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E greu de spus care sunt trăsăturile criticii şi eseisticii lui Nicolae Balotă ce nu au fost deja enunţate, enumerate, descifrate de receptarea literară până acum. S-a vorbit, pe drept cuvânt, despre erudiţia autorului Literaturii absurdului, despre aspiraţia spre clasicitate a autorului Umanităţilor, de vocaţia sintezei sau de fervoarea analitică, de dramatismul intelectului ce se străvede dedesubtul paginilor cu ţinută apolinică, s-a vorbit de tensiunea spirituală şi de pregnanţa ideatică a enunţurilor. O particularitate de prim ordin a criticii lui Nicolae Balotă e tocmai detenta reflexivă a frazei, capacitatea autorului, cu alte cuvinte, de a orienta chiar observaţiile cu caracter subiectiv, sau cele consacrate contingentului înspre elevaţia semnificaţiei filosofice.
More...Keywords: Martin Kelp; Vlad Tepes; historical conscience and historical writing in Sighisoara; family life (food; clothing; furniture) in Sighisoara; Transylvania; dowry; museum conservation of exhibits; restoration; Miron Neagu; Dieter Schlesak;
The documentary library in Shighisoara; Sighisoara, the dream castle - history of the city: architecture and ambient, military architecture, chrich architecture; Museums in Sighisoara; history chronicles; day to day and social life; Miorita (Mioritza) - elements of ancient philosophy (Bhagavad-gita); Laudatio Dieter Schlesak (in German and Romanian): George Guţu: Auf der Suche nach der Heimkehr. Dieter Schlesak: The legend of Dracula (in German)
More...• Versuri de Teo Chiriac şi Ana Rapcea • Iulian Boldea despre poezia lui Mircea Dinescu • Mircea V. Ciobanu: Scriitura egocentristă (Igor Isac) • Portret literar: Andrei Ţurcanu • Proză de Nicolae Spătaru • Mihai Cimpoi: un visător „trişând pe marginea textelor” • Cronică la romanul „Curcubeul gravitaţiei” de Thomas Pynchon • Radu Petrescu: Enigma Ilie Cătărău (II)
More...Má r i a Pakuc s: Hermannstadt und Siebenbürgen. Die Protokolle des Hermanstädter Rates und der Sächsischen Nationsuniversität 1391-1705. Hgg. Käthe Hientz / Bernhard Heigl / Thomas Şindilariu. Hermannstadt: Honterus Verlag, Heidelberg: Arbeitskreis für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde 2007 (Veröffentlichungen von Studium Transylvanicum). 223 S., Abb., 1 DVD, ISBN 978-3-929848-66-3, € 14,90 Wa l te r Puchner: Zuanne [Giovanni] Papadopoli, Memories of seventeenth-century Crete: L’occio (Timeof Leisure). Hg., Übers., Einl., Kommentar und Glossar Alfred Vincent. Venice: Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies 2007 (Graecolatinitas nostra, Sources, 8). 405 S., 7 Abb., 1 Kt., ISBN 978-960-7743-41-1, € 70,– Georg Seide r e r: Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848-1867. II. Abteilung: Das Ministerium Schwarzenberg. Bd. 2: 8. Jänner 1850 – 30. April 1850. Bearb. und eingel. von Thomas Kletečka / Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik. Wien: ÖBV & HPT 2005. LVII, 396 S., ISBN 3-209-04697-2 Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848-1867. II. Abteilung: Das Ministerium Schwarzenberg. Bd. 3: 1. Mai 1850 – 30. September 1850. Bearb. und eingel. von Thomas Kletečka / Anatol Schmied-Kowarzik. Wien: ÖBV & HPT 2006. XLII, 361 S., ISBN 3-209-05464-9 Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848-1867. IV. Abteilung: Das Ministerium Rechberg. Bd. 2: 6. März 1860 – 16. Oktober 1860. Bearb. und eingel. von Stefan Malfèr. Wien: ÖBV & HPT 2007. LXIX, 525 S., ISBN 3-209-05956-7
More...Keywords: 1848 revolution; commemorations; national memory; political rituals; Europe.
