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Keywords: Français; voyage; Orient; XVIIe siècle; échanges interculturels
La présente étude aborde la problématique des échanges interculturels entre Français et Orientaux tels qu’ils sont reflétés par un échantillon représentatif de récits de voyage de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle. En retraçant le contexte spécifique de l’ouverture de la France envers l’Orient, où les voyages occupent une place de choix, on en est venu à identifier quelques caractéristiques d’une démarche cohérente des voyageurs. L’exemple de Barthélemy Carré nous a servi d’illustration de certaines tendances communes, telles que le dépassement de préjugés ethnocentriques préexistants allant vers une réhabilitation de certains ethnotypes grâce à des interactions interculturelles prolongées.
More...Keywords: press image of Poland; discourse; foreign news; content analysis; Chinese press
Th e aim of the article is to present the results of the survey on the structure of the discourse on Poland present in the content of various Chinese newspapers and magazines. In the first part, we provide an overview of the history, characteristic and development trends of the Chinese newspaper market. In order to construct the collection of messages aboutPoland and Poles, a query was carried out in 172 journalistic materials published in2015–2020. The first step of analysis performed in this research was the lexical analysis of the Chinese print media gathered in the text corpus of app. 160 thous. words. Additionally, the authors of the article used text mining analytics soft ware to extract the main concepts.Th e next phase of the survey was the computer assisted content analysis. For the research purposes 150 categories dictionaries were created. Those dictionaries consisted of the set of words gathered on the same semantic basis. Th e unit of the analysis in this phase of the research was a single paragraph (N=2465 units) and the results of this analysis were the hierarchy and key-ness of collective symbols, themes, actors and places present in the press discourse on Poland. In the last part of the research—as a result of factor analysis—the structure of the discourse on Poland in the Chinese press was reduced to 9strongest factors determining which different (detailed) categories have the tendency to co-occur and that is why they create easily distinguishable configurations.
More...Keywords: Christian cultural background; traditional culture; French culture; the German culture; European constitutional models; reforms and modernization, economic development; Great World War;
The relations between Romania, France and Germany had developed almost concomitantly during modern time. They manifested in the field of culture, international and constitutional law, economy, trade and in the organisation of the military area. A. I. Cuza started the process of modernization in the Danube Principalities following the French model (e.g. the Civil Code, the electoral system; the constitutional regime). After Cuza was removed from power, the new Prince Carol ratified the Romanian Constitution which took as reference the 1831 Belgian Constitution. Under Carol I. Romania was modernized and, despite many scandals, the infrastructure of the country had significantly improved. Carol introduced the Prussian military system in Romania and lead the Romanian Army in a successful war against the Ottoman Empire (1877-78). After the Congress of Berlin Romania was established as an independent Kingdom. Romania secretly joined the Triple Alliance in 1883. In 1914 the Francophile elites of Romania voted for neutrality in the Great War even if this official stand was strongly against the expressed will of the King Carol I. In 1916 Romania joined the Entente in its war against the Central Powers, being driven in the war by ideological reasons, namely, the accomplishment of the national project of Great Romania. Soon, Romania was defeated and had to accept the Treaty of Bucharest from 1918. The Romanian parliamentary bodies ratified it, but King Ferdinand refused to sign it. Thus, Romania could re-join the Entente and the Greater Romania came into existence, its borders being internationally ratified by the Treaty of Trianon. The new constitution from 1923 did not fulfil the regional demands included in late 1918 and early 1919 resolutions. In the interwar period Romania participated in the Little Entente and showed receptive to the strong French influence in state, politics, economy and society matters. As a result of the great Depression of 1929/33 the Romanian-German relations improved politically and economically. The Romanian Constitution from 1938 did not substantially differ from the 1866 one, especially as far as the idea of the central state was concerned, hence, modern Romania remaining still a strongly centralized state.
