Keywords: Bolshevism; international revolution; Comintern; the Karelian Soviet Republic; Finland; the Moldavian Soviet Republic; Romania
Among the diverse strategies and techniques used to expand the socialist revolution, the Bolshevists resorted to the creation, at the borders of the neighbouring states, of offensive bases for the Red Army. In this context, one of the Bolshevists’ main targets was the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland being exactly in front of the “revolutionary torrent”. In 1921, at the border with Finland, on Soviet territory, the Bolshevists created the Karelian Commune, later turned into a Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, having the task to sovietise Scandinavia and to prepare, among the Karelian population, fighters for the international revolution. As in the case of Karelia, in 1924, on the left bank of the Dniester, the Soviets established the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, with clearly political aims, including those related to the occupation and sovietisation of the Romanian territory and the expansion of the proletarian revolution to the Balkans. In 1940, following the military occupation of Bessarabia, the Moldavian ASSR extended its borders to the Pruth river. The spread of communism to the Balkans was only a few years away.
More...Keywords: historical review; the middle of 19th century; history; publication; articles; publisher
A.T. Laurian’s historical synthesis is the expression of his polyvalent experience. In his vision, history is meant to offer to the national credo the background that is necessary for its being, to reshape the collective mind, and create a new pattern of the national identity. History therefore has to be proved scientifically. Magazin istoric pentru Dacia is a very good model for the new way of tackling history. The number of its printed copies was high enough for that epoch, and it was widespread enough throughout the entire territory of Romania. It is a modern result that emphasizes precise accumulations at epistemological and methodological level, a tendency towards novelty, and a straightening towards the reader. The present study has in view the circumstances that made the editing of the Magazine possible in the years that preceded the Revolution of 1848. An important element is represented by the contribution that Laurian brought to this historical review by comparison with the role played by his associate, Nicolae Bălcescu. The discussion is necessary because ulterior exegesis did Laurian an injustice because of Bălcescu’s after-fame. Another part of the study examines the content of Magazine’s programme, and displays its modern characteristic. The structure of the periodical - as the “Prospectus” reveals it – displays Laurian and Bălcescu’s epistemological vision upon history. The Magazine also served as model for the alphabetic transition that represented the main concern of Laurian’s cultural intercessions. A.T. Laurian published in Magazin istoric pentru Dacia new documents, articles, and historical synthesis with a view to popularizing the historical information, scientific studies, reviews, reading notes, announcements, etc. Laurian is considered the founder of epigraphy because of his work. In addition, mention should be made about his general interest in the auxiliary sciences and ancient history. The Magazine enjoyed a widespread diffusion and a great impact. It was something that Laurian constantly wanted to achieve, and the public audience is one of the advantages that he gained in comparison with his predecessors.
More...Keywords: Unificare; greco-catolic; comunism; biserică; Oradea; Satu-Mare; Baia Mare; Zalău; ortodox; revenire; rezistenţă; măsuri; tactici
The Greek-Catholic church survived during the „catacombs”, especially due to the priests’ and believers’ faith and devotion, in spite of the oppressions of the communist authorities. They remained faithful to the Church that the Bishop Atanasie Anghel placed within the Catholic Church. Faith and devotion were visible during the public or clandestine manifestations, in spite of the fact that the communist authorities, with the help of the orthodox priests ancillary to the interest of the „Unification”, have sought, during all this period, to annihilate and erase any trace of Greek-Catholicism. This study presents the real situation of the archpriestships and parishes from the Greek-Catholic Eparchies of Oradea-Mare and Baia Mare, abusively taken in the Romanian Orthodox Church, more exactly in the Orthodox Episcopacy of Oradea, by the document from the 21st of October 1948. The report of the orthodox vicar, Dr. Augustin Paul – former Greek-Catholic priest – details the so-called „Unification” in the archpriestships and parishes of the Eparchy, 9 years after the banishment of the Greek-Catholic cult. The events depicted by the orthodox vicar are related to the believers’ and Greek-Catholic priests’ public manifestations from 1956, that, on one hand, were plain signs that the Greek-Catholic Church still asserted its existence in spite of the restriction of the communist-atheist State and, on the other hand, these sounded the alarm to the superior church and laic authorities from Bucharest that a change in the annihilation measures of the resistance forms used by the Greek-Catholics was necessary.
