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Lithuanian period of Lev Karsavin‘s activities in Eurasian movement

Lietuviškasis Levo Karsavino veiklos „eurazininkų“ sąjūdyje periodas

Author(s): Andrius Martinkus / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: Russia; Europa; eurasism; marxism; bolshevism; revolution.

This article analyzes activities of Lev Karsavin in Eurasian movement during his life time in Lithuania (Kaunas). This movement was on the threshold of a final split into its „right“ (anti-communism) and „left“ (pro soviet) wings. Special role in this story was played by the Eurasian leftist magazine Eurasia that was published in Paris during 1928-1929. The main ideological line was an acceptance of the new communist Russia – USSR. Lev Karsavin, who joined the Eurasian movement in 1925 and started living in Kaunas in 1928, was one of the main authors. As a philosopher he was the most significant in this movement. This article focuses both on Karsavin’s written texts in „Eurasia“ and his Lithuanian publications on this subject matter.

Lev Karsavin‘s Theological Metaphysics: between Orality and Literacy

Levo Karsavino teologinė metafizika oralumo ir rašto perskyros kontekste

Author(s): Lina Vidauskytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: coincidentia oppositorum; theological metaphysics; orality; literacy; kenosis; lyrics; circle of sonnets.

Lev Karsavin‘s teological metaphysics is based on the late Medieval thinker Nicolaus Cusanus concept of coincidentia oppositorum. This principle means the whole and its parts, unity and multitude („or the whole, or the part“) is conceived not as contraries but as the unity of contraries („and the whole, and the part“). The whole is participated in each its part and each part is the whole at the same time. The principle coincidentia oppositorum is realised in that way and it is a structure of reality. That hierarchical structure of reality is not statical but rather dynamical: dialectical movement of three concepts – the fundamental unity, self-divideness and self-joining. That ontological structure of reality Karsavin names as a person in theological sense. Lev Karsavin mostly wrote philosphical-theological treatises but there are and some poetical works, precisely lyrics. There is question: is such form (philosophical-theological treatise, poem) adequatte to content? What means this corealation between academical and „popular“ form of Karsavin‘s philosophy? The most interesting moment in Karsavin‘s personal theological metaphysics is his „Circle of Sonnets“, written in Soviet prison. This poem was created in prison orally and author wrote the poem on the sheat of paper later. Probably there is dialectical corelation between orality and literacy (similary to the principle coincidentia oppositorum). Such and other questions are investigated in the article.

Passionate Personalities: Piotr Stolypin and Lev Karsavin in Lithuania

PASIONARINĖS ASMENYBĖS: PIOTRAS STOLYPINAS IR LEVAS KARSAVINAS LIETUVOJE

Author(s): Povilas Lasinskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 5/2012

Keywords: genius loci; passionate personality; personal freedom; Lithuanian-Russian cultural intersections in 1st half of XX century

Comparative analysis of biographies of two passionate personalities Piotr Stolypin and Lev Karsavin testifies that Lithuania of the first part of XX century has been a “genial” place serving as a bridge between the East and the West where it was possible for extraordinary alumni of the Russian Empire who have finished their studies in Western Europe to successfully synthesize the acquired experience. Lithuanian stage of their lives in particular was the most fruitful and productive as it was conditioned by creative latitude and creative process itself, and was directed towards individual freedom or liberation. This comparison proves out a thesis of a philosopher Stasys Šalkauskis about Lithuania as a land of constant intersection of different cultures wherein a new phenomenon was generated.

The magic wand of Hermes and the overthrown throne. The Plotinus of Lev Šestov

La bacchetta magica di Hermes e il trono rovesciato. Il Plotino di Lev Šestov

Author(s): Patrizia Trovato / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 5/2007

Plotinus represent a constant reference in all of Šestov's philosophy. For the Russian philosopher Plotinus is, on the one hand, the one who thought up the synthesis of Greek philosophy, on the other, the one who first broke with that same tradition precisely when it was at its peak. However, Šestov does lift from the Enneads certain passages which he marries - as if in a sort of contrapuntal rewriting exercise - to others in which Plotinus seems to contradict himself. What interests Šestov are precisely those discontinuities in the thought of the last great philosopher of old in an anti-Greek function. That of Šestov is once again a marked criticism of Rationalism as creator of an autonomous set of ethics that he judges according to an intellect which everything is subject to. Autonomous ethics affirms Šestov, is a fruit of Greek schools of thought to the extent that it shows distrust for what is mutable, unforeseen and arbitrary, of everything which, in short, is irrational, as it is not inserted in the One/All necessitating, justifying, regulating. In the alternative between Athens end Jerusalem, between the Rationalism and the bible, Šestov opts to assume a stance, in no uncertain terms, on the side Jerusalem, taking with him the Plotinus af the awakening and heading towards a greater reality capable of overturning the throne occupied for too long by reason. That Plotinus who at a certain point was obliged to say that in this other dimension 'the intellect before God represents a reckless, ungodly apostate' (VI.9.5). That Plotinus, who ultimately, in one of those most particular moments, realized that he was predestined for something loftier with respect to the world of evil and death.

