![THE HARD WAY TO THE EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION: SERBIA AND BULGARIA IN LATE 19 - EARLY 20 CENTURIES. PRIORITIES OF DEVELOPMENT](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2014_377.jpg)
Keywords: Research and scientific work; Sources of scientific informations; Traditional and digital formats; Kategorization of scientific contributions; Results of scientific work; Scientific journals in B&H
This work is mainly focussed on the question of evaluation scienrtific an research informations which are today avalilable in various formats. Author intends to contribute to finding the adequet answer to the challanges confronting contemporary generation of researchers who are facing ever growing accessability of various information resurces available in digital form.These new resources, similarly to the traditional ones (manuscript and printed books and journals, etc.), confront the members of academic community with real dilemma: which resources to select, how to evaluate them and how properly to use them. In addition the review of historical retrospect of categorization of contributions to the scientific publications is given while the particular attention is paid to the year long practice known as peer-review. It is used in scinetitifc communication to ensure proper qualitative growth of knowledge in particular scientific disicipline as well as in wider academnic environment. The review of current scientific journal publishing in B&H is also given.
More...The paper reveals the collectivization in two villages, Teaca and Ocniţa (Bistriţa). Our aim was not necessarily to remake the real process, but to reveal the villagers’ attitude towards the communist regime according to which agriculture had to be “collectivized”; for this reason we used as a reaserching method the interview. We also used traditional sources as press articles, archives, studies. The paper follows the evolution of collectivization in those two villages, taking into account the social and economic realities and also religious and ethnic points of view; it is also important their influence upon the methods used by authorities for the requirement of new structures; we had in mind the consequences upon the villagers. The study covers the years between 1949 and 1962, according a special view on the period between 1957-1962, when the villagers had a rough time. There are also signals for the first years after the Second World War in order to reveal the individual’s or collective attitude towards the communist regime. Our attempt used as a work-instrument the method of individual interview having a certain theme and some questions previously established; other questions are established according to each interview. We appealed to sixteen informers, taking into consideration religion, studies, gender, fortune and so on. After a short introduction regarding the settlement of the communist system in rural world, the study is taking into consideration the problem of collectivization from legislative point of view and also all consequences: shares, taxes, oppressive laws and so on. The paper continues with the stages of collectivization: associations, collective housekeeping etc. exactly how they were remined of by the villagers. According to the leaders’ strategies the methods used for villagers involvement in collectivization had the following steps: explaining, threat and beat or arrest in order to force somebody to join collectivization. Although the methods and strategies were the same in the two villages, the evolution of the colectivization was absolutely different. So, the signs of collectivization appeared first in Ocniţa then in Teaca due to ethnical, religious, social and economic points of view. Unlike Teaca, Ocniţa is a homogeneous village from the points of view mentioned formerly. That is why the villagers from Teaca are more vulnerable to collectivization that managed to convince some of the families from Teaca of its “utility”. Those from Ocniţa resisted to threat because of their solidarity; unfortunately they were forced by Miliţia and Security. The study comes to an end with a short analysis of the Oral sources used, taking into consideration the witnesses attitude toward the techniques (the interview), the quality of the memories according to studies, job, function in administrative structure and so on.
More...Keywords: Video game; serious game; literature review; educational potential; learning; didactic
This literature review discusses impacts of video games and serious games in terms of educational potential and contributions to education and learning. After defining video games and serious game, authors examine successively the motivational dimensions and developmental effects of these games and their interest in schools and universities.
