace in Prague in the Hradčany castle was, aft er being sold in 1780, incorporated into the Prague Palace Library of the Princes of Lobkowicz and it came together with this library in the holding of the today´s National Library of the Czech Republic. This study is dedicated to the manuscript collection held in the Hradčany Palace in about the year 1722 under the rule of count František Josef (1696–1733). The author intends to shed light on the origin of the collection and she presents the most interesting manuscripts preserved; her results are based on the knowledge gained during the preparation of a printed catalogue of the Czernin manuscripts.

Armament of the Roman Army during the Principate: Economic, Technological and Organizational Aspects of Production and Supply

Вооружение римской армии эпохи принципата: экономические, технологические и организационные аспекты производства и снабжения

Author(s): Andrei E. Negin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2014

Keywords: Roman army; armament; military reform; military-industrial complex

The author studies production of arms and armour for the Roman Imperial Army during the Principate, as well as considers specific economic relations and factors connected with Roman Imperial Army and describes the economic role of the Roman government in ensuring effectiveness of the military machine. Moreover, he considers production activities, structure and hierarchy of legionary armory shops. Description of arms and armour supplying system is based on different types of historical sources. Furthermore, the author analyses activities of private and state-owned arms manufacturers and “vagrant” groups of craftsmen. Special chapters are devoted to organizational and technological aspects of arms and armour production. Problems related to the armament production for the Roman army are important for those studying combat effectiveness of the Roman military machine, economic and technological level of the Romans, and complex organization of arms and armour supplying. Armament production of the Principate seems to be a complex phenomenon. One can conclude that the main armament production was focused on those areas that have been well provided with the raw material base and had a long-standing tradition of the armory craft. In addition, areas of armament production were placed in the strategically important sectors of the Roman frontier region. However, regional features in the armour decoration show how products of private craftsmen and their workshops were in demand among individual customers. These workshops of the Principate favorably differed from the later state armories, because late Roman workshops performed standardized large-scale orders to meet the needs of the increasing army.

Roman funerary monuments from St John’s burial ground in Livno: a contribution to the study of Roman necropolises in the Livno polje

Rimski nadgrobni spomenici s Groblja sv. Ive u Livnu: prilog istraživanju rimskih nekropola na Livanjskome polju

Author(s): Marija Marić Baković / Language(s): Bosnian,English / Issue: 54/2017

Keywords: St John’s burial ground; Livno; Suhača; Roman necropolis; ossuary; cult of Liber; geometric motifs; door motif;

The complexity and multiple strata of St John’s burial ground in Livno have been identified from movable artefacts and architectural remains from various periods, from the late Bronze and early Iron Ages through the Roman period and late Antiquity to the early and late mediaeval periods. Along with the remains of an early Christian basilica and late mediaeval monastery dedicated to St John the Baptist, movable artefacts suggest that there was a Roman necropolis here, where cremation was the most common form of burial. The most numerous finds from the Roman period are broken pieces of funerary monuments, most of them from the stone ossuaries in which the bones of the deceased were laid. Two types of ossuary are represented – those carved from a single block of stone, and those composed of interlocking stone slabs. To date the closest analogy is an unpublished slab ossuary from Štitić in Suhača, where it is believed there was also a Roman necropolis. Though they are recognizably of Eastern or Mediterranean origin, their distinctive features reveal that they are of more local provenance, made in stonemasons’ workshops in the Livno polje. Their various decorative features and symbols, concentrated on the front and sides of the ossuary, reflect the cult to which the deceased or the community belonged, and include an original religious component.

Review

Recenzje

Author(s): Mariusz Misztal,Jolanta Dygul,Bogumił Szady,Urszula Augustyniak,Wojciech Kriegseisen,Maciej Ptaszyński,Zofia Żółtek,Danilo Facca,Valentina Lepri,Konrad Bielecki,Katarzyna Płonka-Bałus / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Some Considerations on the Economy of Western Illyricum from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries

Neka razmatranja o gospodarstvu Zapadnog Ilirika od IV do VI stoljeća

Author(s): Hrvoje Gračanin,Nebojša Kartalija / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: Western Illyricum;Dalmatia;southern Pannonia;Noricum;late Roman economy;production;trade;population;migrations;barbarian incursions;

