Tadeusz Kantor's Three Texts
Trzy teksty Tadeusza Kantora
This article aims to interprete Tadeusz Kantor's verses, printed in this issue.
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This article aims to interprete Tadeusz Kantor's verses, printed in this issue.
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The article discusses issues involving relations of scope of vocabulary included on the one hand in the national language lexicons, and on the other hand in the texts of outstanding prolific writers. Results of research on writer’s lexicon following the novel concept of topical lexicon dictionary of the rich and prolific creative work of Stefan Żeromski. So far, six volumes of the monumental work „Słownictwo pism Stefana Żeromskiego” have been published: „Przestrzeń” (The Space) (by Katarzyna Sobolewska), „Dom” (The House) (by Elżbieta Sękowska), „Świat dźwięków” (Domain of sound) (by Barbara Bartnicka), „Świat barw” (Domain of colour) (by Kwiryna Handke), „Walka, wojna, wojskowość” (Domain of fighting, war and the military) (by Ryszard Handke), „Myśl i mowa” (Domain of thought and speech) (by Henryka Sędziakowa). There are more volumes to come: „Świat doznań zmysłowych” (Domain of sensual sensations) (by Barbara Bartnicka), „Słownictwo astronomiczne i meteorologiczne” (Domain of astronomical and metheorological words) (by Maria Olszewska), „Słownictwo topograficzne” (Domain of topographic lexicon) (by Magdalena Czachorowska), „Świat roślin” (Domain of biological lexicon) (by Stanisław Cygan), „Niebo i piekło” (Domain of heaven and hell) (by Monika Gabryś), „Miasto i wieś” (Domain of town and village) (by Katarzyna Sobolewska), „Świat kobiet” (Women) (by Kwiryna Handke), „Świat mężczyzn” (Men) (by Ryszard Handke), „Podróże” (Travels) (by Katarzyna Szostak).
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Keywords: interpretation; neopragmatism; hermeneutics; intention of the text; intention of the reader
The author reviews the book by Andrzej Szahaj, On interpretation. He points out that the ideas Shahaj proposed in the 1990s anticipated Polish reception of the ethical, political and cultural turn. Moreover, he argues that Szahaj’s neopragmatic approach can also be considered hermeneutical in the broad sense, opposed to the formal-structural-semiotic paradigm of modern literary criticism. From this point of view, the author undertakes criticism of Szahaj’s criticism of hermeneutics, in an attempt to prove that “in the text there exists something rather than nothing,” noting the variety of Szahaj’s cultural prejudices that affected his view of not only hermeneutics, but also, for example, of deconstruction. The essay is, however, intended as benevolent polemic or, in other words, “a family dispute.”
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Keywords: freedom of speech/expression; censorship; obscenity; bitniks; beat generation
Freedom of speech is guaranteed to every person by international agreements concerning the protection of human rights and by national constitutions. Freedom of expression is regarded as one of the pillars of democracy, the determinant of a wide sphere of human freedom. But should every statement, even the most controversial, be the subject of protection? Does obscene speech deserve such protection? The answer to these questions seems to be justified especially in the age of Internet – the instrument offering the possibility of unrestricted flow of information.
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Keywords: Teodor Parnicki; Stefan Szymutko; Ryszard Nycz; Poetics of experience; masculinity; pornography
The volume comprises indeed twelve miscellaneous texts representing various research idioms ranging from hermeneutics through intertextuality all the way to deconstruction and poststructural reading, as well as various themes which include: two texts each, devoted to the works of Teodor Parnicki and Witold Gombrowicz, pop culture-related problems (plastic survery and pornography), cultural and political issues (the problem of Polish socialism), the dialogues of the author with his masters within the framework of literary studies (Ryszard Legutko and Stefan Szymutko), and finally the questions of19-century Polish masculinity and the considerations about the condition of the contemporary university in Poland. According to the author, the most important texts are the ones which refer to Parnicki, who is presented as a writer of existence, as a writer of reality – a reality which is always too complex and unbearable ultra vires. Another important group of texts are the ones which discuss Gombrowicz. The interpretations of one of Gombrowicz’s stories that is presented here (Zdarzenia na brygu Banbury) and the final dramatic work of the writer (Operetka) are original: Gombrowicz is placed in the space of a debate between the work andthe text, where Gombrowicz becomes the supporter of the text, thus preventing the reader from making an interpretative move, as well as a reading of Operetka as a dramatic work about some new masculinity (known as atopical masculinity) which is possible in a somehow different way, presented on the basis of references to A la recherche du temps perdu by Marcel Proust. These two aspects heretofore were never researched. The texts which this publication contains present such modes of reading which emphasise the unobvious and the complexity of the phenomena that are described. There are also texts in which the author attempts to take a quasi oblique look into the existing state of research and the state of reflection concerning the questions which are engaged here.