More...L'auteur présente les efforts de certains pays de l'Europe de l'ouest afin de pénétrer dans l'économie de la Moldavie. Relativement bien connue en Occident, la Moldavie les offre la possibilité d'un approvision-nement commode avec toute sorte de produits naturels qu'ils pouvaient acquérir à bon marché. De tous les pays occidentaux c'est la France et l'Autriche qui font les efforts les plus marqués pour s'emparer du marché moldave. On ne peut également passer sous silence les efforts de la Prusse qui, malgré les exportations dirigées vers la Moldavie par le marché de Leipzig, s'intéresse aussi à l'importance de la ville de Galati. Etant le seul port de la Moldavie, la ville de Galati jouira dans la deuxième moitié du XVIII-e siècle de l'attention de tous ceux qui s'intéressent des possibilités économiques de la Moldavie. Les rapports et les mémoires de Dessaleurs, Jean Pierre Nagny, Parrant, Peyssonel, Carra etc., décident le monde français de participer directement aux exportations de marchandises françaises par le port de Galati, en évitant le marché de Leipzig. À part de la tentative de Linchou, en 1750, de fonder à Galati une maison commerciale et une manufacture de viande salée, on trouve encore à Galati quelques autres marchands français. La rareté de ces présences s'explique par l'absence d'un régime privilégié comme celui dont jouissaient les marchands autrichiens ou russes. L'Autriche, grâce à sa position géographique, pourra s'imposer dans la vie économique de la Moldavie, en obligeant la Turquie de lui accorder la liberté de navigation sur le Danube. C'est ainsi que la ville de Galati devient le point principal dans le transit des marchandises autri¬chiennes vers la Russie ou Constantinople. Les nombreuses explorations du Danube effectuées durant la période considérée dans cet article et la création de certaines compagnies de commerce sur le Danube et la Mer Noire soulignent l'importance que l'Autriche accordait à la ville de Galati pour la vente de ses produits manufacturés. C'est à peine vers la fin du siècle que la Prusse finit par orga¬niser un commerce plus actif avec la ville de Galati et toujours fondé, bien sûr, sur la manufacture de drap. Les marchandises anglaises qui existaient en Moldavie provenaient du; marché de Leipzig. La ville de Galati ne sera visitée par les mar¬chands anglais qu'à peine au commencement du XIX-e siècle.
More...Keywords: Annales school, psychohistory, history of mentality, wooman history
In this article I try to describe history of the Annales school since it´s constitution in 1929 to the present. I observe the theories, which inspired this school. About all I addict attention to book – titles, which was wrote by historians, associated in inducted Annales. Especially belaud the most distinguished personalities, for example Marc Bloch, Lucien Febvre, Fernand Braudel, Jacques Le Goff or Roger Chartier. I illuminate to their apport for history in France and for the other countries (for example in Bohemia, Brasil, Poland or Spain). I believe, that the fourth generation of Annales school actually exist and in future will provide new impulses and themes for historical research...
More...Keywords: Serbia, 15th century; despot Lazar Branković; Stefan Branković; chancery; charter; letter; expeditoria.
In the second half of 1457, Lazar and Stefan, sons of the late Serbian despot Đurađ Branković, withdrew the last installment of a large deposit their father had made in Dubrovnik in 1441. During the procedure, the brothers issued five documents – two pairs of charters confirming first the withdrawal and then the delivery of their respective shares, and a letter by Lazar notifying the Dubrovnik authorities that the transaction has been completed. This paper presents new editions of all five documents (for two of the charters this is the first complete edition) and analyzes their diplomatic characteristics in order to determine their position within the corpus of 15th century Serbian documents, with special focus on comparison between the document-making practices of the two brothers, made interesting by the fact that Lazar was the current ruler, but also the younger sibling. As the only preserved original letter of a reigning Serbian despot from the entire period of the Despotate (1402–1459), Lazar’s letter provides particularly valuable insight into the external features of this type of documents, while its textual formulae are fully consistent with the texts of numerous despots’ letters available in the form of copies. The text of the charters, however, contains many features that deviate from known Serbian practice of the period (lack of signatures, presence of majestic plural in the intitulation, use of an atypical promulgation formula in which the charters are named open documents, etc), but have numerous parallels in contemporary documents issued by Dubrovnik and, especially, by the kings and regional lords of Bosnia. The explanation seems to be that these charters are the only surviving Serbian examples of the expeditoria, a special type of document essentially serving as a receipt for a withdrawal, widely used in Dubrovnik as a consequence of the increasing number of deposits made in the city by neighboring lords faced with the prospect of Turkish conquest. Finally, the potential for comparative analysis of Lazar’s and Stefan’s charters was somewhat reduced by the discovery that Lazar’s second charter, previously thought to be an original like all the others, is most probably a copy, the original having been sent to the Turkish court as evidence in a legal dispute in 1485/86. Nevertheless, even limited comparison suggests that, although the brothers lived together at the Serbian capital of Smederevo, they maintained separate document-making staffs or chanceries, which obviously cooperated in creating both pairs of charters, but also imparted upon the final products elements of their individual practices, resulting in subtle, yet telling differences.