The paper offers a comparative perspective at a European level of the memories of the 1848 revolutions, unveiling the discontinuities and fractures of the national traditions. Some nations or states although deeply damaged by these events are more likely to forget the 1848: France, Austria, Poland; other countries managed to transform it in a point of reference for their political and even social modernity: Hungary, Italy and Germany. The different types of practice and commemoration of the memory of the revolution were strongly linked to the political culture each managed to develop. A common factor for such countries that underwent revolutionary events is that of socially remembrance influenced by political interest that results in different forms of commemorative practices taking place. Political figures tried to mobilize the memories of 1848, commemorating heroes, using funeral rituals, unveiling statues, attending processions and political debates that started to crystallize around these anniversaries. With respect to societies, the group didn’t share the same version of the past; the reason was that their political, social and national goals proved to be contradictory. Some political currents, especially the liberals were celebrating the parliamentary fight in 1848, others emphasized the fight against the foreign influence (Central and Eastern Europe), whereas socialists built up upon the connotation of the dead on barricades.
More...Keywords: archaeological evidence; medieval towns; Moldavia; Wallachia; Transylvania; Lower Danube
More...Keywords: Romanian Constitutional Assembly; article 7 of the Constitution; exclusion; anti-Semitism; citizenship; nationalism; political rights.
The purpose of the paper is to analyze the debates in the Romanian Constitutional Assembly of 1866 concerning the article 7 of the Constitution that excludes non-Christians from political rights. It also examines the governmental regulations and the parliamentary questions to ministers on the discriminations and violence against the Jews during the years 1867-1869. The paper concludes that the Romanian legislators considered it to be of out most importance to acknowledge the quality of being a Romanian, that is, a member of an ethnic body, and not to define citizenship as a legal membership. ”To be a Romanian” was more of an ethnic belonging, a given, rather than citizenship or civic loyalty, defined through political and civic rights. Citizenship was crushed by the primordial character of ethnic loyalty and by the weight of the state as expression and guarantor of the Romanian nation. Furthermore, the paper holds that the parliamentarians’ xenophobia and anti-Semitism is the expression of nationalism as the most modern way of understanding what binds a political community together, and not of medieval pogroms that oppose Christians and Jews on religious bases. The years 1866-1869 lay thus the basis for what was subsequently to become the more coherent and doctrinaire nationalist anti-Semitism that incorporated anti-Semitism into the very nature of being a Romanian and into the Romanian national identity itself. The paper aims at drawing more nuanced conclusions about the recently much-de bated character of citizenship and nationhood in Romania and Eastern Europe during the mid-19th century. The article holds that the parliament is a site for political conflicts related to the process of nation-building and a privileged political space of production of the nation-state. Moreover, parliamentary discourse can be seen as an instrument of investigation of an epoch, the Parliament being both a symbolical and a historical site.