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Der Aufsatzl bezieht sich auf die sog. „israelitischen Erzählungen“ von Marek Hłasko, in denen der Schriftsteller die Wirklichkeit ohne Illusion darstellt und ewige Sehnsüchte des Menschen nach Liebe, Freundschaft, Wahrheit und Wohl zeigt. Oft ist das eine verzweifelte Sehnsucht. In seinen Gestalten- und Weltkreationen weist der Verfasser auf Symbole zurück, die mit der christlichen Kultur eng verbunden sind. Dadurch gewinnen seine Werke einen universalen Charakter. Das Bezeichnen der Menschen mit biblischen Namen oder das Einfügen des plötzlich erscheinenden Kreuzes in der Beschreibung des blühenden Apfelbaumes, des reinigenden Regens und des treuen Hundes bekräftigt die Bedeutung der menschlichen Entscheidungen, Haltungen und Gesten, heiligt sie und gibt ihnen einen Sinn.
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Keywords: Polish language course for beginners;
W modelu kształcenia na odległość treść (inaczej tekst) jest terminem niezwykle pojemnym, a przez to także sprawiającym nieco trudności. Za treść uznajemy każdy zapis w formie elektronicznej, tj. e-book, dokument tekstowy, instrukcję, a także zapis w formacie PowerPoint, zestawienia liczbowe i tekstowe, nagrania i filmy, wiadomości z forów internetowych oraz informacje wymieniane w czasie czatów edukacyjnych, wideokonferencje i konferencje internetowe, jak również innego typu elementy multimedialne (gry interaktywne, teksty, prace zespołowe wykonywane online) (Orczykowska 2006). Tekstem zatem jest każdy rodzaj prezentowanej treści nauczania – w formie graficznej (słownej czy ikonicznej), jak również dźwiękowej, wizualnej statycznej (fotografia, ilustracja) lub ruchomej (film).
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Keywords: texts; contexts; listening skills;
Język polski cieszy się coraz większym zainteresowaniem wśród obcokrajowców. System certyfikacji naszego języka stanowi jeden z istotniejszych punktów promocji Polski i polszczyzny w świecie, a w związku z tym ważne jest, by przebiegał prawidłowo i nie budził zastrzeżeń zdających egzaminy certyfikatowe cudzoziemców.
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Keywords: Michał Leon Obuchowicz; slavery; lamentation; 17th c. manuscripts; diaries
A diary and a few letters and poems have been preserved from the time when Michał Leon Obuchowicz (circa 1630–1669) was in Moscow slavery (1660–1662). These various texts, which illuminate one another, express the difficult experience in ways characteristic of their genres. The diary was published twice (1859 and 2003) and the contemporary edition was enriched with official and private correspondence. The basis of the last edition of the diary is an eighteenth-century copy of Obuchowiczes’ silva rerum book (MS BK 358). The book contains also unpublished poems related to slavery, which can be attributed to Obuchowicz. The most interesting of them is „Lament więźnia” (see Annex). It is, similarly to Zbigniew Morsztyn’s „Duma niewolnicza”, an example of autobiographical lyric created by a soldier. Genologically, it forms a variation of the lamentation on Fortuna‘s instability.
