Keywords: Emil Cioran
The second part of the study on Emil Cioran
More...Keywords: review;
This paper contains several book reviews: 1. On the Waves of RFE: The First Historical Synthesis of the Czechoslovak Service of Radio Free Europe Československá redakce Radio Free Europe: Historie a vliv na československé dějiny. Prague: Academia, 2015, 422 pp. + 32 pp. of illus., ISBN 978-80-200-2490-9. The book under review, whose title translates as ‘The Czechoslovak Service of Radio Free Europe: Its Development and Infl uence on Czechoslovak History’, is considered here in the context of current research on the history of Radio Free Europe and Tomek’s own work in which he presents a synthesis of his long-standing interest in the topic. The reviewer sees the contribution of the book chiefl y in its bringing together and clearly sorting out a wide range of facts, and, to a lesser extent, its preliminary analyses. The author chronologically traces the development of Radio Free Europe, especially the Czechoslovak Service, and also determines the effects of its broadcasts and the interaction with its audience at home behind the Iron Curtain as well as amongst the top-level Czechoslovak politicians of the time. With this work, he has fi lled a palpable gap in the Czech historiography of mass media in exile, and has established an important basis for further research. 2. The Long, Hard Road to the Collapse of the Iron Curtain Raška, Francis D. Dlouhá cesta k vítězství: Československá exilová hnutí po roce 1968. Trans. from the English by Vojtěch Pacner. Prague: Academia, 2015, 272 pp., ISBN 978-80-200-2472-5. The book under review is a Czech translation of The Long Road to Victory: A History of Czechoslovak Exile Organizations after 1968 (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia UP, 2012). Raška’s work is, according to the reviewer, the result of careful research using personal papers and other archival documents in the Czech Republic, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy. It is a unique comprehensive work that offers much that is new and of interest, concerning a little known chapter in the history of Czechs and Slovaks in exile. In nine chapters, the author acquaints us with Czechoslovak life in exile, that is, clubs, organizations, and individuals, after they had caught their second wind, and were listened to by other exiles after 1968, once the West had received the large wave of Czechoslovak refugees driven out of their country by the Warsaw Pact military intervention. Although the book under review does not, in that sense, cover the full range of exiles and their activities, it remains an extraordinarily useful work of reference. A Czechoslovak Spy Story Soberly Told 3. Ševela, Vladimír. Český krtek v CIA: Cesta Karla Köchera z StB přes americké tajné služby do Prognostického ústavu. Prague: Prostor, 2015, 400 pp. + 80 pp. of photos, ISBN 978-80-7260-320-6. The reviewer fi rst presents the central fi gure of the book under review, Karel Köcher (b. 1934). A graduate of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University, Köcher had previously been anti-Communist in his thinking, but by the 1960s became an agent of the Czechoslovak secret police (Státní bezpečnost – StB) and, together with his wife, was sent to the United States. He found employment there at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), but, in 1982, was exposed and sent back to Czechoslovakia, where he eventually found work in the Forecasting Institute at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The author of the book, Vladimír Ševela, is a journalist who has dealt with this fascinating story in a sober way, sticking to the facts and avoiding any unfounded hypothesis. The book is based on a wide range of archival records and the author has also interviewed a number of eyewitnesses in the Czech Republic and the United States, including Köcher. According to the reviewer, the publication, which contains an unusually large number of facts, raises many questions, for example, about Köcher’s motivation, psychology, and choices, the mentality of his generation, the victims of his work for the StB, and the level of security measures at the CIA during the Cold War. 4. In Search of Václav Chaloupecký Ducháček, Milan. Václav Chaloupecký: Hledání československých dějin. Prague: Karolinum, 2014, 515 pp., ISBN 978-80-246-2482-2. 