The paper examines a number of aspects of the late antique economy in the provinces of the Diocese of Pannonia from the fourth to sixth centuries. Particular attention is paid to two southern Pannonian provinces and Dalmatia. The aim is to outline general economic trends, especially in regard to how the political, ethnic and demographic changes affected economic conditions during this period. Written sources are in the main focus for the analysis, while, at the same time, their randomness and tendency are borne in mind. The observations derived from written sources are attempted to be meaningfully linked to available archaeological record. The analysis is also focused on the question of economic potential of various economic actors, regional communities, local landowners, the Church and state authorities, i.e. the share of central government in managing, maintaining and revival of provincial economy. Attention is also paid to the economic situation in the provinces under the non-Roman rule.During the fourth century Western Illyricum was an area of lively economic activity that was largely oriented to meet state needs. Written sources testify to certain products that had a supraregional character, but one may conclude that the Norican textiles were the only product that was of greater importance in broad-range and long-distance trade. In written sources Pannonia is singled out as a province rich both in agricultural products and in merchandise, but these were primarily consumed locally. Next to cities and towns, the biggest consumer was the army. The raw materials were also of supraregional importance, especially the iron from Dalmatia and Noricum as well as the stone material. The Norican marble was still quarried in the fourth century and transported to Pannonia and Italy as well. Moreover, the Dalmatian stone was one of the more sought-after items from the fourth to sixth centuries, both as a raw material and as a finished product. One of the most important products which was based on a locally accessible raw material was coinage. Western provinces were at a time supplied to a large degree with coins of the Siscia mint. Of course, it should be borne in mind that regionally mined monetary metals weren't only used to fulfill the capacities of local mints. Locally available wood and stone materials were also important as a building material and especially used in the extensive works to strengthen the Danube frontier by restoration and construction of forts in the second half of the fourth century. To a certain extent this is also true for later times, the fifth and sixth centuries, considering the erection of hillforts in the interior of Dalmatia and in Noricum, as well as in strategic positions along the eastern Adriatic coast and on the islands.It could be argued that one of the greatest resources of the late Roman Western Illyricum, and particularly Pannonia which is singled out for it in written sources, were its people. This refers to lesser extent to slaves who are likely to have been acquired in frequent conflicts along the frontier as well as in military campaigns across the border during the fourth century. The area of Illyricum was well-known in the later Roman Empire as a recruiting ground, which continued even after a significant part of Western Illyricum was already dominated by barbarian groups. The large size of population, if judged by what is claimed in written sources, was likely to have been a good basis for general internal consumption, which is why the western Illyrian provinces were also major importers of goods, even the goods that were produced locally, such as wine and olive oil in Dalmatia. In addition, demand for luxury products and better quality goods has also to be taken into account. That is why high-quality olive oil from the Zadar area could be exported to Italy despite the local deficit of this product in Dalmatia. The quality of raw material as well as the skillful manufacturing and workmanship of the art product itself were the reason why the sarcophagi of the Salona-Brač workshops were still in demand in the sixth-century Italy.The production capabilities and the volume of import were also influenced by general military and demographic circumstances. The exposure of the Danube areas, the collapse of the Danube frontier and frequent wars and campaigns had an extremely adverse effect on the demographic condition throughout this period both due to violent deaths and capture as well as displacement of people, to which losses caused by the epidemics such as the bubonic plague in the mid-sixth century have to be added. Even if the image of Pannonia devoid of people as portraited by the sixth-century written sources is exaggerated, there is no doubt that the number of inhabitants decreased significantly in comparison to the fourth century. This great demographic decline contributed, much more than the other factors, to the far-reaching deterioration of the urban structures and disappearance of cities and towns, which, along with the permanent withdrawal of the Roman army, inflicted an irreparable blow to the economy as production capabilities and demand were greatly reduced. To be sure, at least until the mid-fifth century Pannonia still imported the goods, but to what degree the political instability had an affect is shown by the example of Valeria where the import of African pottery was discontinued in the early fifth century as the province came under the control of the Hun groups. On the other hand, the limited possibilities of import could encourage the local production. Regardless of the fact that the new rulers such as the Ostrogoths were very keen in preserving the late Roman traditions, little could be done for the more lasting recovery of at least some Pannonian regions.The vitality was preserved in Dalmatia, especially in its coastal area, for a long period, and, to a certain extent, in Noricum for much of the fifth century. At certain periods Dalmatia even experienced more positive demographic impacts due to the population influx from the more endangered regions. The relative economic strength of Dalmatia was supported with the efforts of the state authorities (the Ostrogothic ones perhaps even more than the Eastern Roman ones) as well as the needs of the Church. It is worth pointing out that the war between Ostrogoths and Eastern Romans surely gave a boost to the Dalmatian economy since Salona became a permanent military base, and the stay of the imperial army spurred an increasing demand for raw materials and products due to logistics needs. The province’s relative prosperity is also indicated by a demand for luxury goods and the import of products from the eastern and southern Mediterranean. Favorable circumstances lasted until the last decade of the sixth century, which saw new overwhelming challenges to the late antique economy in Dalmatia that ultimately crushed the previous growth.