More...Keywords: classroom management; clarity; structure; coherence; cognitive activation; supportive learning climate; instructional quality; pacing; learning task; time on task; instruction; research
This review paper presents findings about components and characteristics of instruction that have been shown as relevant for quality of instruction by pedagogical, psychological and didactic research studies. In the paper, components and characteristics of instructional quality are summarized and presented in four areas: (1) classroom organization and management − timing, pacing, structure, (2) dealing with goals and contents − clarity, structure, coherence, (3) learning tasks − cognitive activation, (4) supportive learning climate − constructive dealing with mistakes, adaptive teaching. Each component and characteristic of instructional quality is highlighted with relevant research findings, which are discussed in didactic context.
More...Keywords: Migration; Turbo folk; Yugoslavia; Berlin; West Berlin; 1990s; popular music
This paper’s aim is to shed a light on the emergence, meanings and contexts of early 1990s turbofolk. While this music-style has been exhaustively investigated with regard to Yugoslavia and Serbia, its appropriation by Yugoslav labour migrants has hitherto been no subject of particular interest. Departing from this research gap this paper focuses on “Ex-Yugoslav” evening entertainment and music venues in Berlin and the role turbofolk possessed. We hope to contribute to the ongoing research on this music relying on insights we gained from our fieldwork and the interviews conducted in early and mid-2013. After criticizing some suggestions that have been made regarding the construction of group belongings by applying a dichotomous logic with turbofolk representing the supposedly “inferior”, this approach could serve to investigate the interplay between music and the making of everyday social boundaries. Drawing on the gathered interview material we, beyond merely confirming ethnic and national segmentations, suggest the emergence of new actors and the increase of private initiatives and regional solidarity to be of major importance for negotiating belongings. In that regard, turbofolk events – far from being an unambiguous signifier of group loyalty – were indeed capable to serve as a context that bridged both national as well as social cleavages.
More...Keywords: Jesuits; Habsburgs; imperial court; Vienna; Lamormaini; ruler’s virtues
The aim of this study is to examine the notion of ruler’s virtues, as it was understood in the Habsburg Empire of the 17th and 18th century. It draws on the writings of Jesuit authors Wilhelm Lamormaini Ferdinandi II imperatoris romanorum virtutes (1638) and Nicolas Caussin Cour Sainte. The latter book was simultaneously translated by Wilhelm’s brother Henri Lamormaini. The author analyses the contents of the books, follows the circumstances surrounding their publication, re-editions, and use within Jesuit pedagogical activities.
More...Keywords: Politics, Religion, unionism
The mission of Roncalli in Bulgaria is part of the wider Eastern policy of the Holy See, in respect of whom professed unconditional obedience. Within a reality complex, internal political and institutional, ecclesiastical politics Roncalli took place within the discourse of Christian unity. In him was accompanied by a markedly ministry that brought him closer to the Orthodox, a fatherly care of the faithful Catholic (Latin and Eastern), a great openness to dialogue and encounter with the neighbour. His choices earned him a nomination as Apostolic Delegate.