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Keywords: legal interpretation; Bible; interpretation of the Bible; dynamic interpretation
This paper concerns similarity of interpretation of law and interpretation of the Bible. It focuses on the same mechanisms grounding both the principles of interpretation of law and interpretation of the Bible. First, similar textual principles of interpretation are briefly described. Second, extra-textual principles of interpretation are given. In the second part some shortcomings of legal extra-textual principles of interpretation are also indicated. At the end of the text, a theory that allows to disregard these shortcomings is proposed.
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Keywords: Bulgarian Theatre (20th Century); Radko Radkov; Theophano; Byzantine Commonwealth; historical memory; Anniversary 1300 years Bulgarian state (1981);
The article is dedicated to the problems of historical drama, one of the ways of interpreting the past. The study is placed in the context of the sociology of culture and the historical memory of society, with a focus on the transposition and the symbolical representation of the history of Byzantium and the Second Bulgarian Kingdom (1181–1396) in literature. The subject of the analysis are the works of the Bulgarian poet and playwright Radko Radkov (1940–2009), above all his play Theophano, written in the convention of classical drama in verse and the so-called ritual drama, according to the title of the author, a synthesis of text borrowed from Old Bulgarian Literature, and Byzantine hymnography, inspired visually by the images of the Middle Age Miniatures included in Manassij’s Chronicle (Codex Vaticanus Slav II) – Praise of Turnovgrad and In Praise of the Word. The historical theme in the work of Radko Radkov is substantially different from the interpretation of the Bulgarian history of other Bulgarian writers of the second half of the 20th Century, by which the author is opposing the ideological constructs of the official authorities during this period. Within the discourse of the relations between creator and authorities, attention is paid to some events surrounding the 1300 anniversary of the creation of the Bulgarian state (celebrated in 1981), when, thanks to the benevolence of Lyudmila Zhivkova and the open culture policy that she, as Chairperson of the Committee of Arts and Culture, had introduced, the plays of Radko Radkov were allowed to be staged in the theatres. The playwright has found semiotic and stylistic devices that recreate the classical past of the people, the orthodox Christianity and culture in the universal perspective of the Byzantine Commonwealth, and artistically voice his historiosophic views concerning Bulgarian national history and the Byzantine-Bulgarian cultural community. The paper analyses the tribulations of the performance of Theophano, staged in Bulgaria by the French Director Pierre Della Torre, who sees in the poetic world of Radko Radkov “the monumental force of the masters of French theatre, Racine and Corneille”.
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Keywords: J 1; 1; Prov 8; 22–23; Syr 24; iterary allusion; creation theology; ἐν ἀρχῇ
The first words of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel – “In the beginning” – are a literary allusion to the first words of Genesis. The Evangelist continues in this manner a long tradition of wisdom literature, which interpreted and developed creation theology, in particular in the texts where Wisdom was personified (Prov 8,22–23 and Sir 24). In fact, the first word of the Prologue (ἐν ἀρχῇ) refers its readers not just to the creation narrative, but to biblical wisdom literature and indeed to the whole corpus of Scripture, i.e. Old Testament, as the interpretative key to the Fourth Gospel.
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Keywords: intertekstualność;Zbigniew Herbert;przed-tekst;Aleksander Wat;krytyka genetyczna
This text is devoted to avant-texts and their influence on intertextual relations. The avanttextresearch makes it possible to reveal intertextual relations that significantly complementthe previous interpretations of indicidual works. They also help realize the fact that any textonce printed remains open, uninhibited and unbound – thanks to the research into its avanttexts,reading perspectives are significantly expanded and allow to pose a lot of significantquestions related to the genesis of the text. Intertextual space is not limited only to conscious,teleological references, because it opens to the field of the unconscious.
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W artykule przedstawiono elementy koncepcji uczenia języka polskiego dzieci w wieku 5–9 lat poza Polską. Koncepcja ta nawiązuje do podejścia holistycznego (Szyszko-Bohusz 1989; Schulz 2018) i koncentruje się na wykorzystaniu książki, tekstu kultury, tekstu literackiego zgodnie z prawidłowościami rozwojowymi dziecka, uwzględnia także specyfikę uczenia się języka polskiego jako odziedziczonego, drugiego, obcego.