On Neolithic and Neolithic Copper Processing in Yugoslavia

Zur Neolithischen und Äneolithischen Kupferverarbeitung im Gebiet Jugoslawiens

Author(s): Martin Kuna / Language(s): German / Issue: 19/1981

Keywords: Neolithic; Neolithic; copper processing; Copper Age; Yugoslavia; material culture; raw metal; metal objects;

»Najstarija metalurgija bakra u neolitskim i eneolitskim kulturama jugoistočne Evrope predstavlja veoma interesantan istorijski i kulturni fenomen koji već dugo vremena stalno privlači pažnju više praistoričara i istoričara metalurgije. Posljednje godine su donijele neka iznenađujuća otkrića — prije svega prve konkretne dokaze o vađenju bakarne rude u periodu eneolita — i na taj način nas stavila pred nove mogućnosti rješenja, ali i pred mnoge neočekivane probleme. Ovaj rad je postavio sebi za cilj da tipološki i hronološki klasificira industriju bakra na području Jugoslavije, pri čemu su iskorišteni ne samo formalni elementi industrije bakra već i njene hemijske osobine (kombinacija elemenata u tragovima). Nadalje smo pokušali da zaključke ovog dijela našeg rada svrstamo u cjelokupnu jugoistočnu Evropu i da u ovom okviru objasnimo i neka opšta pitanja, kao što su porijeklo metalurgije i njena društvena funkcija.« »Problematika najstarije obrade bakra obuhvata više opštih pitanja na koja još nije dat odgovor. Jedno od prvih je povezano sa otkrićem metalurgije. »Teorija logorske vatre« je iz različitih uzroka nevjerovatna, konačno i zbog toga što se u otvorenoj vatri ne razvija dovoljna temperatura. Prije nego slučajnost trebalo bi se pretpostaviti da se radi o namjeravanom i sistematskom eksperimentisanju čije mogućnosti i svrhu mi još ne možemo sasvim razumjeti. Funkcija najstarije metalurgije postaje dakle drugo glavno pitanje. Neki autori objašnjavaju pojavu predmeta od metala ekonomskom napetošću, a »metalizaciju« kulture shvataju kao težnju za efektivnijim oruđem za rad koja se pojavila nakon što su se iscrpile sve mogućnosti kamene industrije. Mi ne bismo tako jednostavno definisali društvenu ulogu bakra. Metalurgiju bakra doduše nalazimo u mnogim razvijenim neolitskim kulturama, ali je u nekim, kao npr. u oblasti Egejskog mora, ne nalazimo, što svakako ne znači, da su ove kulture bile zaostale. Pored toga u navedenoj tvrdnji vidimo jednu drugu protivurječnost: neolitske kulture su uložile mnogo energije u vađenje bakarne rude, ali konačni produkt (ukrasni predmeti) ipak nije mogao donijeti, barem u cijelom periodu neolita, nikakav direktni ekonomski efekat. To nas vodi dalje: kakav je odnos između same metalurgije bakra i drugih društvenih i tehnoloških promjena i inovacija koje čine bit slijedeće eneolitske epohe? Situacija na srednjem i zapadnom Balkanu se pokazuje kao komplikovanija. Metalurgija bakra, uključujući i razvijeno rudarstvo, razvija se ovdje od početka kulture Vinca—Pločnik. Ova kultura ipak do kraja ostaje veoma konzervativna u svim oblicima svog ispoljavanja, što odaje jednu u suštini nedirnutu socijalno-ekonomsku strukturu. Oblici naseobina i kuća ostaju nepromijenjeni. Nisu nam poznati nikakvi negovještaji socijalne diferencijacije, a i vidljivi kultni, ritualni i umjetnički elementi ostaju u osnovi tradicionalni. Sama metalurgija bakra nije mogla promijeniti neolitski kulturni život. Slijedeće kulture donose neosporno mnogo novih elemenata koji se na jugoslavenskom području djelimično primjećuju već u kulturi »Bubanj«, ali nešto više tek u badenskoj kulturi. Naseobine ovih kultura sada se često osnivaju na strateškim mjestima (Velika Humska Čuka, Batka, Kostolac, Beograd-tvrđava, i dr.), neka čak imaju i utvrđenja (Vučedol, Gradac). Kuće postaju manje (Bubanj: 4—6 m duge, Dobanovci: 7—8m duge), što ukazuje na promjene u strukturi porodice. Pored toga se