More...Keywords: morphogenetic processes; palaeoenvironment; relief evolution; central Poland
The study concerns the intensity of morphological processes as well as morphological changes during the Younger Dryas in the Łódź Region (central Poland). As the background is shown the present state of knowledge on the last Pleistocene colling episode, especially its causes, climate parameters and chronostratigraphy. Based on the history of vegetation development and geological records, environmental conditions in the Łódź Region during the Younger Dryas have been reconstructed. The mean air temperature of the coldest months decreased up to –20 °C, while the values of the warmest months up to 10 °C, with increasing dryness, considerable aerodynamic activity and at least local permafrost possibile. The conditions favoured an intensification of the morphological processes which is reflected in the variety of geological and morphological proofs and the change of the positive erosional balance into the negative one. Morphological effects of the Younger Dryas cooling have been presented against the previous sta ges of the relief evolution, from the Weichselian Pleniglacial onward, on the basis of landforms and deposits with reliable stratigraphic position. An increased activity has been registered in three sedimentary environments, i.e. slope, fluvial and aeolian ones. The geological effects of the Younger Dryas in the slope sedimentary environment was the series of thinly laminated sands, while the morphologically the changes consisted on the spatial extention of the valley areas. In the fluvial environment, the Younger Dryas period was marked by an enhanced activity, expressed mosty as in the presence of all river channel patterns. Locally the low terrace was formed. In the aeolian environment, besides the dune transformation processes, aeolian covers may have been deposited. Apart from a considerable dynamics of the environment, a spatial diversity of the processes as a result of the different hypsometrical conditions and the stage of the landform evolution. The analyses gave not clear answer to the question about the nature (local or global) of the differences.
More...Keywords: Polish tales; Gypsy tales; Jerzy Ficowski; identity; universality; inter-ethnic relations; The Grimm brothers; Alexandre N. Afanassiev; the triumph of the weak
This paper focuses on three books of collected tales translated from Polish to French: Tales from Poland (1990), The Bough Of The Sun Tree (collected by Jerzy Ficowski, 1990) and Polish Tales (2007). The analysis starts with the question of what prevails in these collected tales: the deep roots of identity or its universal value. The first observations yield a paradoxical result: the Polish anthologies do not particularly highlight ‘Polishness’ whereas most of the collecting coincided with a desperate effort to save the culture of an embattled country which at the time had been erased from the maps. On the contrary, in Le Rameau de l’arbre du soleil, the narrator frequently gives an account of the discovery or the reclaiming of his gipsy identity by the hero who is the very subject of the tale. Yet, in a second stage of the study, we must introduce nuances in the picture by pointing out the elements in the tales possibly revealing the nature of inter-community relations. Even though the communities are tightly insulated from one another, tales, on the contrary, move back and forth across the lines separating Gipsies and Poles, but also other communities (see the variations on the Grimm and Afanassiev tales). Finally, the reflexion on the tales’ significance sheds light on the fact that the leading themes of these collected tales — such as the pattern of social climbing — may be construed differently, alternatively stressing the dimensions of identity or universality.
More...Keywords: social history; religion; monasticism; 16th century; Hungary; Körmend
The study seeks answer for a question that is basically one of source criticism: Did those witnesses who were ordered to appear before the ecclesiastical court in the 1518 Körmend monastery case speak honestly and freely, or under pressure? The question cannot be evaded, since background power relations were extremely one-sided: the witness interrogation record was the product of an investigation in which Tamás Bakócz, archbishop of Esztergom, stood against those Hungarian Augustine monks who were removed by him a year earlier with reference to their lifestyle regarded as unworthy for monks. For such reasons it is definitely worthwhile to examine more thoroughly what made witnesses unanimously condemn the monks – which coincided with the interests of the stronger party. Our methodology goes as follows: we seek for similarities and differences between reality and narrative, foremost by the analysis of form and content of the stories (that we regard as products of remembrance and group communication) told about the monks.