5. All the Things Film History Is Skopal, Pavel. Filmová kultura severního trojúhelníku: Filmy, kina a diváci českých zemí, NDR a Polska 1945–1970 (Filmová knihovna, vol. 3.) Brno: Host, 2014, 308 pp., ISBN 978-80-7294-971-7. 6.Revealing a Well-concealed Mystery of Films and TV Series in the Years of Normalization Kopal, Petr (ed.). Film a dějiny, vol. 4: Normalizace. Prague: Casablanca and Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů, 2014, 664 pp., ISBN 978-80-87292-26-6 and 978- 80-87912-13-3. 7. Keeping a Check on Artistic Freedom: The Czech Philharmonic after February 1948 Iblová, Michaela. Česká fi lharmonie pod tlakem stalinské kulturní politiky v padesátých letech. Prague: Karolinum, 2014, 247 pp., ISBN 978-80-246-2332-0. 8. Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian. Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1968: From Obedience to Defi ance. Sine loco: Italian Academic Publishing, 2014, 337 pp., ISBN 978-88-98471-03-4. 9. Four Politicians Look at a Quarter of a Century Rovenský, Jan, et al. 25 let poté: Klaus, Pithart, Rychetský a Zeman v rozhovorech o společnosti a politice. Prague: Filosofi a 2014, 328 pp., ISBN 978-80-7007-424-4. In the publication under review, the past quarter of a century since the collapse of the Communist régime in Czechoslovakia is considered by four leading Czech politicians: a former Premier of Czechoslovakia and, later, Premier and then President of the Czech Republic, Václav Klaus, a former Premier of the Czech Republic and, later, Speaker of the Senate, Petr Pithart, a former Minister of Justice and current Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, Pavel Rychetský, and a former Premier and current President of the Czech Republic, Miloš Zeman. The reviewer discusses and compares their views of the central topics discussed in the interviews – the political and economic transformations, Czecho-Slovak and Czecho-German relations, the existence of the vetting law (lustrační zákon), the role of the courts in democracy, the question of the possible banning of the Communist Party, the so-called ‘opposition agreement’ (opoziční smlouva) between Zeman’s Social Democratic Party and Klaus’s Civil Democratic Party, and, lastly, Václav Havel’s ‘nonpolitical politics’.
More...Keywords: Alba Iulia; urban planning; Romans’ Plateau; heritage; identity
A general feature of the contemporary history of Romanian cities, owing especially to the ideological pressure during the communist regime, but also to the chaos characteristic of the post-communist period, is the difficulty in identifying urbanism trends, which is certainly valid in the case of Alba Iulia. The fact is to some extent paradoxical, because this town has self-identified over time as the “town of the Union”, since the act of 1 December 1918 gave it this identity more strongly than the similar declarations of union with the Kingdom of Romania on 27 March 1918 for Chișinău and 15/28 November 1918 for Cernăuți. More recently, the local government transformed the aforementioned phrase into the motto “the other capital”, based on the Vauban fortress’s tourism development, dating, in its current form, back to the 18th century. However, the history of the town, in particular the modern one, has little in common with the history of the fortress, and the need to create a more coherent link between the fortress and the modern habitation area (the “lower town” or “center”) and the post-War settlement on the “Romans’ Plateau” has represented the great problem of urban development projects in the city since 1918.The present study addresses three eras of urban project: 1. in the interwar period and during the Second World War, in relation to the construction regulations developed during that period; 2. in the period of “popular power” (1948-1965); and 3. in the first decade of the “Golden Age” (1965-1975). The sources utilized come from the archives of local and regional administrative authorities. The projects mainly focused on the systematization of the “Romans’ Plateau” area, where the collective habitation assemblies built in the post-war period first used the “quartal” model, then the “micro-raion” one, both of Soviet inspiration; and on the “Lower City”, whose reorganization has become stringent since Alba Iulia regained the status of an Alba County habitation in 1968. The investigation stops at the time of the destruction caused by the earthquake on 4 March 1977, which led to a radical restructuring of this area of the town.