govori o identifikaciji uzgoja stoke i o promjeni strukture u uzgoju stoke (ovca-koza preovladava u badenskoj kulturi nasuprot ranijim kulturama jugoistočne Evrope), nadalje se govori o novim elementima u obredu sahranjivanja (spaljeni grobovi, tumuli, neki pod utjecajem »stepskog rituala«), kao i o novim kultnim predstavama (stočni grobovi i grobovi pasa, nestajanje antropomorfne plastike). Druge pojave su dokaz o začecima društvene diferencijacije (»grobovi poglavica«: Bogojevo, Vučedol; izdvajanje akropole u Vučedolu). Ovi elementi su dokaz progresivnih promjena ekonomske baze i društvene i ideološke strukture koja se želi dovesti u vezu sa razvojem patrijarhalnog društva. Ali dolazimo do paradoksalnog fenomena: u navali novih kulturnih elemenata metalurgija bakra doživljava jak regres, koji se samo djelimično može izjednačiti uz pomoć nekog poboljšanja kvaliteta (arsenski bakar i dr.). Da bismo predložili neko logično rješenje i razumjeli naizgled suprotno dejstvo dvaju procesa o kojima je bilo govora, moramo pretpostaviti da ova dva procesa — »metalizacija« i »eneolitizacija« — nemaju korijen u istom sistemu kulture. Zbog toga nam izgleda da je metalurgija bakra na području Jugoslavije specifičan oblik ispoljavanja nekih neolitskih kultura (Vinca k.), čiji sadržaj i smisao nastupajuće eneolitske (patrijarhalne) kulture u početku nisu razumjele ili je vjerovatno nisu u istoj mjeri iskoristile (badenska kultura), i koja je tek u slijedećim periodima razvoja prihvaćena i integrisana u nove kulturne veze (vučedolska k.). Metalizacija materijalne kulture se dakle ne može ni u kom slučaju posmatrati kao proces koji teče linearno, možda se uopšte ne bi trebalo govoriti o jednom te istom procesu u vremenskom periodu od tri hiljade godina, jer je ovaj proces prošao kroz više skokova i preloma koji ne samo da su unosili kvantitativne promjene u njegov razvoj, već su mijenjali i njegovu suštinu i društveni sadržaj. Prisustvo bakra ili bogatstvo njime u jednoj arheološkoj kulturi samo po sebi nije direktno proporcionalni i nerazdvojni simptom socijalno-ekonomskog »eneolitskog« napretka. Suština ključnog pitanja za utvrđivanje značaja bakra za kulturu je u društvenoj funkciji metala i metalurgije. Neolitska i eneolitska društva, za koja bakar još nije postao jedini tehnički materijal, očito su pridavala metalurgiji bakra različitu važnost u svojim sistemima. Zbog toga bi bilo pogrešno ulogu bakra objašnjavati pojednostavljenim anahronističkim shvatanjem koje se zasniva na današnjim ekonomskim principima. Društvena funkcija metalurgije bakra se ne može identificirati samo sa funkcijom konkretnih proizvoda od bakra, no ipak je i ovo pitanje značajno i ilustrativno. Direktno dejstvo na ekonomski razvoj društva bakar je mogao izvršiti samo onda kada se primijenio za izradu oruđa za rad. Ali dugo vremena to nije bio slučaj. U neolitu samo šila možemo tretirati kao oruđe, u eneolitu k tome dolaze i ravne sjekire, a tek na kraju bronzanog doba bakar je po prvi put direktno iskorišten u privrednoj bazi društva, u poljoprivredi, i to za izradu srpa. Nasuprot tome, u neolitu i eneolitu bilježimo veoma razvijenu proizvodnju nakita, u starom eneolitu ogromnu količinu krstastih sjekira i sjekira-čekića, čija funkcija još uvijek nije pouzdano objašnjena, kao i različite vrste oružja počev od starog i srednjeg neolita (bodeži, sjekire sa jednom oštricom) pa do bronzanog doba (bodeži, bodeži na palici, mačevi, koplja, i dr.). Zbog toga se čini da se direktna ekonomska upotrebljivost bakra kroz istoriju znatno mijenjala: od nepraktičnog materijala u neolitu pa do njegove pretežno ekonomske funkcije u mlađem bronzanom dobu. Jedan drugi faktor društvene funkcije metalurgije bakra je njena socijalna organizacija. Ona se ne može