More...Keywords: NIRD URBAN-INCERC; EuroInvent
No abstract available, this is an event report.
More...Keywords: UAP; communism; state apparatus; dispositif; habitus;
This article is a case study of the Romanian Artists’ Union during the Thaw as an institution potentially capable of renewal by creatively applying the rules imposed in the totalitarian communist State. The methodology used is that of archival research through the use of the concepts of Repressive State Apparatus, Ideological State Apparatus (Althusser), dispositif (Foucault), and habitus (Bourdieu). The text shows that from 1953 until 1957, in the context of similar changes in the Soviet Union, the Union of Romanian Fine Artists underwent a gradual transformation, which culminated with the change of the Management Board and a professionalization on specific criteria of the structure. The characteristics of the modern foucauldian dispositif, that the Union acquired in the period of the Thaw, remained valid in the next period, of reideologisation (1958-1963). The conclusions are that even in conditions of totalitarianism, subjects and structures can introduce creative elements into the process of reproduction of a given order, by modifying this order.
More...Keywords: Transylvania; 1848-1850; Transylvanian nations; national territory; national statistics
The intrinsic bound between nation and national territory is revealed, in this study, with regard to the Great Autonomous Principality of Transylvania during and after the 1848-1849 revolution and war. The state organization of the province under Habsburg suzerainty was questioned by the proclamation of Transylvania’s union with Hungary (30 May 1848), which however failed to be put in practice. Transylvania’s administrative and territorial organization (comprising 7 Hungarian counties, Partium, 5 Szekler seats, 9 Saxon seats and 2 Saxon districts) ensured to the three Transylvanian Estates of the Hungarians, Szekler and Saxons – medieval privileged nations allied in 1437, that had survived until 1848 –, not only political and economical domination, but also territorial hegemony. This was achieved by Transylvania’s parceling between the three dominant nations and the unofficial demarcation of the “lands” of Hungarians (Land der Unger), Szekler (Land der Szekler) and Saxons (Sachsenland), totally excluding the tolerated Romanian nation, that was nummerically dominant in Transylvania, Partium and parts of Hungary (Maramureş, Crişana). Medieval land possession – but not land property, inner privileges – but never territorial autonomy characterised the three acknowledged nations, in the eve of the 1848 revolution, when the Romanians were feared to fight for achieving the status of the fourth admitted nation in Transylvania. This would have put an end both to unio trium nationum and to their land enclaves, as the Romanian national requirements were to be followed by territorial claims, given that the Romanians lived all over Transylvania. Regardless of national confrontations, the Transylvanian demographic reality was inexorably in favour of the Romanians, who formed two thirds of the Great Principality’s population. Statistics of the Transylvanian nations before and after 1848 are analysed, with focus on Eduard Albert Bielz’s considerations, interest being granted to the huge human losses of the revolution and war.
More...Keywords: offence of carrying out of financial operations fraudulently; electronic payment instrument; instrument of digital currency; identification data; fictional identification data; transfer of funds;
The study performs an analysis of the offence of carrying out of financial operations fraudulently, provided by the Article 250 of the Romanian Criminal Code. When performing the analysis of the offence of carrying out of financial operations fraudulently, it were taken into account the text in force of the offence of carrying out of financial operations fraudulently, provided by the Article 250 of the Romanian Criminal Code, the provisions of the Article 2 and of the Article 4 from the Council Framework Decision 2001/413/JAI of 28 May 2001 on combating fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment, the provisions of the Article 3 of the the Directive 2014/62/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the protection of the euro and other currencies against counterfeiting by criminal law and replacing Council Framework Decision 2000/383/JHA and the provisions from the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on combating fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/413/JHA. The analysis aims to determine whether the texts of the Council Framework Decision 2001/413/JAI on combating fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment and of the Directive 2014/62/EU on the protection of the euro and other currencies against counterfeiting by criminal law were transposed in the Article 250 of the Romanian Criminal Code.
