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The Khazar Sacral Kingship

A kazár szakrális királyság

Author(s): Peter Benjamin Golden / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The ruling house and core tribes of the Khazar empire did not share the same tribal or, in many instances, ethnic origins as those of the Kaghanate's diverse subject population. The Khazar rulers were heirs of the Türk kaghanal charisma. Although aspects of sacral rule and dual kingship can be seen in the Türk and other Inner Asian nomad-based empires, it was only in Khazaria that the Kaghan became a sacralized, tabuized figure. This transformation occurred in the 9th century and may reflect the influence of the Ors, the Khwarazmian-Iranian guard of the Kaghan and the chief minister drawn from their ranks.

Political Stakeholders and Policy Making in Contemporary Hungary

Aktorët e Politikës dhe Politikëbërja në Hungarinë Bashkëkohore

Author(s): Terry Cox,Sándor Gallai / Language(s): Albanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Economic Policy; Telecom Sector;

Një pamje influencuese në shkrimet bashkëkohore akademike, është pamja se transformimi radikal i sistemeve ekonomike të EQL dhe integrimi i ardhshëm i këtyre vendeve në sistemin me bazë tregu, si në BE, jep dëshmi në mbështetje të teorive të globalizimit që theksojnë se si vendet e modernizuara konfirmojnë tendencat e ekonomisë globale. Për më tepër, përvoja e EQL, është marrë si bazë për të treguar se në sistemin e botës moderne ekonomike, shteti modern është relativisht i dobët përball tendencave të globalizimit. Eshtë aktual një debat i gjerë rreth këtij problemi të përgjithshëm, brenda të cilit mund të identifikohen të paktën tre argumente të ndryshme.

SITUAȚIA CERCETĂRII BIBLICE ÎN VREMEA SF. ANTIM IVIREANUL

SITUAȚIA CERCETĂRII BIBLICE ÎN VREMEA SF. ANTIM IVIREANUL

Author(s): Ion-Sorin Bora / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: sacred text; slavonic language; manuscript; Holy Bible

The translation of sacred text into Romanian is the greatest achievement in Bible studies in St. Antim’s time. Although very expensive, the books that were out of print were now much closer to believers than before they were translated, first because the doctrinal barriers within the Synodal framework that allowed the authorization of these Church translations were overcome. At the isagogic level, introductory texts point springs, translators, or recensors, and general data about inspirational authors, place and time of writing.

SFRY – Italy: Tito’s Final Contribution to the Bilateral Cooperation

СФРЈ – Италија: последњи Титов допринос билатералној сарадњи

Author(s): Petar Dragišić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Yugoslavia; Italy; Tito; Pertini; 1979; bilateral cooperation; territorial dispute;

The resolution of the territorial dispute between Italy and Tito’s Yugoslavia, as a result of the London and Osimo agreements in 1954 and 1975 respectively, paved the way for improving the Yugoslav-Italian relations. The process of normalization encouraged close political and economic cooperation between the two countries as well as considerable Italian cultural influence in Yugoslavia. Besides, the Yugoslav-Italian rapprochement was reflected in frequent high-level contacts between the political elites of Yugoslavia and Italy during the 1960s and 1970s. During his visit to Yugoslavia, in October 1979, the Italian president Sandro Pertini discussed with the Yugoslav party and state leader, Josip Broz Tito, the most important aspects of the Yugoslav-Italian relations as well as the burning global issues, such as the situation in the Middle East and Indochina, the détente, the non-alignment as well as the Italian role in the European Economic Community. The transcripts of the conversations between the two veteran politicians and their teams, which took place on 11 and 12 October 1979, indicate the highest level of mutual cooperation as well as their similar attitudes towards a broad spectrum of global topics, such as the détente, the Non-Aligned Movement, the situation in the Middle East and Indochina. The two presidents signaled their readiness to sett le the remaining disputes between the two countries, in particular concerning the rights of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia as well as the Croatian and Slovenian communities in Italy. Pertini and Tito expressed satisfaction with the improvement of the relations between Yugoslavia and Italy despite their opposite ideological preferences and their participation in the different global coalitions – the North Atlantic Alliance and the Non-Aligned Movement respectively.

Soviet Influence on the Beginning of the Struggle Against the Occupiers and the Outbreak of the Civil War in Yugoslavia in 1941

Совјетски утицај на почетак борбе против окупатора и избијање грађанског рата у Југославији 1941.

Author(s): Aleksej J. Timofejev / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Second World War; Comintern; Yugoslavia; USSR; Soviet-Yugoslav relations; Partisan war; uprising in 1941;

У раду је на основу адекватне архивске грађе урађен покушај реконструкције улоге ИК КИ и совјетских обавештајних служби у избијању устанка у Србији 1941.

