Keywords: Brexit; wspólna polityka bezpieczeństwa i obrony; Zjednoczone Królestwo; Wielka Brytania; Unia Europejska; Common Security and Defence Policy; United Kingdom; Great Britain; European Union
The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union (so-called Brexit) is one of the most importantevents in the process of European integration. It has a lot of extremely remarkable implications – both forthe EU and for the United Kingdom. Among other, Brexit will affect the security of the United Kingdomand the EU. The aim of the study is to answer the research question: how will Britain’s exit from the EUinfluence the EU common security and defence policy? In order to answer this question, the factors thatare most relevant to the United Kingdom’s significance for the EU’s security and defence policy will beidentified. This will show how the EU’s potential of the security and defence policy will change, when theUK leaves this organisation. The most important conclusions are included in the summary.
More...Keywords: Bulgaria;Early Bronze age;burials;Devnya;inhumation burial;
In this article, the three Early Bronze Age graves from Devnya (Northeast Bulgaria) known from a 1972 publication are reviewed. A possible date in the range 3100-2900 BC for the graves is argued, with the necropolis being related to an EBA submerged site located south of it. Three more possible relationships Early Bronze Age settlements - flat necropolis from the area (Ezerovo, Topoli and Varna) are also discussed herein. Some other finds related to flat EBA graves from Balchik, Durankulak and Malak Preslavets, are also presented. Questions about the relationships between the flat and Yamnaya EBA graves in Northeast Bulgaria and North Dobruja are set within the frame of the last discoveries.
More...Keywords: Roman; imperial denarius; antoninianus; hoard; Craiova – „Metro”; sestertius; dupondius; Craiova; Bulzeşti; Drănic; Ostroveni; Risipiţi; Sălcuţa; Dolj;
The article deals with coin hoard unearthed in the Craiova Dolj District, dated before and after the roman conquest. The repertoire consists in 10 hoards silver denarii and antoninianus form this hoard, issued by emperors Traianus, Septimius Severus, Iulia Domna, Diadumenianus, Elagabalus, Maximinus Trax, Gordianus III. Apart from the 13 unpublished isolated coins. Author offers informations regarding thirteen coins roman imperial unearthed in Dolj District.
More...Keywords: artificial intelligence; automation; economic growth; Industry 4.0;
The growing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has sparked ubiquitous concerns worldwide.Artificial intelligence can affect economic growth and employment. The influence is assumed to besubstantial because the adoption of AI technology may lead to increased productivity, lower wages,prices, and labor substitution. Artificial intelligence can affect global economic growth with itswidespread adoption and diffusion. We mathematically examined the effects of AI on economic growth,reiterating how AI is unique as a production factor. The models show that AI capital lowers capitalprices, increases wages, and augments productivity. Besides, AI capital positively affects the labor shareand vice versa, provided that AI and labor are complementary. We improved a task-based model to showAI raises both labor share and wages by generating new tasks. We also present the potential policyimplications of AI adoption. We conclude AI can contribute to economic growth. Labor-abundantcountries should adopt labor-augmenting technology, while countries with an aging population canadopt capital-augmenting technology. However, caution should be exercised in ensuring that the modelsare leveraged optimally.The growing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has sparked ubiquitous concerns worldwide. Artificial intelligence can affect economic growth and employment. The influence is assumed to be substantial because the adoption of AI technology may lead to increased productivity, lower wages, prices, and labor substitution. Artificial intelligence can affect global economic growth with its widespread adoption and diffusion. We mathematically examined the effects of AI on economic growth, reiterating how AI is unique as a production factor. The models show that AI capital lowers capital prices, increases wages, and augments productivity. Besides, AI capital positively affects the labor share and vice versa, provided that AI and labor are complementary. We improved a task-based model to show AI raises both labor share and wages by generating new tasks. We also present the potential policy implications of AI adoption. We conclude AI can contribute to economic growth. Labor-abundant countries should adopt labor-augmenting technology, while countries with an aging population can adopt capital-augmenting technology. However, caution should be exercised in ensuring that the models are leveraged optimally.
More...Keywords: model of personal development; culture of emotions; development of affectivity and intelligence; long life learning process;
The model of personal development is dominant in contemporary didactics of literature in Europe (see Alina PAMFIL, Didactica literaturii. Reorientări, 2016). In this study, our goal is to bring arguments in order to prove that the curricula for Romanian Language and Literature from primary school (2014) up to the secondary school (2017) were built on the same model. The school curricula all follow an important and constant dimension of that model: the culture of emotions, at the same time with the development of rational/ logical intelligence. These are the fundamental values of present-day curricula, in our opinion.Our paper aims to investigate if and how a space for reflection and action is opening in schools, from objectives, values and goals up to behaviours/attitudes and thoughts/reflections.We will especially show how this space is working in relation to the contemporary world and human condition. Our results will be some variants of didactic scenarios and other strategies for life long learning but also for the initial training or future teachers for primary and secondary schools, and, respectively for the continuous development of teachers in different stages of their professional evolution.