More...Keywords: controlor de monede; creiţar; ducat (#); florin; gravor; linie pentru laminarea argintului; lucrător care bate monede; maistru monetar; maşină de mortezat; matriţă; monedă divizionară (măruntă); monede şi material de retopit; oficiu monetar; oficiu pentru
Im Vergleich zu den anderen historischen Baudenkmälern, die meistens schon vor der Errichtung der Festung durch die Habsburger in Karlsburg entstanden waren, gibt es weder über die zu Zeiten des Fürstentums tätige Münzstätte, noch über jene, die zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhundert neu gegründet wurde, eingehende Untersuchungen. Forschungen über das Bauwerk wurden nicht durchgeführt, da die Bausubstanz schon Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zu den Grundmauern zerstört wurde, während sich die Recherchen über die Tätigkeit der Münzstätte insofern sich schwierig gestalten, da sie verschiedenen Behörden untergeordnet war und ihr Archiv in Folge dessen an verschiedenen Stellen im In- und Ausland bewahrt wird. Abgesehen davon waren wichtige Archivbestände mit aufschlussreichen Urkunden nicht zugänglich. Durch einen glücklichen Zufall, stießen wir auf einen bis jetzt unbekannten Archivbestand, der im Zuge der Überführung eines Teils der Münzstätte aus Karlsburg – nach deren Auflösung im Jahre 1871 – von Karlsburg nach Kremnitz (Kremica, Slowakische Republik) gelangte. Aus der Beschriftung und der Nummerierung der 22 Kartons lässt sich schließen, dass es ursprünglich schätzungsweise rd. 50 Kartons mit Urkunden gewesen sein müssten. Der Großteil des unsortierten Urkundenmaterials stammt aus der Buchhaltung der Münzstätte, worunter sich aber auch Akten befinden, die von Zentralbehörden wie der Hofkammer, dem Hauptmünzamt (Wien), Montan-Thesaurariat (Hermannstadt) oder der Bergwerksdirektion (Zlatna – Großschlatten) erstellt worden sind. Zu den Urkunden, die uns ermöglichten einen genaueren Einblick in die räumliche Beschaffenheit der Münzstätte und deren technische Ausstattung zu gewinnen, gehören die zu verschiedenen Anlässen durchgeführten „Inventare“ für die einzelnen Werkstätten („Werksgaden”) oder der hier aufbewahrten Gerätschaften (siehe Anhang IV, VI). Ergänzende Quellen für eine möglichst genaue Rekonstruktion der einzelnen Arbeitsgänge stellen „Dienstinstruktionen“ für den Werkmeister oder andere höhere Beamte (Anhang II, VII) dar. Einen überschaubaren Einblick in die räumliche Einteilung des im Jahre 1714 begonnenen und drei Jahre später fertig gestellten neuen „Münz-Hauses” gewährt der Bericht vom 18. März 1718 (siehe Anhang I), aus dessen „Inventarium“ entnommen werden kann, dass die Münzestätte schon mit hochwertigen Pressen wie „ein großes Stoßwerk mit guter Compression” oder einem „Taschenwerk” ausgestattet war. Die Taschenwerke stellen eine Weiterentwicklung der Walzen-prägung dar. Im ersten Geschoss befanden sich in der Regel die Wohnungen des Personals (Münzmeister, Münzwardein = Münzprüfer, Graveur, Scheidmeister, Schmiedmeister u. a.).
More...Keywords: statute of limitations; ius commune; enforceable action; right to obtain enforcement; general term of lapse of time; course of the statute of limitations.
The institution of statute of limitations for the lapse of time constituted the subject matter to which the Romanian lawmaker paid special attention, at the time of recodification of the civil laws, of substantive law and of procedural law. Still preserving the sustainable elements of the previous regulation, the New Civil Code and the New Code of Civil Procedure have improved the lapse of time regime, turning the respective institution into a modern regulation, governed by flexible, transparent and reasonable (commensurate) rules, orders, assuring the harmonious matching of the general interest in the consolidation of the questionable legal relationships with the particular interest in the actual protection of the subjective rights and the particulars’ legitimate interests. De lege lata, ius commune of the lapse of time is composed of the regulations contained in the New Civil Code (mainly, art. 2.500-2.544), applicable both to the right of condemnation action, and to the right of enforceable action (the right to obtain condemnation), and in the New Code of civil procedure (art. 706-711), applicable to the right of enforceable action (the right to obtain enforcement). The right to obtain enforcement is a kind of expression of the right of action from the substantive point of view, and consequently, is different from the right of action from the procedural point of view (the right to refer to the court, the right to claim enforcement etc.). From the point of view of the lapse of time, the right to obtain enforcement in principle is subject to statute of limitations, as compared to the right to obtain condemnation, which may be subject, or not to statute of limitations, as the case may be. The general time limitation period of the right to obtain enforcement is of 3 years, unless otherwise set forth by law (or in the parties’ agreement). Although the law requires that the lapse of time starts upon emergence of the right to obtain enforcement, actually, the beginning of the lapse of time depends on the jurisdictional or non-jurisdictional nature of enforcement: in case of jurisdictional titles, the lapse of time starts when the court order or the arbitral award remains final, whilst in case on non-jurisdictional titles, the lapse of time starts in principle, upon emergence of the right to obtain enforcement. The course of the statute of limitations may be suspended or, as the case may be, interrupted in the special cases set forth by law or by the parties and in case for duly substantiated reasons, the creditor was not able to take any legal actions for the purpose of its interruption, its relief from effects of expiry is possible.