Between Avant-Garde and Censorship: Tito and the Art in 1960s

Između avangarde i cenzure: Tito i umetnost šezdesetih

Author(s): Radina Vučetić / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: modernism; avant-garde; censorship; art in the SFRY; Yugoslavia; Tito; 1960s;

Avant-gard on exhibitions, on theatrical stages, on cinema screens and in concert halls was one of the specific features of the art scene in socialist Yugoslavia. The cream of the world avant-gard started arriving in Yugoslavia already in the 1950s and Yugoslav artists started creating works in the spirit of modernism and avant-garde. The presence of avant-garde sent into the world an image of an extremely modern, liberal and free country in which the avantgarde became the mainstream, in a way. However, the presence of the avantgarde in Yugoslavia doesn't present the true picture of artistic life. Exactly the time when avant-garde was on the ascent in Yugoslavia, was the time of court bans and pressure on artists. Films were banned, criticized or disappeared from cinema repertoirs (The Town, The Return, The Trap, A Man from the Oak Forest, Morning...), and consorship hit theater too, where only in 1968/69 plays Hats Down, As Pumpkins Bloomed and The Second Door to the Left were taken off the repertoir. Similar pressure was visible in the case of the journals Književne novine or Student who suffered governemnt blows in the late 1960s. Openness for fredom of the form, but not openness for critical examination of reality were characteristics of artistic life in SFRY.

The Idea of Modern Kitchen in Projects of the Catering Establishments Development in Poland in the 1950s and 1960s

Idea kuchni nowoczesnej w projektach rozwoju zakładów gastronomicznych w Polsce w latach 50. i 60. XX wieku

Author(s): Tadeusz Czekalski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: communism; modernization; Polish People’s Republic; canteen; culinary culture

The pattern of home kitchen to which the first French restaurants turned out became anachronic in the face of the increase of catering properties in 19th century and the need to prepare meals on a massive scale. Return to systems similar to home kitchen but used in catering was implemented during First World War canteen projects. A similar one was realized in the 1920s in Soviet Union but in this case the development of collective kitchens had to implement the ideological plan of home kitchen degradation. Discrediting homemade food for meals in canteens was to attempt and abandonment of time consuming cook of small portions prepared at home according to traditional recipes. The project of canteens development on massive scale took place in Poland since the beginning of 1950’s. Referring to the Soviet patterns mechanized kitchens, using semi-prepared meals and producing standardized dishes reasonably turned out to be in practice an unfulfilled utopia. Slogans of kitchen modernization in Poland during the first two decades of communist regime should be considered as ideological postulate that greatly remained in the sphere of unrealized project actually suited “higher” meaning the practices of institutionalization – through attempts of rationalization and control of everyday life practices.

Around the Oven and the Table. Practices of Living of Textile Industry Workers from Łódź

Wokół pieca i stołu. Praktyki zamieszkiwania łódzkich włókniarzy

Author(s): Grażyna Ewa Karpińska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: textile industry workers from Łódź; practices of living; kitchen; house; space

The lack of a room in the architectural block of a house that would serve the function of a kitchen – a feature of unicameral housing built for workers before World War II. Only the collected and spaced out equipment and objects established the landscape of the kitchen (people and objects), in which the residents cooperated and which “evoked” certain interactive responses from the human side. In the article, from the perspective of residential habitation, I look at objects and their structuring within a fragment of the space of a flat called a kitchen. I rely on the material collected during many years of research on the interior of housing for workers’ families, which I conducted with students of ethnology at the turn of the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century in Lodz, among residents of tenement houses and family homes built by manufacturers for “their” workers. Among the collected accounts, I choose the ones that the workers who deal with the families lived in the same apartments before and after the war, because I want to look at living as a practice that connects with generational staying in a certain space and passing patterns of her domestication.

The Problem of Tinibek’s Reign

Проблема правления Тинибека

Author(s): Irina Yu. Lapshina / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Golden Horde; khan; successor; legitimacy; reign; annals; Arab sources

The question of Tinibek’s regiment is ambiguously considered in historiography. Russian, Western European and Arab sources, which cover the problem of devolution after Uzbek khan’s death, have been analyzed in this research. These documents let us think that Tinibek wasn’t a khan of Sarai. That point is also confirmed by the absence of silver coins minted on behalf of Tinibek. Benedict Pope’s letters represent some interesting information, according to which Janibek could become a heir in the lifetime of his father. However, Tinibek’s actions after Uzbek’s death show that he wished for occupying Sarai’s throne and did not intend to stay as a regent in Sygnak.