More...Keywords: LIDAR; mountain archaeology; old roads; battlefield archaeology; forested areas archaeology; digital atlas; South-Eastern Carpathians;
Starting with late 2018, a new archaeological research project has been unfolding in the framework funded by the Romanian Governmental Unit for Research and Development (UEFISCDI) dedicated to top fundamental research, as one of the few winners of 2016 edition (the single to date) of ‘Complex Projects for Frontier Research’ competition. The Project, whose aims and methods will be shortly presented further, is entitled ‘Hidden Landscapes: Exploratory Remote-sensing for the Archaeology of the Lost Roads, Borders and Battlefields of South-Eastern Carpathians’ (HiLands). It implements a systematic and diachronic investigation of the historic strategic circulation corridors crossing the South-Eastern part of the Carpathian Mountains – the main gate used along ages by people transiting between Transylvania and the Danube or the Black Sea. In order to achieve such aims we have been exploring, starting from large scale LiDAR surveys, the circulation corridors’ diachronic archaeological fingerprint, preserved in the shape of repeatedly fortified landscapes. LiDAR surveys have been carried on continuously since 2018, by airplane, but also with portable sensors based on SLAM technology. The results of the LiDAR explorations were enhanced by field surveys, geophysical prospections and pin-pointed excavations, in order to elucidate the nature of anomalies or better contextualize the significance and layout of the roads’ routes. The results of these activities are resumed in a constantly updated, open access, online data base of archaeological sites - The archaeological index of South-Eastern Carpathians (AISEC). The current contribution details the essentials of HiLands research (aims, concepts, methods), in order to introduce in the scientific circuit the AISEC’s functions and instruments, ready to be used as citable work.
More...Keywords: bone; distaff; dog; Hecate; Haluk Perk Museum;
There are various interpretations on the functions of bone finger distaffs, which are among the important artifacts produced in the ancient world. Some scholars argue that finger distaffs were a symbol of fidelity and virtue and presented to women as wedding gifts, while others claim that in addition to their purely symbolic value, they were used by women in the house to spin the wool yarn needed for weaving besides their symbolic meaning.The Haluk Perk Museum has a rich collection of figured and non-figured finger distaffs of different materials from the Roman and Byzantine periods. There are two bone finger distaffs in the collection that attract attention with their representation of dogs depicted in different forms. In the ancient world, the dog represented loyalty, fertility, healing and purification. Remarkably, the dog was also one of the symbols of the Goddess Hecate, who is associated with witchcraft, which means that one of the other qualities attributed to the dog figure was that it bestowed protective and healing powers against evil.It is believed that the two bone finger distaffs featuring a depiction of a dog as a representation of loyalty were given to women as wedding gifts. In late antiquity, young women who had arrived at the age of marriage were expected, as part of the social roles imposed on them by society, to preserve the unity of the family and be virtuous and good wives and mothers. The finger distaffs prepared to be given to young women as wedding gifts symbolized their status as loyal wife and mother in society. On account of this symbolic value, wives kept finger distaffs for the entirety of their lives, and they were placed in their graves after their death. It is further believed that the finger distaffs featuring a dog depiction were symbols of devotion and loyalty to the spouse, as well as a symbol of fertility for women. Beyond these symbolic functions, the finger distaffs with dog depictions may also have been kept by wives to protect and heal the household from evil and diseases. Based on the depiction of the dog on two bone finger distaffs, this study focuses on dog symbolism and the relationship between the goddess Hecate and the dog in ancient times and discusses the possible symbolic functions of the finger distaffs with dog representations in the life and death of women.
More...Keywords: archaeological historical heritage; GIS; archaeological site; interactive map; geospatial representation; archaeological heritage records keeping; inventory accounting and monitoring;
The paper presents one of the main products of the ArchTerr project “Integrated management of archaeological heritage: archaeological map and administrative procedures for heritage research and protection”. The project is funded by UEFISCDI following the collaboration of two scientific research centers, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galați and “Politehnica” University of Bucharest. The aim of this scientific paper is to present the main product of the above mentioned project, the interactive digital map of the historical archaeological heritage with geospatial information (Geographic Information Systems GIS).The paper presents the national context that generated the need to develop such a computer application, some European archaeological heritage records models that could be used as examples to follow and the achievements in this field in Romania. The new functionalities introduced by the interactive digital map developed within the ArchTerr project are: polygonal representation of any archeological site surface, representation of its protection area (when the site is also a historical monument), representation of researched areas using preventive archaeological methods, the representation of the archaeological discharged areas inside a site (following the preventive archaeological research). Regarding the efforts to protect the archaeological heritage, we mention the daily activity usefulness of this map for a wide range of users: county directorates for culture; urban planning services (within city halls and county councils); cadastral offices; real estate agencies; any person who intend to ask for a building permit inside an archaeological heritage protected area.At www.archterr.ro it could be found the fully functional interactive digital map.