More...Keywords: Radical politics; post-communist; democratic game; political spectrum; East Central Europe;
The scholarly literature on post-communist political formations suspected of antagonism to the "democratic game" has suffered from three main deficiencies. First, it has either dealt with the "extreme left" or with the "extreme right" of the political spectrum but never (to the best knowledge of this author) with both of them jointly. Although the applicability of the Left-Right continuum to the post-communist states has been questioned by most scholars, the continuum was implicitly re-introduced via the back door by dwelling on either "successor parties"1 or on parties that were alternatively labeled "right wing" and "right"1 2, "extreme right"3 or "radical right"4. One pair of authors, Merkl and Weinberg, once employed "radical right"5 and once "right-wing extremism"6 to address one and the same phenomenon. The second deficiency, as it should transpire from the above, is one that is both conceptual and taxonomic. Finally, the third deficiency, stems from the failure of every single one of the above-mentioned authors to provide that "systemic" perspective that Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot7 were asking contributors to their three edited volumes to come up with. In other words, what has been most acutely lacking is an analysis of the impact and influence (both actual and potential) of these political formations on the emerging "transitional" political system.
More...Keywords: Literary Criticism;Mircea Martin;
A collection of essays about the remarkable personality of Romanian literary criticism, Mircea Martin.
More...Keywords: social movements; public policy; students; pensions; Chile;
Social movements have been studied for their possible influence within political systems. In the past 12 years, Chile has registered an increasing number of social movements that have played an important role in the political system. This article adopts a qualitative methodology with a comparative approach of a case, comparing the student movement of 2011 and the No+AFP movement of 2016 and the influence of each movement on the public policy process, their linkages with political parties and whether this connection contributes to the movement having a greater incidence in decision-making. For the development of the comparison, the responses of the political system to the movements will be used; the incidence of the social movements will be analyzed by the level of intervention in the stages of public policy; and finally, the influence of movements will be examined, distinguishing a reactive influence (refusing to accept any decision of the authority) from a proactive influence (participating in the decision-making process of policies).
More...Keywords: Libraria; Biblioteca Județeană Mureș; biblioteconomie; bibliologie; carte veche; carte bibliofilă; istorie locală; servicii de bibliotecă; Biblioteca Teleki; carte veche românească;
More...Silvia Marton - GRIGORE GEORGIU, Identitate și integrare. De la disjuncție la conjuncție, Academia Română, Editura Institutului de Teorie Socială, București, 2001, 270 pp; Cristian Preda - SORIN ALEXANDRESCU, Identitate în ruptură,Univers, București, 2000, 320 pp; Ioan Stanomir - LAURENȚIU VLAD, Imagini ale identității naționale. România și expozițiile universale de la Paris, 1867-1937, Meridiane, București, 2001, 232 pp; Silvia Marton - ION MAMINA, Monarhia constituțională în România. Enciclopedie politică. 1866-1938, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 2000, 423 pp; LIVIU PAPUC (ediție îngrijită și realizată de), Discursuri parlamentare junimiste.Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Gane, Iacob Negruzzi, Vasile Pogor,Editura Timpul, Iași, 2000, 211 pp; DAMIAN HUREZEANU, GHEORGHE SBÂRNÀ, Partide și curente politice în România. 1821-1918.Programe și orientări doctrinare. 150 de surse originale, Editura Eficient, București, 2000, 432 pp; Victor Rizescu - MARTA PETREU, Un trecut deocheat sau „Schimbarea la față a României“, Biblioteca Apostrof, Cluj, 1999, 436 pp; Victor Rizescu - LIVIA POPESCU, Structură socială și societate civilă în România interbelică, Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj, 1998, VIII+142 pp; Constantin Dobrilä - PAMFIL ȘEICARU, Istoria partidelor Național, Țărănist și Național-Țărănist, Editura Victor Frunză, București, 2000, 446 pp; Victor Rizescu - BOGDAN MURGESCU, A fi istoric în anul 2000, Editura AII, București, 2000, 134 pp; Dragoș Petrescu - ANNELI UTE GABANYI, The Ceaușescu Cult: Propaganda and Power Policy in Communist Romania, The Romanian Cultural Foundation Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000, 372 pp; Silvia Marton - MONICA LOVINESCU, La apa Vavilonului/ 2. 1960-1980, Colecția Memorii/Jurnale/Convorbiri, Humanitas, București, 2001, 280 pp; Cristian Preda - BRÎNDUȘA PALADE, Amurgul Leviathanului. Supraviețuire și libertate în comunism, cuvânt înainte de CRISTINA ILINCA și rezumat în engleză, Editura Trei, București, 2000, 136 pp;
More...Keywords: Gregory of Nazianzus; incarnation; hypostatic union; mind (νοῦς); neoplatonism; Apollinaris from Laodicea;
In the lines below are, in translation, three Greek texts with an important dogmatic contribution. The translation is accompanied by an introductory study. The study aims to examine, to specify the foundations of the heresy of Apollinaris of Laodicea (ca. 310-392) and to fill this gap in the study of his doctrine. The whole Apollinarian system is based on the Greek notion of ἐνανθρώπησις, misinterpreted in the Greek way of thinking. For common thought, and therefore for Apollinaris, two perfect beings cannot be united, that is, the perfect God cannot form a single reality with a complete man. St. Gregory the Theologian will oppose to this heresy the soteriological argument, stated thus: "τὸ γὰρ ἀπρόσληπτον, ἀθεράπευτον" ("for that which is not assumed is not healed"). At the same time, this study examines the exchanges between the new Christian culture - freshly born - and the dominant philosophical thinking.