More...Keywords: Sarbievius; Hosschius; Horace; Pindar; Orpheus; aemulatio; furor poeticus;
The main aim of this paper is to present and analyse an ode by the Flemish Jesuit Sidronius Hosschius (Sidronius [or Syderoen] de Hossche, 1596–1653) to “the Sarmatian Horace” Mathias Casimirus Sarbievius (Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, 1595–1640). This eulogy has often been viewed as a masterpiece. In addition, it has two distinct versions: one published in a collection of poems in honour of Sarbievius (the socalled Epicitharisma), first printed in an edition of his oeuvre in 1632, and one in the collective volume of Hosschius’s own works issued posthumously in 1656. Both versions were first published by the famous Plantin-Moretus printing house in Antwerp. The paper consists of three sections. The first one focuses on the relationship between Hosschius and Sarbievius and on the Nachleben of Hosschius’s ode. The second section offers a general analysis of the poem. Tracing the contents of Hosschius’s ode and its sources of inspiration, it argues that Hor. Carm. IV 2 is central to the poem’s understanding. The third section discusses the differences between the two versions, in an attempt to disclose why the poem was altered and how the changes influence the ode’s meaning. A number of larger changes affect the poem’s central message: while in the earlier version Sarbievius is said to outdo Pindar and even Horace, the later version is more cautious. All it does is admit that Sarbievius could perhaps equal Pindar and Orpheus. Hosschius’s eulogy and the reception of Sarbievius through his composition have two different traditions: 1) the one found in most editions of Sarbievius’s works, where the poem basically proclaims him to be the best Latin lyricist of all time, thereby tying in with other laudatory contributions and promoting both Sarbievius’s oeuvre and the editions themselves, and 2) the one added to Hosschius’s own poetry, where the adjusted version—which contains more references to ancient literature and which could be called more personal, as well as, perhaps, more realistic—became a fan favourite. In both instances, however, the reinterpretation of the psychological effect of poetry—the translation of furor poeticus from the author to the reader—and the re-evaluation of the concept of aemulatio could be the main reason why Hosschius’s ode was so highly valued.
More...Keywords: citation databases;SCIndeks;journal publishing;criticism;research integrity;research competence;
The article is a response to criticism published by Rajko Bukvić in Ekonomski vidici in the paper ‘On quality and visibility of social and economic sciences of Serbia’, more precisely in the section entitled Scandals directed by CEON/CEES: Does chaos rule in our (economic) periodic publishing? In this section, the author directly accuses CEON/CEES for producing chaos in social sciences in Serbia by “excluding” many journals from its database called the Serbian Citation Index (SCIndeks). According to the author, CEON/CEES, after the termination of the financial support by the Serbian ministry responsible for science, blackmailed journal publishers by accepting for indexation only those willing to pay a fee for content maintenance. The author also claims that excluding three journals published by the Faculty of Organizational Sciences (FON), University of Belgrade, was illegal and scandalous. He adds to his allegations against SCIndeks several other unfounded, less important issues, supported by some serious unwarranted ethical accusations against its publisher. In this response, it is demonstrated that all accusations are fabricated and malicious. The alleged exclusion of formerly indexed journals was explained as a fully justified action of “non-inclusion” of journals unwilling to pay the necessary service fee after the forced transition of SCIndeks’s business model from a government-sponsored to the journals-sponsored (“diamond open access”, Ševkušić, Kosanović, & Šipka, 2020). Also, the suspension of the journals published by FON was a legitimate action aimed at protecting SCIndeks from a publisher who turned out to be untrustworthy, as demonstrated by the act of concealing the blatant plagiarism in the PhD thesis of the current Minister of Finance in the Serbian Government. The decision was reinforced by the discovery of a history of publishing in predatory journals by many members of the journals’ editorial boards, the Dean’s Collegium, and the Faculty Council. The author of the criticism is unmasked as lacking not only the basic knowledge on scientometrics, but also research and ethic integrity.
More...Keywords: COVID-19; economy; bibliometrics;
Research background: The outbreak and spread of COVID-19 brought disastrous influences to the development of human society, especially the development of economy. Purpose of the article: Considering that knowing about the situations of the existing studies about COVID-19 and economy is not only helpful to understand the research progress and the connections between COVID-19 and economy, but also provides effective suggestions for fighting against COVID-19 and protecting economy, this paper analyzes the existing studies on COVID-19 and economy from the perspective of bibliometrics. Methods: Firstly, the discussion starts from the statistical analysis, in which the basic distributions of the studies on different countries/regions, different publication sources, different publication years, etc., are presented. Then, the paper shows the cooperation situations of the researchers from analyzing the related citation networks, co-citation networks and cooperation networks. Further, the theme analysis of the related studies is presented, in which the related co-occurrence networks are shown, and then the detailed analyses of the studies are introduced. Based on these analyses, the discussions about future research are presented, and finally we draw a conclusion. Findings & value added: The analyses not only present the basic situation on the research about COVID-19 and Economy, but also show the future research trends, which can provide meaningful research expectations.
More...Keywords: ownership upon the rights; property; subjective right; subjective and objective theories of Law; ius; dominium;
The ownership of the rights represents a basic component of continental civil law, and, even it is a mainly doctrinal figure, it is scarcely explained. Every time when arises a debate upon the relationship between an individual and his rights, the ownership upon the rights provides a legal technique to do so. By excavating the concepts of subjective rights, seen in the light of its development during the ages, it is scarcely difficult to obtain a proper definition of ownership upon the rights. A comparison with the property (concept of absolute control over a corporeal thing) gives to the right’s ownership the weaponry to conceive a real image. The history of ownership and subjective right in civil law traditions has centered around different socio economic realities, during Roman times, medieval and canon law, until the new modern theories would appear.