More...Keywords: conference; psychology; behavioral addictions; Germany; presentations;
1. Keynote presentations 2. Minitalks 3. Oral presentations 4. Author index
More...Keywords: mural paintings; medieval Valachians; apostles iconography; Maiestas Domini; Franciscans;
The old Orthodox church of Strei, in the county of Hunedoara (Romania), dates back to the 14th cen- tury. The precise dates of its construction and of its paintings are still unclear, but the murals certainly date from the second half of the 14th century. The subject of these paintings is also quite peculiar for an Orthodox edifice. In the sanctuary, the Apostles, engaged in a vigorous conversation, are painted between the columns, under a Maiestas Domini. Their gestures are quite dramatic, very different from the static appearance of most bishops depicted in the lower register of the same sanctuary. The author carries on a comparison bet- ween the murals in Strei and other paintings from Termeno sulla Strada del Vino, close to Bolzano (Italy), dating back to the previous century. He notices that such depictions of Apostles carrying on conversations in the sanc- tuary, between depicted columns, are characteristic for many churches of Northern Italy, and another important example is in Pozzoveggiani (close to Padova). The meaning of these Apostles’ Colloquia is related to the escha- tological connotation of the iconographical programs, but another interesting aspect is that they also compose a depiction of the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15:2-35), in direct relation with the theme of Ecclesia militans, according to the Four Senses of Scripture. The presence of such a strong Catholic subject, typical in the areas where the Papacy or the Catholic bishops had to maintain a strong ecclesiastical control, mainly against here- tics and various disobedient heterodox communities, points towards a possible explanation of the use of this imagery in Strei, because Strei was located in the land of schismatic Vlachs. Other Apostles’ Colloquia depicted in Istria and in the Dalmatian area point towards a possible influence of the Friars of the Observant Vicariate of Bosnia, under whose protection many of these medieval Vlachs were from the point of view of the Papacy. The depiction of St. Callinicus, patriarch of Constantinople, in front of St. Peter, in the lower register of the sanc- tuary murals of Strei, substantiates this hypothesis, just as well as the fact that these bishops depicted in the sanc- tuary are accompanied by representations of their churches. This other fact suggests that the main subject of the iconographical program in Strei may have been of a Uniate nature, i.e. the Union of the Orthodox Church with Rome. In the last part of the article, the author deals with the presence of the Franciscans in the area and with a series of Medieval Latin documents speaking of the churches they built for the local Vlachs, as well as with other local (Catholic) monuments to which the paintings of Strei may have been related: the second stratum of murals of Sântămărie Orlea and the nowadays lost paintings of the medieval church of Deva, close nearby.