More...EUSEBIU DE CEZAREEA, Istoria bisericească, traducere din limba greacă veche, studiu introductiv şi note de Teodor Bodogae, ediţie revizuită de Tudor Teoteoi, Basilica, Bucureşti, 2020, 560 p. (PSB, s.n. 20). Beyond Ambassadors; Consuls, Missionaries, and Spies in Premodern Diplomacy, ed. Maurits Ebben şi Louis Sicking, Leiden, Editura Brill, 2020, 236 p. Carol Iancu, Evreii din Hârlău şi împrejurimi. Istorie şi memorie, Iaşi, Editura Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 2020, 250 p. Victor Taki, Russia on the Danube: Empire, Elites, and Reform in Moldavia and Wallachia 1812-1834, Budapest, Vienna, New York, Central European University Press, 2021. Mirel Bănică, Bafta, Devla şi Haramul. Studii despre cultura şi religia romilor, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2019, 472 p. David E. Nye, American Illuminations. Urban Lighting, 1800–1920, Cambridge, The MIT Press, 2018, x + 280 p. Mihai Ştefan Ceauşu, Ion Lihaciu, Autonomia Bucovinei (1848-1861). Studiu şi documente, Iaşi, Editura Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 2021, 374 p. Universitatea din Cluj în perioada interbelică, vol. III, Facultatea de Litere şi Filosofie, coordonator Ana-Maria Stan, editori Ioan-Aurel Pop, Simion Simon, Ioan Bolovan, Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2019, 364 p. Radu Ioanid, Pogromul de la Iaşi, ediţie îngrijită de Elisabeth Ungureanu, prefaţă de Alexandru Florian, Bucureşti, Editura Institutului Naţional pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel”, Iaşi, Polirom, 2021, 142 p. Michael Shafir, România Comunistă (1948-1985). O analiză politică, economică şi socială, traducere din limba engleză de Mihai-Dan Pavelescu, Bucureşti, Editura Meteor Press, 2020, 432 p. Panorama comunismului în România, ed. de Liliana Corobca, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2020, 1150 p.
More...Keywords: testaments; families; Moldavia; testators; patrimonial and religious implications;
As member of the research team Wallachian and Moldavian Testaments (from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th): social, patrimonial and religious implications I revived an older project of mine, of editing some Moldavian testaments from the 17th and the 18th centuries. The present study comprises a first group of such documents, including 17 testaments. Of these, 11 are edited for the first time (at least to my best knowledge!), 4 are published for the second time (hopefully, in an improved version!), while 2 of them had been previously known only through some summaries. Each document is accompanied by an analytical and historical introduction, consisting of brief comments on the witness list and on the social, patrimonial and moral issues involving the testators and their families.
