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Keywords: legal theory; legal methodology; legal education; legal decision-making; multi-level and multi-actorial decision-system; interpretive tools in civil law as well as in common law system; convergence of civil law and common law systems; application of laws
We note an increasing consciousness of weakness of legal methodology taught to law students today: The students get neither real idea nor feeling of legal decision-making as mixture of legal matters, issue of facts, personal inputs, diverging interests, and the interplay with other actors. For minimize these defects it is necessary that law students learn in legal studies the following points: (1) Legal decision-making is a special kind of decision-making and is embedded in all problems of this process. (2) Jurisprudence is a hybrid science: It deals with facts of issue as well with legal matter. (3) Jurisprudence will be understood as transnational science and requires greater cooperation between law schools all over the world. (4) Legal education should focus on general principles and legal tools rather than on detailed rules. (5) Legal theory should demonstrate students our lack of understanding legal decision-making. (6) A realistic legal methodology has to take into account the impossibility of absolute certainty of the correctness of legal decision. (7) It is important to point out that analysis of facts of the case as crucial part of legal methodology requires teaching systems to introduce students in the respective techniques in practice like case studies, projects as well as legal clinics or SASLA-system.
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Self-government and internal policy The Prague Jewish community, similarly to other Jewish communities in Bohemia and Moravia, enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy. The leading officials of the community had considerable powers in political, economic and judicial matters. The most important function of the self-government was to collect Jewish taxes from the members of the community, and to pay them to the State. The most controversial issue was the distribution of taxes among the individual tax-payers....
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The article investigates Franz Kafka’s language management during the process of writing and publishing fiction against the background of the divergence of language standards in German speaking countries around 1910. Referring to Ulrich Ammon’s concept of a social network formed by codices, language experts, standard authorities and pattern speakers/writers which defines a standard variety of language, the model character of standard German as used in the German Empire for those German 58 writers in Prague who had the ambition of publishing on an international level will be shown by Kafka as an example. By means of five regionally defined language forms belonging either to the Austrian (vergessen an + acc.) or the Prague (paar without article) standard German, representing a borderline case of Austrian standard (subjunction bis expressing anteriority) or becoming regionally antiquated (comparative particle als after adjectives in the positive form, linking morpheme -n- in the noun Einzelnheit) the article aims to make clear that Kafka felt obliged to implement corrections in his future literary German work suggested by language experts who were his friends or editorial interventions of the German publishers who published his prose writings – though not applying this to every negatively sanctioned linguistic form.
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Keywords: Częstochowa Philharmonic; “Gazeta Częstochowska”; composer; music criticism; journalism; “Ruch Muzyczny”; music school; Wojciech Łukaszewski; “Życie Częstochowy”
The article describes Wojciech Łukaszewski’s journalistic work (1936–1978). He was a com-poser, a teacher, the principal of the music school in Czestochowa from 1971 to 1978, a music critic and a music animator. The introduction to the article summarises Łukaszewski’s major sci-entific works. They include scientific essays, dictionary and encyclopaedia entries as well as mas-ter’s theses. More information on this subject can be found in my article Stan badań nad życiem i działalnością Wojciecha Łukaszewskiego (1936–1978) [‘The state of research on the life and work of Wojciech Łukaszewski (1936–1978)’], published in the journal: „Seminare. Poszukiwania Naukowe” [‘Seminare. Scientific research’], 2013, No. 34, pp. 351–365.Apart from being a music critic, Łukaszewski was also a composer and a teacher. It was, how-ever, his additional occupation. Over the period 1968–1977, he was active as a journalist. He cooperated with newspapers such as the daily “Życie Częstochowy” [‘Life of Czestochowa’], the weekly “Gazeta Częstochowska” [‘Częstochowa Newspaper’], and the biweekly “Ruch Muzyczny” [‘Music Movement’]. The list of his reviews covers 122 articles, most of which were published in “Życie Częstochowy”. 99 out of 115 texts are concert reviews (mainly the Często-chowa Philharmonic concert reviews, educational music programs, sometimes amateur groups reviews and reflexions from trips abroad). 16 reviews concern the Youth Music Festival “Jeunesses Musicales” and Grażyna Bacewicz International Violin Competition. His reviews of the three first International Violin Competition were published in “Ruch Muzyczny” [‘Music Movement’] (1968, 1969, 1970) while his articles on the Private Music Centre in Czestochowa could be read in “Gazeta Częstochowska” [‘Częstochowa Newspaper’] (1968, 1972, 1975). The collected journalistic work of Łukaszewski was published in 2009 in his book Muzyczne inter-ludia. Recenzje, sprawozdania, refleksje, wywiady [‘Musical interludes. Reviews, reports, reflec-tions, interviews’], edited by M.T. Łukaszewski, Musica Sacra Edition, Warsaw 2009.