direktno proučavati, ali ipak dozvolite da navedemo neka razmišljanja. Neki autori su iz različitih razloga pretpostavili da se metalurgija bakra u neolitu i eneolitu razvijala izvan uobičajenih poljoprivrednih naseobina. Sa shvatanjem se ne slažu doduše neki tragovi obrade bakra u vinčanskim naseljima, ali mi bismo ipak željeli potkrijepiti ovo mišljenje sa nekoliko činjenica koje se u cjelosti mogu primijetiti. Do sada nije poznat ni jedan kalup za lijevanje (sa jedinim neobjavljenim izuzetkom iz Cäscioarele i jednim problematičnim izuzetkom iz Gornje Tuzle), iako je proizvodnja krstastih sjekira i sjekira-čekića, kao i ravnih sjekira u to vrijeme bila izuzetno velika (to je suprotno u odnosu na situaciju u mlađem eneolitu). Ovaj kontrast je naročito jasan u Bosni, oblasti kojoj pripisujemo proizvodnju krstastih sjekira tipa Kladari. Iako je prema svim nagovještajima ovdašnja metalurgija morala postojati istovremeno sa kulturom Hvar-Lisičići i butmirskom kulturom, nije nam poznata nijedna iskopina iz ovih naseobina koja bi imala veze sa metalurgijom bakra (cf. Amm. 155). Današnja istraživanja znatno precjenjuju tehnološku stranu praistorijskog razvoja. U slučaju metalurgije bakra tehnološko otkriće je naravno bilo primarno, ali to nije bio jedini faktor ovog procesa. Poslije njega se morao napraviti jedan drugi korak: »otkriti« bakar na socijalnom i psihološkom nivou. Ako primarno tehnološko otkriće posmatramo kao prilagođavanje sirovog materijala čovjeku, onda moramo društvenu stranu smatrati nužnom reakcijom, odgovarajućom akomodacijom čovjeka na novi karakter njegovih odnosa prema materijalu. Da bi se primarno otkriće moglo prikladno iskoristiti, moralo je društvo razviti nove oblike oruđa i operacije rada, pri čemu je trebalo prevazići snagu hiljadugodišnje tradicije i izdvojiti sloj specijalista iz zajednice, što je samo po sebi imalo dalekosežne posljedice. Tehnološko otkriće se obavilo i raširilo relativno brzo, ali je dugo trajalo dok je čovjek zaista shvatio sve mogućnosti ovog otkrića. Ovaj dvostruki aspekt metalizacije može se i pratiti u arheološkom materijalu. Redukcija rude i tehnike vađenja rude bili su poznati već na početku kulture Vinca—Pločnik, no ipak je nedostajalo razumijevanje i potreba da se bakar »praktično« iskoristi. Trajalo je makar 1500 god. dok se nisu proizveli takvi oblici predmeta koji su potpuno odgovarali novom materijalu (sjekire sa jednom oštricom) i koji su definitivno napustili tradicionalnu formu sjekiračekića koje su primjenom bakra postale nekorisne. A tek po isteku još jednog tisućljeća čovjek je naučio kako da u poljoprivredi direktno produktivno iskoristi bakar. Vremensko zakašnjenje socijalno-psihološke strane razvoja može se objasniti tromošću primitivne socijalne strukture, kao i činjenicom da je najstarija metalurgija u društvenom sistemu morala vršiti više funkcija a ne samo ekonomsku. Preokreti procesa metalizacije ne mogu se objasniti samo tehnološki, jer njihova suština nije samo tehnološka nego i kulturna. Prisustvo metalurgije bakra nije samo eneolitski elemenat strukture. Ona se može pojaviti u »neolitskom« kao i u »eneolitskom« (patrijarhalnom) sistemu, ali se može naići i na »eneolitske« (patrijarhalne) kulture bez metalurgije bakra. Nije samo bakar elemenat koji je metalurgiju bakra učinio progresivnom (novi materijal, nova tehnologija), nego tek njegova nova kulturna (društvena) funkcija koja uvijek ne mora odgovarati tehnološkom procesu. Nakon ovih razmišljanja konačno bismo pokušali da ocijenimo osnovne stadije i oblike odnosa čovjeka prema bakru u društvenom razvoju. Ovaj pokušaj ne bismo željeli staviti umjesto, već pored šema periodizacije koje se uglavnom bave tehnološkom stranom bez koje ne bismo mogli razumjeti ono što dolazi.