The Settlement of Mechetne-2 of the Late Bronze Age in the Middle Donets Area

Поселение эпохи поздней бронзы Мечетное-2 в среднем течении р. Северский Донец

Author(s): Alexey S. Probeygolova / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Seversky Donets Basin; Late Bronze Age; settlement of Mechetne-2; stone buildings; Berezhnovka-Maevka Srubnaya culture

In 2013, the expedition of Luhansk National University conducted rescue archaeological research at the Late Bronze Age settlement Mechetne-2 near Kamenka village in the Lugansk region, Ukraine. The remains of two stone buildings exposed to the intensive devastation were studied. The house-building traditions and ceramic assemblages belong to the Srubnaya (Timber-grave) cultural and historical community. The material found in the filling and on the floor of the buildings belongs to the early stage of Berezhnovka-Maevka Srubnaya culture.

On the Features of the Morphology and Decor of the “Volhynian Type Earrings” with Embossed Pendants

Об особенностях морфологии и декора «волынских серег» с тиснеными подвесками

Author(s): Svetlana S. Ryabtseva / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Eastern Europe; Old Rus; jewelry decoration; Volhynian type earrings; embossing; granules

The “Volhynian type earrings” are typical for the full jewelry dress of the population of Eastern Europe in the 10th — the beginning of the 11th century. We put the attention for the decorations with a hollow pendant, welded from two halves, which we selected in type “A” of “Volhynian earrings”. Their production on the territory of Old Rus’ is confirmed by finds of dies from the burial of a jeweler in the Peresopnytsky cemetery in Volhynian and at the Gnezdovo settlement in the upper reaches of the Dnieper River. Outside Eastern Europe, such decorations are known from the territory of Poland, Hungary and Sweden.The studied items vary by overall dimensions, design of the rings and suspension. The rings are especially different in size and set the decorating parameters, whereas the suspension, for all its morphological differences, does not differ much in length. There are two variants for rings. The first is a smooth ring. The second one is a smooth ring, unchained in the lower part; one more element is attached to it, creating the effect of “lunula”. Rings with lunula are very characteristic for this type of jewelry. Variants with simple rings are less common, but they bring these products closer to other varieties of “Volhynian earrings”. Pendants are significantly different in proportion (there are more elongated, there are broad, squat) and decor characteristics. Judging by the sufficient variability of the pendants, there were quite a few masters with dies and skills for making these complex elitist ornaments.

The Microzone of Trinca in the Context of the Eastern Carpathian Eneolithic

Microzona Trinca în contextul eneoliticului est-carpatic

Author(s): Oleg Leviţki,Ghenadie Sîrbu,Ion Bajureanu / Language(s): Moldavian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: microzone; Trinca; Neolithic; houses; manufacturing complexes

The article represents information about the archaeological situations in the microzone of Trinca, Edineţ district, Republic of Moldova, where there have been discovered five sites with different materials, characteristic of the Middle and Late Eneolithic. Excavations were conducted on two settlements (Izvorul lui Luca and La Şanţ), and resulted in unearthing dwelling, manufacturing and utility complexes as well as some pottery. The other three were recorded during some saving excavations. All sites rank high on both sides of the gorge formed by the river Draghişte.

Fire at Krasnaya Rechka Hillfort: Traces of the Mongol Invasion in Tian-Shan Region?

Пожар городища Красная Речка: след монгольского нашествия в Притяньшанье?

Author(s): Asan I. Torgoev,Valerii A. Kolchenko,Iakov V. Frenkel / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Chuy Valley; early 13th century; Krasnaya Rechka hillfort; glazed pottery; porcelain; Mongol Conquest; fire layer

The Krasnaya Rechka hillfort site, the largest medieval site in Semirechye and the Tien Shan region, was investigated in 2008—2011. In general, the studied complexes are dated back to the second half of the 11th and the 12th centuries. In the upper construction horizon, traces of a strong fire have been recorded. This layer is dated to the early 13th century on the basis of the finds of imported glazed ceramics and Chinese porcelain of the Late Song period. The written accounts make it possible to identify the Krasnaya Rechka hillfort site with Nevaket city and link its collapse to either the destruction by the Kara-Kitai army of Balasagun city (together with its surroundings, to which Krasnaya Rechka hillfort probably belonged) in 1210, or with Genghis Khan’s 1218 campaign.

Historical Geography of the Middle Volga Region in the Second Half of 14th — First Half of 15th Centuries

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.