More...Keywords: contextualisation; comparison of constitutional systems; self-reflexive concepts; legalisation;
Comparing the constitutions of different societies means comparing the concepts that the respective societies have of themselves, self-reflexive concepts, that seem a priori to be non-comparable. In order to overcome the apparently insurmountable difficulty, it is necessary to understand that all legal concepts are constructed in an oppositional and contextual manner. What we can compare, though, is the type of oppositions that constitute them, more exactly, the type of revolutions that differentiate them. But this understanding supposes being inside the process, the internalisation of fundamental oppositions, which is not at all easy. In order to compare constitutions as fundamental concepts, it is therefore not sufficient to grasp their formulation (the written constitution), but it is necessary to understand them, namely to be able to discern their sources in the mentality of the collectivity which built them, and understand not only their concretisation, but also their justification.
More...Keywords: Russia; Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Warsaw; St Petersburg; diplomacy; guarantee; Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski; August Aleksander Czartoryski;
In December 1754, Michał and August Czartoryski sent two letters to the Russian Chancellor Aleksei Bestuzhev-Riumin. They asked for the support of St Petersburg since they believed that fundamental rights had been violated in the Commonwealth. They considered the Russian Empire’s alleged guarantee of the Polish political system to be the legal basis of Russian intervention.
More...Keywords: vital registration; vital statistics; historical demography; demography of Jews; sex ratio at birth; under-registration
Vital records are one of the main sources providing insight into the demographic past. For most of the nineteenth century, however, the degree of under-registration of vital events among Jews was much higher than among non-Jews. These omissions undermine the credibility of demographic data on fertility and mortality published in contemporary statistical yearbooks. The analysis shows that the male-to-female ratio at birth aggregated on a regional level reveals the highest under-registration among Jews in the Russian Empire, including Congress Poland, until World War I. On the other hand, Prussian registration covers the Jewish population most completely and already in the 1820s shows no signs of under-registration. Despite the general low quality of registration systems, records from selected individual towns still pass quality tests. Top-down imposition of the registration duties, corporatism, defective legal regulations, bureaucratic inefficiency and personal characteristics of civil registrars were the main reasons for under-registration.
More...Keywords: newspapers; 18th century; historical press research; intertextuality; digital humanities; close and distant reading
In this article, two important newspapers of the Habsburg monarchy – the Wiener Zeitung (previously: Wien[n]erisches Diarium) and the Preßburger Zeitung – are related to each other in several aspects. After a historical overview of the context in which these periodicals were created and taking into account the research literature already available, the first step was to look for parallels in their formal design. Since both newspapers have also been digitally made accessible in full text recently, it was also possible to determine approximately how frequent direct mutual references to the other periodical occur by means of so-called distant reading procedures. Close reading methods were then used to examine and interpret the corpus-based references. This comparative approach with digital methods allows the synoptic examination of individual text passages and thus offers new insights into the complex relationship between the Wiener Zeitung and the Preßburger Zeitung in the 18th century.
More...This paper presents a new qualitative method for the use of pXRF in archaeological research. A bulk, multi-elemental approach applies a non-destructive survey technique to the copper- alloy objects recovered in a Roman period tarand cemetery, in north-east Estonia. The aim is to explore the chronological development of the cemetery by comparing the objects and their find locations against historically known changes in alloy composition. Then a more focused destructive analysis is undertaken from a selected group of bracelets commonly found in these northerly cemeteries, but also in greater numbers in the Roman provinces.The results revealed strong correlations between alloy classification and find location. Furthermore, the quantitative (destructive) analysis of a single bracelet has added to the debate about the nature of long-distance contact between the people of north-eastern Estonia, the southern Baltic and the distant Roman frontier. It also raises the possibility that these people were placing Roman produced items into their cemeteries in the decades before the traditionally accepted start of the Roman Iron Age. This suggests that a new assessment for its beginning is called for, one that aligns the earliest imported Roman items to the first half of the 1st century AD.