More...Keywords: social history; cultural relations; 17th century; Hungary; way of life; board; clothing; apodemic literature; travel book
A Swedish diplomat, Claes Rålamb travelled to Constantinople through Hungary, Transsylvania and Wallachia in the years 1657–58 and he described his journey in a diary (preserved in two versions) and several letters. Rålamb’s accounts on his travel are generally considered to be unusually impartial. This seems to be true for his comments on the „Turks”, meanwhile studying his notes about people living on the border of the Ottoman Empire shows that he readily made generalized statements about whole ethnic groups derived from individual cases. The analysis of several cultural categories (eating and drinking, clothing, vehicles and accommodations, natural and cultural sceneries, courtesy and representation) shows that he perceived the people living in this area as backward and sometimes even offensive. Although he came from another European periphery, with his Western-European system of norms he represents the cultural turn which took place in Sweden in the middle of the 17th century and is usually described as an accelerating integration to Europe.
More...Keywords: Emmanuel de Martonne; geography; geopolitics; Communism, Romania.
This paper examines the fate of the work of eminent French geographer Emmanuel de Martonne (1873-1955) under and after the Communist regime in Romania. Initially, de Martonne was dismissed as a western imperialist, while some of his pre-war Romanian students were sidelined because of their association with ‘Fascist’ geopolitics. However, with the thaw in relations with the west, particularly France, and the ‘nationalist’ turn of the Communist regime, de Martonne and his Romanian associates were gradually, if not fully, rehabilitated. The head of geography at the University of Cluj, Tiberiu Morariu, would play a key role in these developments. The ‘return’ of De Martonne to his beloved Romania was illustrated by his centenary conference in 1973 and the publication of selected works in translation. The fall of Communism restored complete access to his work. However, changes in the field of geography have undermined the once central position his work enjoyed.
More...Keywords: United States; bridge building; Cold War; OECD; ECE; NATO; International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Scholars have usually seen American bridge building policies in a bilateral context applied towards Eastern Europe. Equally, the discussion of modernization theories confines it to the Third World or a non-European context. The author shows that the bridge building policies pursued by the Johnson Administration had a strong multilateral and method driven dimension that led to the establishment of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). Rooted in national security calculations, multilateral bridge building was closely connected with the social discourse on modernization and social convergence during the 1960s and 1970s. The negotiation process revealed that the American way of modernization was not endorsed by the Europeans, and thus needed bridge building also in West Europe. By applying Peter Haas’ epistemic community theory framework in the context of Benedict Anderson’s ideas on nations as imagined communities, the author asks if the failures of overcoming the Cold War in the 1960s and 1970s can be interpreted as an American overextension of both epistemic and national limits. To grasp the historical background for IIASA the analysis includes other involved multilateral organizations, the OECD, ECE and NATO.
More...The article explores a case of rendering abstract historical representations authentic: the modes Hungarian communist party historians, propagandists and historico-politicians attempted to support their construction of the counterrevolution by various types of visual, material and textual evidence. The post-1956 Hungarian communist party elite construed a historical continuity from the fall of the First Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919 to the alleged counterrevolution in 1956, which functioned as a major tool justifying their authority. The essay examines how various techniques and forms of historical representation and practices of evidence – photographies, museum exhibitons, textual arguments – were used to render the abstract interpretation tangible, credible, thus, authentic.
More...Keywords: Komárom;Komárno;J. Selye University;media research;online media
This paper focuses on the importance of the establishment and operation of J. Selye University and its image created by local online media based in Komárno and surroundings. We also examine what asymmetries arise between media products and verifiable, realistic cultural factors. First we present the methodological basis of the research. Further we refer to the phenomenon of the town and the university, in the broader context of the university´s establishment. In the next section we introduce the examined media and show their archives. Finally, we try to characterize the university´s image created by the online media edited in Komárno.
More...