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Keywords: Class; status; social stratification; occupational structure of spouses; multidimensional scaling; status order in Slovak society
Status Order in Slovak Society. The theoretical basis of this article is Max Weber´s distinction between class and status as related but different forms of social stratification. Tak Wing Chan and John Goldthorpe proved that this distinction is conceptually cogent and empirically important in the study of today´s modern societies. We follow their approach in our attempt to identify a status order in present-day Slovak society. We analyzed the occu¬pational structure of spouses (partners in marriages): empirical results show that there is one dimension of this structure that can be interpreted as reflecting a hierarchy of status. The status order we identify is different to income, education and socioeconomic status. An analysis of the relationship between the status hierarchy and the class structure has shown that while some classes show a rather high degree of status homogeneity, in other classes status stratification is quite extensive. Similarly to the findings of Chan and Goldthorpe, our results also show that the Weber´s distinction between status and class remains valid and empirically beneficial. Sociológia 2018, Vol. 50 (No. 1: 5-30)
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Keywords: autism; autism spectrum; phenotype;
Broad autism phenotype is characterized by impairments in cognitive, social, communicative, behavioral and personality domains of close relatives to autistic individuals. Initial data derived from studies conducted on autism reflect mild autistic symptoms observed in siblings and parents of autistic individuals and this might be considered as an endophenotype for autism. With this review, we have aimed to summarize and interpret the entity of broad autism phenotype, within the context of its diagnostic assessment, its symptoms and relevant studies conducted so far.
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Keywords: Picaro; German educational novel; Bildungsroman; hero;
Već duže vreme naučnici nas opominju da likovi iz književnih dela nisu likovi iz stvarnog života. Frojdovci i marksisti, sa svojim "naivnim” oživljavanjem ”lika” u ime psihološkog ili socijalnog "realizma”, navodno mešaju umetnost i život, učitavaju stvarnost u ono što je samo iskrivljeno ogledalo umetnosti. L. S. Najtov esej "Koliko je dece imala ledi Magbet?” iz 1933. godine je klasik na tom polju. No, čak i kad prihvatimo da se umetnost razlikuje od života, čak i kad priznamo njen pre imaginativni nego realistični karakter, ipak postoje bar dva važna razloga zbog kojih možemo i treba i dalje da govorimo o "junacima” u književnim delima. […]
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Keywords: night;everyday life;socialism;city;Czechoslavakia;post-war period;
As the alternation of Day and Night is a natural process that influences everyone’s life, they are an object of the eff orts of control and change. After the World War Two, the night in Czechoslovakia was perceived in connection with war and with work. It was charged by symbolical and mobilizing dimension. After the diminution of the after war enthusiasm, Czechoslovak citizens reclaimed the „right for the night distraction“. In order to keep discipline and legitimity, the political power had to react. The night illuminated city became a symbol of socialist distraction and consumerism, in particularities different from the western capitalist cities, but in principle with the same objectives to control and to discipline. At the same time, the night city was an important place of parallel practices, often on the limits with the law and beyond it. The history of the everyday night in Czechoslovakia is an example of the history of different attempts to control, discipline and change the night in line with the communist perceptions of the „perfect communist night“ and of frequent failures of these attempts.
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Keywords: Biomarker;suicidal behavior; neurobiology;
Suicide is a phenomenon that is a world health priority, with multidimensional clinical appearance and with complex biological, social and psychological risk factors. Recent studies have revealed the complexity underlying the neurobiological mechanisms of suicide. The association between genetic transmission, serotonergic system dysfunction, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenaline axis hyperactivity, stress system, lipid metabolism, noradrenergic hyperactivity, anomaly in glial cells and signaling failure and suicidal behavior has been highlighted in particular in family, twin and adoption studies. There are also considerable evidences of morphological changes in the brain neuroimaging studies, particularly in the frontolimbic nerve and differences in the cognitive functions of the suicide attempted cases. The identification of neurobiological risk factors for suicidal behavior will play an important role in the prevention of suicide, as well as the arrangement of treatment algorithms and follow-up of treatment. The aim of this review article is to evaluate the neurobiological reasons of suicidal behavior.