Reviews

Recenzje

Author(s): Jerzy Strzelczyk,Maciej Dorna,Tomasz Jurek,Marcin Starzyński,Patrycja Wiencierz,Maciej Zdanek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 84/2018

Documents on World and Romanian History in the Inventory of V. A. Urechia Library of Galati, as donated by V.A. Urechia, member of the Romanian Academy

DOCUMENTE PRIVIND ISTORIA UNIVERSALĂ ŞI ISTORIA ROMÂNIEI DIN PATRIMONIUL BIBLIOTECII „V. A. URECHIA” GALAŢI, DONATE DE ACADEMICIANUL V. A. URECHIA

Author(s): Ioana Grigore / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 14/2015

Keywords: documents; V.A. Urechia Library; Galați; old books; maps; prints;

The article consists of the general bibliography of documents referring to world and Romanian history, as well as books donated by V. A. Urechia to the Public Library of Galați, which bears his name today. The article is structured into 8 sections, Documents that are in the inventory of the Library and that concern world and Romanian history; Old foreign books (dating between 1472 and 1700); Old Romanian books; foreign books (dating from 1790 to 1900); Manuscripts; Maps; Photographs; Old Prints. The sources that have been used for compiling this bibliography are: the Catalogue of Manuscripts and Letters, the Catalogue of Prints and Paintings, the General Book, Manuscript and Map Catalogue, the Catalogue of Old Romanian Books in the patrimony of V.A. Urechia Library, the Old Books list and the Library’s Electronic Catalogue

Roman Law in England in the 18th Century. Teaching, Studying, Learning

Prawo rzymskie w Anglii w XVIII wieku. Nauczanie, studia, nauka

Author(s): Łukasz Jan Korporowicz / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: England in the 18th century; Roman law; civil law; English law; university legislation; civilists; civil law attorneys; Oxford; Cambridge

It was not until recently that the presence of Roman law in the history of English law started to gain popularity among scientists. Previous research had focused on historical issues and periods disconnected from one another. The eighteenth century had remained the most conspicuous research gap. The author of the publication conducted a discerning analysis of Roman law. He presented the history of the Regius Professorship of Civil (i.e. Roman) Law chairs in Oxford and Cambridge, as well as the attempts to teach the ancient legal code by civilists – civil law specialists – who were not associated with the university faculty. He also discussed the extant lecture materials. The author scrutinized the university legislation related to the conferral of bachelor’s and doctor’s degrees in jurisprudence at the two English universities, and also focused on the social impact of civilists. He also devoted a lot of space to the eighteenth-century English literature on Roman law. Lektura książki pozwoli spojrzeć na cywilistów jak na ważny człon intelektualnej elity Anglii. The book helps the reader recognize civilists as an important constituent of the intellectual elite of England.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIBLICAL PUBLICATIONS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF VRHBOSNA AT THE CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL FACULTY IN SARAJEVO