More...Keywords: private creditor test; insolvency; fiscal law; state aid;
This article sets out relevant aspects of the private creditor test, as developed in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as various cases in which it was implemented in national law, with examples of this principle applied in Romanian judicial practice.
More...Keywords: Italy; Central-Eastern Europe; Culture; Propaganda; Fascism;
This article addresses the issue of Italian penetration in Central-Eastern Europe in the interwar period, paying particular attention to the case of Czechoslovakia and covering primarily the tools used by Italy to assert its influence among the “heir countries” of the Habsburg Empire. Among these instruments, the article aims to highlight the importance of culture and propaganda, which alongside politics and economics, allowed Italy to compete with the other great powers for hegemony in Central-Eastern Europe. The other nations’ strategies will be taken into consideration as well in order to highlight in a comparative way the role that cultural and propaganda institutions played in the policies of the great powers during this important period of reconstruction. A complex of Italian cultural activities and institutions focused on the study of Central and Eastern Europe, which had been established during the First World War and continued to operate in the post-war period at the time of the last liberal governments, was then strengthened by the fascist regime. Fascism made full use of the potential offered by cultural diplomacy to reinforce its positions in Central and Eastern Europe. Mussolini’s unrealistic great power ambitions, however, eventually rendered the network of cultural institutions responsible for the study of Eastern Europe useless as they finally collapsed with the fall of his regime.
More...Keywords: Decrees of the President; Chief of the Defense Staff; commander of the armed forces; military act;
The attribution of the President of Romania to the appointment of high-ranking military positions must ensure the balance between the principle of collaboration between public authorities in the exercise of state power and the constitutional role of the head of state as commander of the armed forces. Currently, the question of whether the exercise of this attribution is an exponent of the discretionary power of the President of Romania, which characterizes the constitutional law relations of the head of state and, secondly, whether the decrees of the head of state issued in the exercise of this attribution can be challenged. in the administrative contentious court.
More...Keywords: Decision no. 597/2020; Decision no. 602/2020; Decision no. 600/2020; Decision no. 636/2020; Decision no. 640/2020; Decision no. 590/2020; Decision no. 680/2020; Decision no. 681/2020;Decision no. 72;
The section contains a selection of the most important decisions of the Romanian Constitutional Court. The decisions are summarized and grouped by law subjects. The Official Gazette in which the decisions have been published is indicated, as well as the contested legislation and the pronounced solutions.
More...Keywords: cyberspace; cyberwar; cyber-terrorism; cybercrime;
After the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the security environment in the international arena was also changed. One of the most important aspects would be to be the awareness that security as a concept can no longer be viewed only from the perspective of the military component. The major international actors have understood that the security focus is no longer on the military component, that the major security threats come from the economic and IT sectors and have acted accordingly. Modern, highly computerized society is now a reality in which the borders are ignored and any space or temporal constraints are overcome. Governments, public and private sector companies, national and international financial institutions, education, culture and scientific research - benefit from effective leadership, information and communication. As time passes, a new concept has emerged - the cyberspace - where there are new types of vulnerabilities, new attack vectors, and where attackers are no longer limited by their geographical location.
More...Keywords: Thomasakten; Himmelsstimme; Taufritual; Tauf-Eucharistie; Bestätigungsformel; Amen; Apostel Thomas; Vazan; Mygdonia;
Die folgende Studie befasst sich mit der bei der Tauf- Eucharistie der Thomasakten zu hörenden „Himmelsstimme“. Die hier – und zwar in diesem Zusammenhang – an zwei Stellen auftauchende „himmlische Stimme“ bestätigt offensichtlich göttlich ein irdisches Geschehen, und ist als eine in der (in diesem Werk beschriebenen) liturgischen Praxis vorkommende Bestätigungsformel des Spenders nach der Taufe und der Darreichung der Eucharistie zu verstehen. Unsere eingehenden grammatikalischen Untersuchungen der einschlägigen Stellen, sowie die hierfür herangezogenen äußeren Quellen, die bei der Interpretation unserer Passagen von großer Bedeutung waren, haben gezeigt, dass es der Spender selbst war, der am Ende des Initiationsrituals durch eine – in himmlischer Stimme eingekleideten – menschliche Bestätigungsformel die vollzogene Tauf-Eucharistie bestätigte. Die „himmlische Audition“ ist daher als eine „narrative Deutung“ der Taufliturgie zu interpretieren, wobei also der Hauptakzent nicht auf die geheimnisvolle himmlische Audition selbst liegt, sondern auf ihre „bildhafte Stärke“ in der plastischen Erläuterung der Konsequenz des Taufgeschehens. Es geht also vor allem um die Wahrnehmung der „vierten Dimension“ für die Getauften, um die „sakramentale“ Tiefe der physikalisch hörbaren Stimme. Die vox humana wird für den getauften Christen vox Dei.