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Keywords: Cognitive-behavioral therapy; marital therapy; psychotherapy;
Marital relationship is considered as a positive and life-enriching factor. Nevertheless, there exist disagreements and conflicts in marriage, which could also be serious stressors that affect the lives of the individuals. Effective solutions for prevailing problems ensure the functional continuity of the family. Cognitive-behavioral therapies developed to resolve marital problems were commonly intended to modify the unrealistic expectations, problematic cognitions and behaviors of the spouses and to improve their interaction, using direct skill-based methods such as problem-solving and communication skills. Certain objectives of cognitive-behavioral marital therapy, which focus on the feelings, behaviors, and cognitions of spouses, include decreasing problematic behavioral interactions and increasing mutual emotional support between the spouses. In recent years, cognitive-behavioral marital therapy was adapted to address a wide range of individual, psychological, and medical problems. Cognitive-behavioral marital therapy studies based on marital conflict and individual psychopathologies are expected to be effective both for relationship compliance and for the improvement of psychopathological symptoms of the spouses.
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Keywords: Czechoslovakia;Czechoslovak writers;Soviet Union;Soviet Orient;Central Asia;Communism;travelling;travelogues;exotic;modernity;labour;Interhelpo
The edition brings a commented selection of texts from reportage publications and travelogues of four Czechoslovak writers, which reflect their experiences gathered during their trips to and stays in “exotic” non-European regions of the Soviet Union between the two world wars. They are: Julius Fučík (1903–1943), a journalist, literary critic and columnist, Egon Erwin Kisch (1885–1948), a Czech-German journalist, reporter and writer from Prague, the Czech-German writer and diplomat Franz Carl Weiskopf (1900–1955), also born in Prague, and the Czech-Jewish writer, newsman and translator Jiří Weil (1900–1959). All of them were organized Communists (Weil was expelled from the Communist Party in 1935), travelling at an invitation of Soviet authorities, and their texts, which were published in Czechoslovakia and Germany between 1927 and 1937, presented a more or less idealized picture of the Soviet reality with a propagandistic air. The selected texts capture the authors’ impressions mainly from Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, but also from other regions of Soviet Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Altai Mountains. Julius Fučík and Jiří Weil were specifically interested in the Czechoslovak cooperative of emigrant workers and farmers, Interhelpo, established in 1925 and operating until the late 1930s off the town of Frunze (now Bishkek).
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Keywords: equivalence; functional equivalence; equivalent; legal translation; legal system; terminology; French; Czech
Equivalence was a central concept in the early stages of modern translation theory. Despite being criticised in later periods, mainly in literary translation, its usefulness in specialised translation remains undoubted. I first examine the aspects of equivalence described in the literature on legal translation, arriving at no less than 32 different equivalent types. Building on these findings, I propose a detailed, multidimensional typology of legal equivalents, using four orthogonal criteria: translation procedure, degree of equivalence, conventionality and register. Translation procedures are divided, on the one hand, into canonical and non-canonical, and, on the other hand, into language-oriented, language- and function-oriented, and function-oriented. The different categories, defined as non-exclusive, are characterised with respect to their documentary vs. instrumental nature, and supplemented by French-Czech and Czech-French translation examples. The analysis also raises a certain number of specific questions that have received only limited attention so far. These include the role of register in terminology, the evaluation of the degree of equivalence in the case of language-oriented equivalents, and the directional symmetry of equivalents. The typological proposal is language-independent, and may serve as both a theoretical framework and practical tool in translatorial decision-making.
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Keywords: Holocaust; Deportations; Operation Reinhardt; Slovak state; Jews; Death camps;
In 1942, the regime of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party deported more than 57,000 Jews to territory under the control of the Third Reich. Of these, 40,000 Jews were deported to the General Government´s Lublin District, where Operation Reinhardt, one of the biggest extermination operations of the Holocaust, was just beginning. Its central elements were Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka death camps. Therefore, the vast majority of Jews deported from Slovakia in 1942 fell victim to extermination Operation Reinhardt. The article presents a set of documents that characterize deportations of Slovak Jews to the Lublin District, as well as Operation Reinhardt itself.
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Keywords: sexual violence; domestic violence; victim of violence; rapist; crisis experience, psychological trauma
The paper discusses two of the most common forms of violence against women: sexual and domestic, leading to serious damage not only to physical but also to mental health. Violence against women is conceptualized in the context of the concepts of "crisis" and "psychological trauma", meaningfully related to the idea of transgressing socially accepted and close to the individual views of the world and human rights, putting them in a state of extreme confusion and insecurity. The risk factors and psychological consequences of sexual and domestic violence are considered. Leading approaches to therapy and counseling of victims of violence are presented. Specific guidelines and practical advice on how to conduct psychological support activities aimed at dealing with cases of violence against women are offered. The uncovering the psychological significance and consequences of various forms of violence against women in their dynamics has important implications for the prevention, intervention and support of victims.