BIBLIOGRAFIJA BIBLIJSKE GRAĐE U KNJIŽNICI VRHBOSANSKE NADBISKUPIJE KATOLIČKOG BOGOSLOVNOG FAKULTETA U SARAJEVU

Author(s): Darko Tomašević / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 1/2019

Keywords: Bibliography of Biblical works; Library of the Archdiocese of Vrhbosna; COBISS; digitalization;

The Bibliography of Biblical works in the Library of the Archdiocese of Vrhbosna at the Catholic Theological Faculty in Sarajevo was part of a project financially supported by the Federal Ministry of Science and Education of BiH. The title of the project was “Research of Biblical Commentaries of Theological Faculties”, and it was completed at the end of 2018. All the biblical works are electronically saved in the COBISS Cooperative Online Bibliographic System and Service, showing that the Catholic Theological Faculty in Sarajevo has a rich biblical resource suitable for a faculty of Theology, with about 2,000 titles. The titles cover material from the Old and New Testament. Most of the material is in one or other of the major world languages, showing that students of the Catholic Theological Faculty have “tracked” the world’s theological paths. With the digitalization of biblical works, the number of online searches of the biblical resource of the Catholic Theological Faculty has doubled, which demonstrates the necessity and justification of this project as well as the need to continue processing other theological materials in the Library of the Catholic Theological Faculty in Sarajevo.

An Unnoticed Revolution. Constructivist Idealism of Richard Burthogge

Niezauważona rewolucja. Konstruktywistyczny idealizm Richarda Burthogge’a

Author(s): Bartosz Żukowski / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: modi concipiendi;Burthogge Richard;innate ideas;model of cognition;cognitive act;perceptions;idealism;imagination

The book is devoted to the theory of knowledge espoused by Richard Burthogge (1638–⁠1705), a seventeenth-century English philosopher, author of works such as Organum Vetus & Novum (1678) and An Essay upon Reason, and the Nature of Spirits (1694).Although Burthogge’s epistemological ideas failed to have a significant impact on philosophy at the time, and, as a consequence, have not yet become the subject of deeper analysis, his writings contain a very original concept of constructivist idealism, which – assessed from a broader historical perspective – turns out to anticipate in key points the philosophy of Kant that came almost a century later.The most important element of this position is the rejection of the possibility of direct (intellectual or sensual) cognition of external objects in favour of the theory of modi concipiendi, according to which the conceptualization of extramental reality is always carried out in the form and using the means determined by the structural and functional properties of the human cognitive abilities.In this way, by proving that the outside world is accessible to the human mind only through the “phenomena” that it co-creates, Burthogge clearly anticipates Kant’s claim of the incognizability of reality in itself.A need has been repeatedly articulated, at least since the 1920s, for a more detailed analysis of the writings of the eternally “forgotten” thinkers of the 17th and 18th centuries.The present monograph addresses this demand.Although its immediate goal is to expand the knowledge of early modern British philosophy, to restore the memory of the idealistic doctrine, almost a century ahead of Kant's concept, it should also allow the future formulation of new conclusions on internal logic and immanent dynamics of the evolution of all post-Cartesian thought.

Scholastic inspirations in poetics of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski

Scholastyczne inspiracje poetyki Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego

Author(s): Jacek Kwosek / Language(s): Polish

Keywords: Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski; poetics; scholastics

The topic of the work are scholastic inspirations in the poetics of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski. The work consists of an introduction, six chapters and conclusion. The intoduction presents the state of research and layout of the work. The first chapter shows, how Sarbiewski uses concepts taken from the scholastics. The second chapter compares the views of Aristotle and Sarbiewski on poetics. The third chapter presents the way Sarbiewski uses the concept of analogy. The fourth chapter presents his view on the problem universals. In the fifth chapter his vision of human being was described. In the sixth chapter Sarbiewski's understanding of creativity was compared with romantic views on it. In final, the conclusions were formulated.