More...Keywords: Late Middle Age; rescue digging; inn; pottery; interdisciplinary research;
A major real estate development required a rescue archaeology intervention in the very downtown Bucharest, mainly between February and June 1996. A large section, 75 long and about 3 m large was made in the street, mostly mechanically, just in the front of the National History Museum. The archaeological rescue digging documented 12 rooms belonging to a large inn, built by a famous Ruler of the Romanian Country (Ţara Românească), Constantin Brâncoveanu, in the last decade of the XVIIlh century. This kind of inn, of Oriental inspiration, is typical for the passage from Late Middle Age to Modem times, and is, in fact, a complex project including hosting areas, enclosure for animals, large storehouses, but usually churches also. Flourishing in towns with a certain demographic growth, but with a very poor communication means, like Bucharest, the inns were supposed to gather all goods needed by community in five months of cold and wet weather, when the road network was impracticable. The inn functioned about 160 years, until around 1860, the internai spaces being frequently restored, up to 7 times. Despite the fact that the landlord was unique, for its entire existence, a comparison between the type of internai rehabilitation operations proved that the initiative was lefi on tenants, the sequence type offloors (wood, bricks or vegetal cover) being unrepeatable. The use ofthe spaces - when proved by micromorphological study - is also distinctive, either cooking area, workshops connected with open fire, or even stables for sheep, for some relatively short episodes. Those 12 rooms are placed on the western wing of the building, on the main facade, facing a major street - Podul Mogoşoaiei - studied in the southem end of the archaeological section. The public road was made of wooden boards supported by wooden pillars buried under the walking levei, similarly with a bridge, from which the street took its name ("pod" meaning bridge). This type of public street, made entirely of wood, is documented in wet lowlands, where stone is not available, like Timişoara (western Romania). The history of the place begins during the late XV1 h century, for which deep buried huts were discovered. For the mid XVIlh century a new type ofhouse was in use, made ofwood, relatively large and with cellars, typical for aristocracy. In the XVIIlh century this strip of land was no more a constructive area, a little cemetery being discovered in the southem part of the trench. The layers dated between the cellar-houses and the inn are first in which fragments of bricks and mortar were recorded, probably from buildings in proximity. Regarding the political history of the Romanian countries, it might be surprising that from our discoveries Ottoman co ins are missing. W e found instead some Turkish pipes, a good witness of adopting an oriental life-style. This paper also presents the main results of the sedimentological and micromorphological study performed on Constantin Vodă Inn archaeological site. The field study firstly considered in the analysis of the sedimentary successions observed on the main stratigraphic profiles and the identification of the different types of units. The main diagnostic criteria observed in the field at the macroscopic levei - texture, structure, color, nature of constituents, homogeneity and degree of compaction - allowed establishing a typology of sedimentary facies necessary for the interpretation in terms of mechanisms of formation, in order to identify human activities and post-abandon transformations of the accurnulated deposits. Thus, different types of construction and arrangement units, occupation units and natural accumulations were recognized. Micromorphological analysis, at the microscopic scale, brings detailed information on the sedimentary units and thus contributes to a better interpretation of the archaeological levels. Extraordinary information provided by this study is the identification of sferulites, structures indicating the presence of the domestic animals (Ovis/Capra) in spaces fitted out with a wooden floor. The palinological expertise - the first ever done in an archaeological site from Bucharest - revealed a predominance of a ruderal vegetation, followed by hydrophilic vegetation and lowlands trees, but not cereals, explained by the position is in the middle of the medieval town.
More...In October 2020, several legislative acts were published in the Official Journal, among which the following: Order of the Minister of Justice no. 3862/C dated 29 September 2020 for establishment of the employment procedure without a contest in the penitentiary police, according to art. 27 paragraph (1) of Law no. 55/2020 on some measures for preventing and combating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; the Government Decision no. 856/2020 regarding the extension of the state of alert on the Romanian territory starting with 15 October 2020, and establishing the measures to be applied during this state for preventing and fighting against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; G.E.O. no. 174/2020 for amending and supplementing certain legislative acts regulating the financial support activity from non-reimbursable external funds, in the context of crisis caused by COVID-19; G.E.O. no. 181/2020 on certain tax and budgetary measures for amending and supplementing certain legislative acts, as well as for the prorogation of certain terms; G.E.O. no. 183/2020 regarding the conduct of contests, during the state of alert, for occupancy of the vacant posts within certain institutions of the judicial system, as well as within the Court of Accounts. Moreover, in October, several legislative acts were amended, among which: Labour Code; Administrative code; Appendix no. 3 to the Government Decision no. 782/2020 regarding the extension of the state of alert on the Romanian territory starting with 15 September 2020, and establishing the measures to be applied during this state for preventing and fighting against the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; Methodological Norms for implementing Law no. 227/2015 on the Fiscal Code, as approved by the Government Decision no. 1/2016. At the same time, the ECHR judgment dated 3 March 2020 in the Case M. and others v. Romania (Request no. 17.274/13) was published in the Official Journal and, moreover, Law no. 217/2003 on the preventing and fighting against family violence was republished.