More...Corina Iosif, Florica Bohîlţea Mihuţ, Daniela Zaharia (eds.), Arhive şi cunoaştere, Bucureşti, Editura Universităţii, 2020, 356 p. / Kassia St. Clair, Firul de aur sau istoria lumii prin urechile acului, Bucureşti, Baroque Books &Arts, 2020, 445 p. / Barry Strauss, Zece Cezari. Împăraţii romani de la Augustus la Constantin cel Mare, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2021, 407 p. / Ramona Caramelea, Clădiri şcolare din România 1864-1914. Politică de construire şi model spaţial, Brăila, Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei „Carol I”, 346 p. / Frontul Românesc (1916-1917). Culegere de documente, ediţie de Dinu Poştarenco, Bucureşti, Editura Militară, 2020, 347 p. / Mihail E. Ionescu, România şi Revoluţia din Rusia (1916-1919). Note pentru o sinteză istoriografică (vara 1916 – primăvara 1917), Bucureşti, Editura Militară, 2018, 347 p. / Grigore Procopiu, Parlamentul în pribegie (1916-1918). Amintiri, note şi impresii, ediţie şi studiu introductiv de Daniel Cain, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 2018, 267 p. / Mărturii din războiul de întregire aşa cum au fost prezentate Regelui Ferdinand, alegerea textelor şi note: Sorin Cristescu, Târgovişte, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2018, 386 p. / Roland Clark, Sectarianism and Renewal in 1920s Romania: The Limits of Orthodoxy and Nation Building, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2021, 197 p. / Alin Spânu, Serviciul de Informaţii al României în Războiul de Întregire Naţională (1916-1920), Bucureşti, Editura Militară, 2019, 332 p. / Saşa Pană, Născut în ’02 Memorii – file de jurnal – evocări, ediţia a II-a, Bucureşti, Editura Pandora M, 2021, 810 p. / Etty Hillesum, Jurnal (1941-1942). Scrisori din lagărul de la Westerbork (1943), Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 2021, 268 p. / Keith Lowe, Prizonierii Istoriei. Ce ne spun monumentele celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial despre istoria noastră şi espre noi înşine, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2021, 269 p. / Lucian Vasile, Cei pe care i-am uitat. Represiunea comunistă la Ploieşti (1948-1964), Bucureşti, Asociţia pentru Educaţie şi Dezvoltare Urbană, 2020, 684 p. / Fan Shen, De unul singur. Memoriile unui membru al Gărzilor Roşii, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 2021, 343 p. / Claudia-Florentina Dobre, Martore fără voie. Fostele deţinute politic şi memoria comunismului în România, Târgovişte, Editura Cetatea de Scaun, 2021, 318 p. / Maria Bucur, Mihaela Miroiu, Naşterea cetăţeniei democratice. Femeile şi puterea în România modernă, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, 2019, 312 p. / Lavinia Betea, „Tovarăşa“. Biografia Elenei Ceauşescu, Bucureşti, Editura Corint, 2021, 395 p. / William J. Dobson, Şcoala dictatorilor. În culisele luptei mondiale pentru democraţie, Bucureşti, Editura Litera, 2021, p. 608. / Tatiana A. Pokivailova, Sudba „rumânskogo zolota” v Rossii, 1916-2020 gg. Ocerki istorii [Soarta „aurului românesc” în Rusia, 1916-2020. Eseuri de istorie], Sankt Petersburg, Editura Aleteiia, 2021, 268 p.
More...The study examines the period before the re-establishment of Hungarian–Chilean diplomatic relations in 1965. During the Second World War, Hungary’s diplomatic relations were severed with Chile, and after 1945 intensive attempts were made to restore it between the two countries. Diplomatic relations were almost settled, but the change in the international situation and the beginning of the Cold War made it impossible to maintain relations. However, this lesser-known period cannot be considered uninteresting either since the attempts to restore connections reflect the importance of the South American country. The study analyzes the correlation between Hungary’s approach to Chile and the growing interest of the Soviet Union in Latin America.
More...Keywords: Mihai Eminescu; victim; plot; the fake Titu Maiorescu; biographical writings; documentaries; archives;
I owe the impetus to write this series of studies about Eminescu and his sacrifice to the kind-hearted writer, Mr. Prof. univ. Dr. Florin-Cristian Gheorghe, president of the European Association of Teaching Staff and editor of the magazine "Cugetarea Europeana" in whose pages new documents related to the pursuit and assassination of Mihai Eminescu were published. The documents have already been made public in CUGETAREA EUROPEANĂ, and some of them have been taken over in the pages of CERTITUDINEA magazine. All this, added to the documents already known and revealed to the public, with some discretion, impose the truth that the main culprit in the removal from the public space and, ultimately, the assassination of Eminescu is none other than the great "protector" of the poet, Titu Maiorescu. What will determine, we believe, the rewriting of the history of Romanian literature. We specify, first of all, that between the memoiristic and autobiographical writings (Journal and Epistolary) of T. Maiorescu and between those of the documentary, archival disclosures, there are consonances and discordances, congruences and disjunctions, which sometimes intersect and separate, but most of the time they intertwine and complement each other, confuse and complete each other.