On the Theory of Marriage Invalidity or Once Again on the Correlation Between the Notions of “Void”, “Voidable” and “Inexistent” Marriage

Към учението за недействителността на брака или още един поглед върху съотношението между понятията нищожен, унищожаем и несъществуващ брак

Author(s): Ekaterina Mateeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 9/2019

Keywords: Marriage; Marriage Formation; Secular Family Law; Canonical Family Law; Inexistent Marriage; Void Marriage; Voidable Marriage; Correlation

The present article is devoted to one of the namely the one concerning the legal notions of “void” and “inexistent” marriage and the correlation between them. From the perspective of legal history, the author traces the origin and the subsequent development of the different views upon these notions, expressed in the legal theory, initiating from the Roman private law until present day. This enables the conclusion that the issues on the precise legal qualifi cation of a marriage as “inexistent”, “void” and “voidable” one and on the exact litigious manner by which both the respective legal vice of the marriage and the legal consequences of such a marriage are resolved, is subjected to a great extent to the dominant legal views – religious (canonical) or secular, on the institute of marriage and marriage formation throughout the development of society.

Bibliography of Vladimir Georgiev’s works

Библиография на трудовете на Владимир Георгиев

Author(s): / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2008

Keywords: Bibliography; Vladimir Georgiev; linguistics;

Objective, Transcendental, Formal Truth: The Question on Truth in the Early Modern Jesuit Metaphysics and Scholastic Theology

Объективная, трансцендентальная, формальная истина: вопрос об истине в метафизике и схоластической теологии иезуитов раннего Нового времени

Author(s): Vitaly Ivanov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: concept of truth; Jesuit metaphysics and theology; cognitive truth; transcendental truth of thing; objective truth; Suárez; Izquierdo;

The article studies the transformation of the traditional Peripatetic concept of truth in the Jesuit metaphysics and scholastic theology of the Early Modern period. The essence of this transformation is described as an increasing tendency towards a convergence of the classical scholastic concept of the "transcendental truth of things" and the new concept of "objective truth” and to replace the first concept with the second. First, the article describes and analyzes the classic for the later Jesuit tradition disposition of the concept of truth in a metaphysical treatise on truth within the framework of the VIIIth Metaphysical Disputation by Fr. Suárez and shows the traditional opposition of the formal truth of knowledge or judgment and transcendental truth as an attribute of being as such. Secondly, the article shows that an essential characteristic of Suárez's metaphysical concept of truth is the reality of truth, and not objectivity as conceivability, not limited to real entity. It is indicated that Suárez is quite familiar with the concept of “objective truth”, but applies it only in his theology, while excluding it from metaphysics. Thirdly, the article looks into the theological motives for the formation of the concept of objective truth as key for the Jesuit theology of ‘scientia media’. Finally, the article analyzes the content of the treatise on the "objective truth" of things in the Pharus scientiarum by S. Izquierdo, and also demonstrates the motives and consequences of the identification of objective and transcendental truth in Izquierdo’s ontology.

Astrology, palmistry and metoposcopy as a complement to the physiognomic image of the soul in the philosophy of Marin Cureau de La Chambre

Astrologia, chiromancja i metoposkopia jako uzupełnienie fizjonomicznego obrazu duszy w filozofii Marin Cureau de la Chambre’a

Author(s): Tomasz Stegliński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 58/2022

Keywords: medicine; body; soul; astronomy; physiognomy; metoposcopy; palmistry

The article entitled: Astrology, Palmistry and Metoposcopy as a Complement to the Physiognomic Image of the Soul in the Philosophy of Marin Cureau de La Chambre aims to present the views of a little-known French doctor and philosopher in Poland. Living and creating in seventeenth century, de La Chambre is a representative of post-Cartesian philosophy. His studies concern the physiognomic image of the human psyche. The article briefly presents the content of the main works of this author, which include Les Characteres des passions, vols. 1–4, Paris1662 and L'art de connoistre les hommes, Amsterdam 1660. It is in these books that the scholar presents the principles of getting to know people, resulting from the combination of medical knowledge and the analysis of emotions in a person. In the second part, the article presents the content of two letters that de La Chambre attached to L'art de connoistre les hommes. These are: Discours sur les principes de la chiromance (Dissertation on the principles of palmistry) and Discours sur les principes de la metoposcopie (Dissertation on the principles of metoposcopy). The scientist studies the utility of these pseudo-sciences for the purposes of medicine so that, together with physiognomy, they can replenish the necessary knowledge not only about the behavior of people, but about the traits of their character, as well as the fate with reference to the incidence of various diseases. The article presents a less popular and familiar part of the knowledge in the field of the development of post-Cartesian medical philosophy in France in the seventeenth century.