More...Keywords: early modernity; commons; parapolitics; monism; ontology;
This text analysis the ways in which monism was depicted as a doctrine situated on the crossroads of European and Asian philosophical traditions. The depiction of monism as monstrous, characteristic of the mainstream of early modern European thought, is set against the wider context of parapolitical critique of the concept of sovereignty and the cosmic horror concept. This juxtaposition is founded on the simultaneous lecture of the entry “Spinoza” in Pierre Bayle’s An Historical and Critical Dictionary and Howard P. Lovecraft’s story The Call of Cthulhu. In the article’s conclusion the author argues that monism should be treated as one of the currents of collectively orientated political ontology. This ontology may provide a basis for a new model of comparative studies, centred around the concept of commons, and critical towards modern cognitive-political framework, sustaining and naturalising the primitive accumulation processes.
More...Keywords: communist mythology; Russian myths; Moldavian historiography; culture of memory;
The present paper aims to propose an analyze of the actuality ofmythology focused on the Moldavian Republic space. A quick survey of recentRussian and Moldavian historiographies shows how myths and symbols used incommunist period continue to keep their seduction and even being reintroducedin the public space. The ideological influence of communism is still present insome tendencies of Moldavian historiography that assumed many of Russianmyths and symbols as part of their identity. The result is a false culture ofmemory which gives an important place to Lenin, Ceapaev, the victory againstNazism, the invasion of Bessarabia by Romania.
More...Keywords: abduction; method; philosophical inquiry; inference; unknown;
What Abduction Can Do in Philosophical Dialogue? According to Peirce, abduction is a hypothetic-forming process that is necessary to explore unknown areas of knowledge, but also a real scientific method associated with the enquiry. If there is philosophical enquiry, could abduction serve as an appropriate method for such an approach? If so, how can it be used and with a view to what result(s)? We ask whether abduction can bring a potential both for discovery and a logical requirement to the philosophical questioning. In this paper we focus on a philosophy that "is done", in the form of a common enquiry, the "community of philosophical inquiry". The present research explores the advantages and limitations of requiring such a method, in the context of the practice under study.
More...Keywords: class; solidarity; film; Krzysztof Kieślowski; negative community
Polish People’s Republic (PRL) in the late 1970s saw an increased alliance among, and indeed, a blending of, workers and intellectuals, young and old, women and men, actively struggling against the state. A new kind of solidarity emerged that threw off tired notions of what constituted the working class. The preeminent filmmaker of this time, Krzysztof Kieślowski, is often seen as increasingly depoliticized as he moved into fiction, but in this paper the author argues for the dialogic value of his work with respect to political organizing. Kieślowski’s documentarist sensitivity to registering Polish reality and the intimacy of human engagement with the world led him to question the prevailing mode of representing these shifts in politics and class. His feature films, in articulating failures of representation, challenge a “realism” that purported to be universal, but instead reified a certain historical anxiety in the Polish political imaginary (workers vs. intellectuals, urban elites vs. peasantry), or precisely that which was being unraveled by the praxis of the late 1970s. Further, they refuse to cordon off interests of individuals from the very state shown to be oppressing them. Here we have a filmic counterpart to the immanent praxis of workers and intellectuals that turned one of the engines of the state—the trade union—into the greatest weapon against it. The author shows how this functions, in negative terms, in Kieślowski’s first feature, Blizna/The Scar (1976), in which class solidarity is felt stylistically as aporia, and is further developed in Amator/Camera Buff (1979), which expresses the personal as political in the tension between the desire for spokój (peace and quiet) and czegoś wiecej (something more). Rather than a retreat, we should see this in correspondence with the revolutionary consciousness being inscribed in individual Poles by the collective labor action of Solidarity in 1980.
More...Keywords: Great caravel; Peter von Danzig; Berndt Pawest; Paul Beneke
As can be seen from the comments herein, every time that Długokęcki tries to add something new to the main themes I deal with in writing the history of the caravel, he makes error after error. It applies to both the marine layer of monograph and understanding of the European context. His interpretation of the sources and the theories he builds on this basis in order to create an alternative picture are unsuccessful. All in all, though it is evident that he has tried very hard, Długokęcki is unable to change any of the findings regarding the major themes addressed in my monograph.
More...Keywords: banking agreements; force majeure; COVID-19;
The recent medical crisis triggered by the SARS-Cov-2 virus reopened the public debate on the effects force majeure has upon the (performance by the parties of the) contractual obligations. Aside of (re)discovering the legal conditions required for an event to be qualified as force majeure, the legal issues raised by the effects of such event were more urgent. The fact that the Government passed special (albeit temporary) regulations seemingly altering the general rules added to the complexity of the analysis.In this paper we tried to capture those elements that are specific to the effects a force majeure event has on the performance of the banking services agreement. We focused on the various forms of banking credit operations as well as on some forms of deposit of funds. We noticed that the effect of the force majeure can be much flattened (until it can be mostly ignored) when the subject matter of the contract concerns (amounts of money) looked at as essentially fungible goods.
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