More...Keywords: home liturgy; domestic Church; nature of liturgy; ecclesiogenesis; coronavirus pandemic
The family is named in official Church documents as the domestic church where the domestic liturgy is celebrated – the action of the family in union with the universal Church. The source for domestic liturgy is the common priesthood of all baptized, strengthened by the sacrament of marriage, where the spouses perform the priestly function for their children. In March 2020, at the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, when the possibility of the faithful’s participation in masses and services was significantly limited, Polish bishops encouraged the renewal of the liturgy celebrated in the family. Thanks to this, the faithful had the opportunity to experience the mysteries of faith and the liturgical year. In this study, the author deals with the issue of the ecclesiogenetic role of the domestic liturgy. To fully understand the subject, he first presents the nature and role of the liturgy and its relationship to the Church. The author then refers to the texts of the New Testament (mainly the Acts of the Apostles and Paul’s Letters), the patrology of St. John Chrysostom, and the contemporary teachings of the Church (documents of the Second Vatican Council and John Paul II). The author also presents the terms of domestic church and domestic liturgy. On this basis, the author puts forward the thesis that in the first period of the coronavirus pandemic, the home liturgy played an important role in the process of ecclesiogenesis. He presents the proposals of the Easter domestic liturgy that appeared at that time and was prepared by the pastors, as well as the first theological reflections and explanations. In conclusion, the author formulates pastoral conclusions and postulates to maintain care for the home liturgy in Christian families.
More...Keywords: participation; retribution; retributivity; justification; providence;
In order to identify the guidelines that the meanings of God’s righteousness have and for the purpose of a first outline, the present research examines scriptural places where the notion of “ righteousness” is present in the substantive variant (ἡ δῐκαιοσύνη), in 35 Psalms. It is Psalms 4, 5, 7, 9,17, 21, 22, 30, 34, 35, 39, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 64, 68, 70, 71, 84, 87, 88, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, 110,117, 118, 131, 142 and 144. The research, undertaken from the orthodox dogmatic perspective, shows that in the corpus of the Psalter the following meanings of this Attribute of God are highlighted, organically interwoven and modulated by specific moments in the History of Salvation: God’s participating righteousness; God’s guiding righteousness; God’s retributive righteousness (in general); retributive as Providence; retributive as Right-Judgment and God’s vindicating righteousness. All these six meanings are relevant in the discussion of theodicy, for which the present research wishes to provide “raw material”. The research will approach some topics (such as the curses in the Psalms) that implicitly relate to the relationship between God’s Righteousness and the existence of evil in the world, i.e. theodicy. Even if this theme is not a favorite subject in contemporary Orthodoxy, it belongs in Orthodox dogmatic theology and needs to be articulated, especially in today’s historical horizon.
More...Keywords: Military intervention; Humanitarian crisis; NATO and EU; Economic implications; Diplomacy; Nuclear Risk and Coercion; Propaganda and disinformation;
Ziua de 24 februarie 2022 va rămâne pentru multă vreme în memoria colectivă a ucrainenilor și rușilor, dar și a cetățenilor altor state de pe mapamond, întrucât reprezintă începutul unei perioade extrem de dificilă care va marca istoria acestora și va influența semnificativ evoluția mediului de securitate european și global. În mod inevitabil, toate dimensiunile vieții comunităților, considerate atât la nivel național (în special al beligeranților), cât și regional (estul Europei), sunt și vor fi afectate de declanșarea și desfășurarea confruntării directe dintre Federația Rusă și Ucraina, precum și de apariția și/sau creșterea în intensitate a altor confruntări subsecvente și indirecte dintre beligeranți și alți actori din mediul internațional.
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