More...Keywords: Memory, Holocaust; anti-Semitism; communism; nationalism;
This paper addresses the debates concerning Mircea Vulcănescu’s legacy in present-dayRomanian public life. An important intellectual from the interwar period who wrote on avariety of topics ranging from theology to philosophy, Vulcănescu became a member ofIon Antonescu’s Cabinet and was directly involved in the economic spoliation of theRomanian Jewry during the Holocaust. Condemned for his actions in the postwar period,Vulcănescu was sentenced to prison and died before carrying out his sentence, as a resultof improper living conditions. After 1989, Vulcănescu’s supporters have portrayed him asa martyr whose death was symbolic of the destruction of Romanian culture by communism.Notwithstanding his tragic death, the article argues that his conviction was in line with thosepronounced by the international war-crimes tribunals. Looking at the attempts to obfuscatethe true cause of the trial and Vulcănescu’s involvement in the Antonescu regime, the studyshows that they impede the coming to terms with the past. Resistance to engaging with thememory of the Holocaust in Romania is shown to come from nationalistic and conservativepublic figures, intellectuals and officials in the Romanian Orthodox Church.
More...Keywords: sovietization; ideology; geopolitics; legionarism; communism;
This article investigates, from a comparative perspective, how the United States and Great Britain, the Soviet Union and the Romanian Communist Party (RCP) related to the tumultuous and impredictible political interval experienced by Romanian between 1944 and 1947. It starts with a brief chronology of the main events of the period, then it advances to the way in which Washington’s representatives within the Allied Control Commission approached the situation, continues with the Soviet representation of this troublesome interregnum and, finally, it ends with an analysis of the opportunities and of the dangers the local communist strategy was confronted with and eventually managed to overcome according to the Soviet stakes in the matter and its own resources and interests. The major conclusion of this endeavor ist that Romania’s sovietization process was definitely a sinous, lacunary, frustrating and ultimately imprevisible one, both for the Western powers, the Soviet Union and the RCP.
More...Keywords: Soviet; Parliament; debates; MP;
During the post-war period, Romanian MP’s were generally informedabout Soviet personalities. Some of the information about the Soviet realities,especially the predictions about the leaders of the neighbouring state, waswrong. But these wrong predictions are explicable; the public opinion inWestern Europe, and even the Soviet citizens, believed them. At one moment,Lev Trotski and Grigori Zinoviev were considered the possible V. I. Lenin’successors and V. Stalin was an anonymous person. Stalin’s victory againstLev Trotski was initially saluted by some Romanian MPs, who provided a newmoderate Soviet regime. The „Iron Man” dictatorship was understood andrevealed only in the years 1936-1937. It was also during these years thatRomanian politicians warned about a possible leadership change at Kremlin,the appearance of a pro-Nazi Soviet ruler. The Soviet personalities ofRomanian origins especially generated internal debates.
More...Keywords: cemetery; monastery; church; Galati; Lower Danube; southeastern Moldova;
The Christian cemeteries in Galati are a natural continuation of the Roman necropolises in the space of the old settlement on the Danube bank. These cemeteries have existed in the current area of Galati County since the founding of the villages and the founding of the monasteries in southeastern Moldova.The present study aims to list the monastic cemeteries in this area and to highligth their importance for the history of church life on the Lower Danube.
More...Keywords: death; Romanian actors; Bellu Cemetery; Actors Alley; graves; funerary monuments; Romanian theater; forgetfulness
According to the decision of the Holy Synod, the year 2021 was dedicated to the commemoration of those asleep in the Lord and to the liturgical and cultural value of cemeteries. In the spirit of this column entitled How I loved you, the author writes about the graves on the Alley of Actors at the Bellu Cemetery, graves of those who, after carrying the glory of the Romanian theater and film on earth, departed, one by one, with “snowy wings” to heaven, each carrying with him the offering of his own life, returned to the true one and only Creator, leaving to us, the ephemeral ones, something of the sparsity of their bodies, transfigured and consumed by the emotion of face-to-face meetings. In their times, they burned. And now, in our times, a candle should burn at their gravesides. The candle of our soul not yet separated from the body.
More...Keywords: war in Ukraine; Russian aggression against Ukraine;
Local networks and “sister city agreements” havebecome an opportunity for local governments to expresstheir outrage directly to Russian cities or partners.Since the end of February, cities like Glasgow, Turku,Tokyo and Tallinn have suspended their relationswith their sister cities in protest of the invasion.
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