More...Keywords: NATO; ACO; ACT; SHAPE; JFC; LANDCOM; command-control; military engineering branch;
According to the directives of the NATO Military Committee, ensuring the effective engineering support required by the military engineering command and staff structures, as well as command-control (C2) arrangements are performed at all levels. These C2 arrangements, the structural organization, and their general attributions are regulated in the new NATO Doctrine for Military Engineering, which recommends the implementation of the provisions in the organization of NATO commands, as well as of the commands within the NATO national armies. In the following lines, I intend to make a short presentation of the organization of military engineering structures within NATO commands, from different hierarchical levels, under the new doctrinal provisions, also, references to cooperation relations and some clarifications with on their general responsibilities. As the new NATO doctrinal provisions on the military engineering branch are being implemented in the Romanian Army, proposals are to be made to the decision-makers, to modify the military engineering command structures in the Romanian Army, to be similar to those within the NATO commands.
More...Keywords: command and control structures; engineer branch; pionniers; fortifications; commanders;
The situation during the years 1941-1946 was particularly complex, a period in which the Romanian Army participated in military operations, both in the Eastern campaign against the Russian Army and in the Western campaign against the German Army, which we were allied to for a while. For the leadership and coordination of military actions, the existing Romanian commands, or those established according to current needs, cooperated closely with both the German and as well as the Russian ones from the moment we turned our weapons against the Germans. During both campaigns, the structures within the Romanian commands were some newly established and others organized and reorganized according to the needs required by the current situation. Among these structures, there are those of military engineering, who led and coordinated all specific activities. In this study I aimed to identify the organization and role of military engineering structures, within the Romanian commands, in leading and coordinating engineering actions during 1941-1946, in order to make later, in another study, a comparative analysis with the military engineering structures of the Romanian Army existing at this date.
More...Keywords: MSMEs; digital banking; e-banking; multiple regression; customer; business;
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to formulate a multiple regression model by considering those factors which are positively affecting the growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. Methodology: The data used in this study are primary in nature which are collected through questionnaire method. The questionnaire involves the nature and size of business and opinion of the owners and managers of 454 MSMEs in Katihar district, a semi-urban area of Bihar in India, regarding the various favourable factors of digital banking on a Likert scale of 1 to 10. Findings: The findings of the study suggest the various favourable factors of digital banking with significant coefficients i.e. Level of Easiness in accepting payments, Level of Easiness in making payments, Level of Easiness in Managing the expenditure of Business, Level of Time Saving, and Level of Check on Misappropriation or Theft of Cash are contributing towards the growth of MSMEs in India. Research Implications: This research will be helpful to the bank managers and policy makers to encourage the MSMEs of semi-urban areas to use digital banking by stressing on only significant favourable factors and also to take necessary steps so that the MSMEs could reap the full benefits of digital banking. The study could give a new insight regarding the extent of contribution of digital banking towards the growth of MSMEs in rural and semi-urban area.
More...Keywords: renewable resources; conservation; nonrenewable resources; alternative energy sources; environmental effects;
Environmental challenges in MENA countries deserve more attention as they are pursuing economic growth and expanding urbanization and the geographical position of these countries make them more exposed to the outcomes of climate change. In this context, this paper focuses on the proposed solutions for the climate change problem that are renewable energies and the use of fossil fuel effectively in the context of growing urbanization in the MENA region. Indeed, using the GMM estimator for 18 MENA countries during the period 2000-2018, we try to quantify the magnitude of the impact of population, economic prosperity, urbanization, fossil fuels, energy efficiency, and renewable energies, especially solar, wind, and hydropower energies on CO2 emissions. Results allow the environmental Kuznets curve validation and highlight the contribution of energy efficiency in improving the environment. However, the used proportion of renewables in the energy mix does not significantly affect environmental quality. Moreover, solar energy contributes to emissions reduction. While the adopted level of wind and hydropower energy does not allow these countries to improve their environment.
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