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Keywords: aesthetics; culture of the word; media culture; public disputes
The aim of the article is to discuss the aspects of linguistic aesthetics in public discourse,especially those that are desired by language users who are observe ongoingdebates. Lack of sensitivity to the word, linguistic intuition and tact in language result ina decrease in the level of language culture in interpersonal relations. People who discussthe quality of language are disgusted by pauperization of language canons, violationof linguistic norms and the aesthetic order of thought, as well as brutality and vulgarity in speaking about those fragments of reality that are the subject of public disputes. Whilediscussing the issue of skipping the beauty of language in public discussions, I refer tothe method of axiolinguistic analysis. I refer to the principles of ethics of interpersonalcommunication, linguistic sensitivity and decency in language. I also present the influenceof language aggression on the disappearance of linguistic aesthetics and the ethicsin the public discourse. Public disputes revealed an important element of media culture.They showed that for the language users, the sense of aesthetics, the culture of the wordand the beauty of the language are not without significance.
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Keywords: second homes; economy; labour market; goods and services; estate market; region
Second homes are a social phenomenon that dynamically gains popularity, which exerts influence – both positive and negative – on a variety of regions‘ functioning aspects, including economy. Contrary to “traditional“ tourism, this form of leisure does not make products and services which are consumed on market. It is rather a mode of mobility and settlement which can be placed on a continuum between stable migrations and “traditional” tourism. Simultaneously, second homes owners’ and tenants’ demand for various goods and services can lead to the growth and diversification of income sources, employment, and development of certain region’s economy branches. The aim of this overview paper is to demonstrate second homes phenomenon in relation to its meaning to the region’s economy, linking it with local estate markets, products, services and labour. Additionally, it contains the author’s considerations on the issues that determine second homes phenomenon functioning in the field of economy, such as itinerancy, informal economy, and the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Keywords: Polish School of Mathematics; differential; mysticism; magic; kabbalah; monadology
The chapters devoted to mathematics on the one hand express the view about the organic relation between mathematics and humanities, and on the other, show that mathematics has the language of symbols which allow to encompass a much wider area of thought.
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Keywords: Helena Radlińska; war journalism; Gray Ranks Assault Groups; II World War; generational message
The article presents the main themes of journalistic texts probably written by Helena Radlińska, and published on the pages of the underground magazine ‘Pismo Młodych’ addressed to the Gray Ranks Assault Groups. The selected topics, referring to the main concepts of Radlińska’s social pedagogy, were distinguished as a result of a qualitative content analysis. The synthesis of the content addressed to the fighting youth and their instructors, leads to a conclusion regarding the generational message that Radlińska directed to the younger generation fighting against the invader during World War II. The text reveals a less known part of the journalistic work of the scientist from the war period.
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Keywords: ASD; students with special educational needs; text-producing education; diary sheet; short story
The monograph explores a very little researched but extremely important issue of teaching Polish to students with special educational needs. The presented research analyses in detail the problems faced by ASD students who want to develop their communication and text-producing competence as well as the methodology of supporting these students in the process of acquiring the ability to create written narrative texts.
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Keywords: Franz Kafka; comparative studies; anthropology of literature; body; war; masculinity; Kafka in Poland
Kafka and his work cannot be interpreted unequivocally; his texts cannot be assigned to any of the currents of modern literature (or more broadly — art). Such an unambiguous interpretation and strict assignment would immobilize the potency and dynamics still inherent in this work. Kafka would then become yet another dead butterfly on a pin, placed in the glass case of a collector of butterfly corpses, fascinated by the natural world and running around the meadows with a net… This is what we wanted to avoid in the sketches collected in this book. Did we succeed? The essay is an approximation, “circling around”; it is a testimony of attempts to come closer, and also attempts to tame. The movement of thought here takes place essentially within two separate intellectual circuits. Indeed, the volume constitutes a two-part whole, combining a detailed analysis of selected works by Franz Kafka (interpretive approach) with a broad overview of contextual themes (somatic experience, pacifism and attitude to war, transformations, flows/influences, metamorphoses, aporias, paradoxes of modern knowledge, etc.).
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