Author(s): Ayrat G. Sitdikov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Middle Volga region; Golden Horde; administrative division; urban centers; climatic zones

The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.

On the Names of Some Towns along the Caravan Route from Khorezm to Saray in the Late 13th — Early 14th Century

О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.

Author(s): Roman Yu. Reva / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Ulus Jochi; Khwarezm; Urgendzh; Uichik; Qutlughkend; Saraijuk; Saray; Golden Horde numismatiсs

Based on the comparison of recently discovered numismatic facts with the Arabic manuscript text of al-’Umari and Kazakh legends recorded in the 19th century, the names of two towns have been established — Uichik and Qutlughkent, which were located on the caravan route from Urgenj to Saray. Uichik is localized in the vicinity of modern Atyrau (Republic of Kazakhstan). “Qutlughkent” could possibly be the early name of the city of Saraijuk. A misinterpretation by V.G. Tiesenhausen in the Russian translation of al-’Umari’s text has been corrected.

On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography

О локализации «Трехстенного городка» на Нижнем Тереке: некоторые вопросы исторической географии ХIII—ХVII вв.

Author(s): Evgeniy I. Narozhny / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Northern Caucasus; Lower Terek River; the Terek mouths; Tyumenka River; Terek city of 1588; fortifications; “Caucasian Tyumen”; Golden Horde

On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography.°In this work, an attempt is made to verify the information about the fortification discovered in 1930 by E. M. Krupnov, who connected it with the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site from documentary sources. A comparison of the fortress remains with the ramparts of Terek (Terki) city of 1588 made it possible to identify the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site with the place of inflow of the Terek and its distributaries into the Caspian Sea (I. Güldenstedt). Explanations are offered to the reasons of Terek city construction in the center of the former “Tyumen Principality” (“Caucasian Tyumen”), which had been established within the “Djulat area”, devastated by Timur.

The Geography of 1222 Events in the North Caucasus

География события 1222 года на Северном Кавказе

Author(s): Evgeniy I. Narozhny,Pavel V. Sokov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Northern Caucasus; events of 1222; Jebe and Subutai conquests; the Alanian-Cuman alliance; the defeat of the Сumans

Taking into account the polarity of assessments and reconstructions of the 1222 events in the Northern Caucasus, the authors consider both the information of Ali ibn al-Asir and the cartography of prevalence of the Cuman stone sculptures in the region, developed on the basis of works by predecessors (E. D. Felitsyn, T. M. Minaeva). Comparing these data with the list of the latest similar finds, the authors suggest their version of reconstruction of the routes of Mongol-Tatars movement from Derbent across the region, which had eventually brought them to the Kalka River in 1223.

The Historical Geography of the Genoese Gazaria 1275—1475

Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Crimea; Genoese Gazaria; Caffa; Campagna of Caffa; Soldaia; Cembalo; Vosporo; Consulate;historical geography;

In the second half of the 14th century, the property of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea covered the whole of the Crimean coastal line and was named the Genoese Gazaria. The historical geography of the various administrative units of the Genoese Gazaria is considered: rural district of Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo Consulates, domains on the Southern Coast of Crimea, and on Kerch and Tarkhankut Peninsulas. Results of historical topography studies of four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo — are provided.

The linguistic integration of refugees in Italy: language policies in the second language class

LA INTEGRACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA DE LOS REFUGIADOS EN ITALIA: POLÍTICAS LINGÜÍSTICAS EN LA CLASE DE SEGUNDA LENGUA

Author(s): Rosella Bianco,Mónica Ortiz Cobo / Language(s): Spanish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: refugees; second language; Italy

The need to provide second language courses for those who migrate to European countries requires a specialization process in the language teaching sector in migratory contexts. In spite of this, the states of the European Union organize language courses and exams which still do not seem appropriate for this type of users. Also for what concerns the specific case of refugees, migrants who often. They are passing through a state, there are few initiatives that attend really to your linguistic needs.

Elections and Electoral System of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Izbori i izborni sistem Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Maja Sahadžić / Language(s): Bosnian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: elections; electoral system; candidate; direct and indirect democracy; BiH election law;

Opći okvirni sporazum za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini postavio je osnove za uspostavljanje mira u Bosni i Hercegovini. Međutim, neka od najvažnijih pitanja koja su važna za demokratsko funkcioniranje države i dalje nisu u skladu s međunarodnim pravnim standardima koji se odnose na izbore i izborni sistem u Bosni i Hercegovini. tako se efekti Sporazuma ogledaju u različitim aspektima problema koji se vezuju za izbore i izborni sistem u Bosni i Hercegovini koje i tretira ovaj rad.