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Keywords: Mother behavior; quality of motheradolescent relationship; validity; reliability; adolescent adjustment;
This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Parenting Behavior Questionnaire which was developed to measure parenting behavior directed from parents to child and the Quality of Parent-Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire which was developed to measure the quality of bidirectional relationship between parents and children (Wissink et al., 2006). The original scales based on adolescent reporting were rearranged in line with the suggestions of the researchers who developed the original scale, in a way that permitted adolescents’ evaluation of their parents separately and mothers’ self-evaluation. Thus, we examined the validity and reliability of four different forms including the Mother Behavior Questionnaire-Adolescent Form (MBQ-A), the Quality of Mother-Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire-Adolescent Form (QMARQ-A), the Mother Behavior Questionnaire-Mother Form (MBQ-M), the Quality of Mother-Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire-Mother Form (QMARQ-M). The study was conducted in independent samples with 1033 students aged 11-17 (Mean age = 14.01, SD = 1.75) and 465 mothers (Mean age = 44.14, SD = 5.72) with children aged 11-17. The results of the exploratory factor analysis performed to examine the construct validity of the scales showed that the factor structures of all scales were consistent with the original scales. In addition, the Youth Self Report (YSR 11-18) was used to determine the criterion validity of the scales and it was seen that the relationships examined were significant and expected. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the sub-dimensions of the scales ranged from .81 to .91. Findings show that the validity and reliability of the adolescents and mothers' forms of MBQ and QMARQ are at a sufficient and acceptable level.
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Keywords: integrated STEM; project-based learning; physics module; classical mechanics; personal interest; sense-making and effort;
Issues like why students felt far from physics and did not choose physics as their prime learning option are familiar in education. This paper aims to study the effectiveness of the STEM-Project-Based learning module in physics on students' personal interest and sense-making and effort. This research used the quasi-experimental model, employing a two-group pre-survey-post-survey design. Quantitative data were collected using the Colorado Learning Attitude about Science Survey (CLASS) instrument at two selected schools in Sabah, Malaysia, and Seoul, Korea. The sample size was 88 Form 4 students in Malaysia and 66 second-year high school students in Korea who learned classical mechanics. The students were divided into two groups, respectively, i.e., the experimental group (Malaysia=44, Korea=33) and the control group (Malaysia=44, Korea=33). Participants in the experimental group were intervened with the integrated STEM-PBL physics module, whilst participants in the control group learned physics through a conventional approach for eight weeks. Participants in both groups were then administered a pre-survey before and post-survey after the intervention. This research showed that the integrated STEM-PBL physics module significantly improved students' personal interest, and sense-making and effort after the intervention. The paper also highlighted the research's implications and suggestions.
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Keywords: exercise; academic performance; self-concept; self-esteem; behaviour conduct;
Studies have highlighted the benefits of regular practice of exercise and a positive contribution in the development of cognitive function. Psychological benefits of exercise have been noticed in the academic performance increasing, the self-trust, the emotional stability, the memory and positive body image and well-being. This study had as main objective to analyse the impact of physical exercise in academic performance of middle-school students of a Portuguese public school. The number of participants consisted of a total of 107 students. Of these 107 students, 55 (51.4%) were males and 52 (48.6%) were female, aged between 10 and 12 years and mean ages =11.19 ± 0.81. A total of 41 children (38.3%) from the fifth grade and 66 children (61.7%) from the sixth grade were randomly selected. For data collection instrument, the scale of Self-concept of Susan Harter validated for the Portuguese population was used, where it was proceeded to a descriptive and inferential statistics data analysis to confront the mean levels of self-concept, in the fields of competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, behaviour conduct and global self-esteem. Results suggest that the practice of physical exercise for students increases the levels of self-concept, self-esteem and school performance of the students.
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Keywords: minimalist syntax; Latin syntax; Multiple Agree; control; Case;
Latin nonfinite structures with nonovert subjects exhibit puzzling properties with regard to the case- and ϕ-features of their subjects and their relationship to overt NPs in matrix clauses. While the transmission of case- and ϕ-feature related properties is obligatory when there is a nominative or accusative controller NP, it is only ϕ-feature transmission that remains obligatory when there is a dative controller, case transmission being apparently optional. To avoid an assumption of syntactic optionality, accounts of the phenomenon which rely on syntactic mechanisms propose that the apparent optionality reflects a syntactic difference between two types of nonfinite structures. It is instead proposed that mechanisms of linking of objects via Agree and ϕ-feature and case transmission should be assigned to different components of the grammar, syntax and morphology. The hypothesis allows a unified treatment of the syntactic phenomenon of control in Latin.
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