More...Keywords: matriarchal mega-era; gender studies; civilizations of Great Goddess; the first globalization; Paleolithic; Neolithic; northern Africa; Egypt; Gets; cultural interferences;
The XXIst century world is still a world searching for its archaic, real cultural and identity roots; the old civilization of the Great Goddess (as built during the beginnings of Paleolithic, in fact once with the evolution of human being from hominids, with the proto-language, with the role of the female in perpetuation of species, in preserving the fire, as basic civilization element) expects to be rediscovered and to be respected in its specific profile; the civilization and the history, the writing and the spiritual dimension of the human evolution cannot exclude the feminine experience and perspective. Far from being considerate as ”primitive”, ”outside history or preceding the history and civilization”, such civilizations are claiming to be re-discovered and interpreted again, within a vision of putting the woman, the feminine civilizations in their true light, within the first mechanisms and forms of human organization that can be defined as specific feminine: her-story, her civilizations, the Great Goddess civilization. Before”the his-story”, it was”the her-story”, her times and her civilization, that of the woman. UN 2030 Agenda invites people of XXIst century to rediscover the creative and active role within communities, the respected and honored role of the woman at all levels of decision, from local ones to the global level, an invitation to rediscover the feminine specificity, the feminine her-story, as a way to remove the patriarchal, obsolete, mental, social and organizational pattern still dominating the world from 4300 BC until now. Our paper proposes an approach on Rumanian feminine civilizations also referring to the beginning of the Rumanian patriarchate (that interconnected about one millennium with feminine civilizations as Cucuteni, and that continued to honor the woman, the divine feminine, within the Geto–Dacian kingdoms, inclusively under Burebista or Decebal). In the Rumanian zone, the divine feminine civilizations were removed by halogen, young and patriarchal types of civilizations, as the Roman or Greek ones, then by various migratory waves, organized around the cult of the supreme masculine deity (Zeus, Jupiter etc.), as justifying the destruction of the Great Goddess civilizations, their extraction from history of mankind, and their re-interpretation as ”primitive” (according to the standards of the new world, the patriarchal world, from 4300 BC until present).
More...Keywords: Switzerland; Roman funerary rites; Multidisciplinarity;
The present article focuses on funerary behaviours on the territory of present-day Switzerland from the end of the protohistoric period to the early Middle Ages. In order to investigate this topic, a careful analysis of material remains, textual sources and funerary inscriptions, was carried out. The main objective of this article lies in the multidisciplinary study of funerary behaviours. To this end, funerary gestures, rites, commemorative modalities, funerary recruitment, as well legal and religious frameworks and the collective social comprehension of death are considered. To achieve these goals, the present article aims to include any contribution to the clarification of this topic provided by various disciplines such as funerary archaeology, bioanthropology, ancient history, geography, social anthropology, religious sciences, law, literature and philology as well as ancient funerary epigraphy. The consideration of these various sources for the case of 6 distinct places in Switzerland (Geneva – Genava, Nyon – Colonia Iulia Equestris, Augst / Kaiseraugst – Augusta Raurica, Valais – Vallis Poenina, Brugg / Gebenstorf / Windisch – Vindonissa and Avenches – Aventicum) has enabled us to outline the contours of the funerary phenomenon in Switzerland during Antiquity in a relatively precise manner. As such, one observes several different dynamics in the evolution of funerary behaviours depending on the places studied. This probably reflects the way in which the various communities interacted, made sense of, appropriated, or disregarded Roman funerary cultural codes.
More...Keywords: Romanian literature; Republic of Moldova;
Authors from the Republic of Moldova answer a survey of questions about how they see the relationship between the literature of the Republic of Moldova and that of Romania.
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