Lev Danylovych: To reproduce the real portrait “Dishonest Prince”

Лев Данилович: Спроба відтворення справжнього портрету «безчесного князя»

Author(s): Leontij Wojtowycz / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 8/2012

This study attempts to reproduce the real portrait of Prince Leo Danylovych, who was depicted in the first part of the Galicia‑Volyn’ Chronicle as faithful comrade of his father, brave warrior and skilful commander, but in the second part of the Chronicle his image received negative traits of “dishonest prince”. Historians only fragmentarily studied Leo’s image and never managed to resolve this contradiction. The author of the article involves some other sources, primarily Latin, previously unnoficed by scholars and on the basis of this new data evaluates episodes from the life of Prince Leo, especially his role in complicated relations between Hungarian, Bohemian and German kings, Polish princes and rulers of the Golden Horde, which led him to participate in the War of The Austrian Succession, the battle of Dürnkrut and the War of The Polish Succession. The relations between Romanoviches, death of Lithuanian duke Vaišvilkas and the territorial expansion are described in a new way. The book also deals with domestic policy of Lev Danylovych and situation within the Kingdom of Rus’ in the second half of 13th century.

The pitfalls of utopism i Lev Tolstoy's War and Peace

Pułapki utopizmu w Wojnie i pokoju Lwa Tołstoja

Author(s): Wojciech Gorczyca / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: political utopia; topos of rule from God; topos of Rome; motive of sacrifice; expulsion of morality in favour of public law

The authoir asesses Lev Tolstoy's War and Peace as a speculative - constructive "product". He underlines the fact that in the frame of political utopia in Tolstoy's work we deal with heroic, ascapistic utopia as well as utopia of time, place and eternal order. These issues are reconsidered in the contetxt of Felix Konechny's establishhments related among other things, to Ruranian civiloization, in which the utterer of public law is only one person - the ruler.

Lev Skop: icon-painter, art restorer and public man

ЛЕВ СКОП: ІКОНОПИСЕЦЬ, РЕСТАВРАТОР ТА ГРОМАДСЬКИЙ ДІЯЧ

Author(s): Iryna Dundyak / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 2/2016

Keywords: religious ar; modern church art; iconography; icon;

The purpose of the work. The study of individual personalities is important for a thorough analysis of the problems of continuity, rebirth and transformation in modern religious art of Ukraine. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of creativity of Lev Scop. He is a many-sided personality – an artist, painter, art restorer, teacher, musician, poet and public figure). Methodology. The author uses biographical and art analysis methods on the principles of comprehensiveness and consistency. This approach allows to cover objectively creative career and peculiarities of the Lev Scop’s works. Scientific novelty. Today, as art is striving toward modern expression, such genres as iconography are often neglected. This article highlights the creative method of an iconographer Lev Scop, analyzes his main works of religious art and his teaching activity at the Department of sacral art of Lviv Academy of Arts. There is the analysis of his art critic works in the field of Ukrainian church monumental painting and iconography. The creativity of Lev Scop is fruitful and sincere, based on deep knowledge of the processes of Ukrainian religious art. In his icons he boldly uses methods and elements of Ukrainian Baroque religious art, introduces modern elements into the iconography of paintings and icons and many other things. The educational activity of Lev Scop at the department of sacred art of Lviv Academy of Arts is also fruitful and multifaceted. He has fulfilled an order together with his students (Church of the HolyMother of Perpetual Help on Pogoulyanka, Lviv). The artist took an active part in the Revolution of dignity. Conclusions. These icon-painting of Lev Skop is close to ancient mural traditions and preserves many traits of Baroque religious art. In his art, he successfully combines modernity with traditions, creating a style which appeals to many people.

Lev Semionovich Vygotsky – Psychologist of the 21-st Century Too

Лев Сeмьонович Виготски – психолог и на XXI век

Author(s): Lyubomir Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 5/2017

Keywords: social environment; personality; actual level of development; zone of proximal development

The author traces out Vygotsky’s life, also his concept of the relation between social environment and personality, as well as his theories of the actual level of development and „the zone of proximal development.

Remarks on the Hungarian translations of Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy

Remarques sur les traductions hongroises de Anna Karénine de Léon Tolstoï

Author(s): Sándor Albert / Language(s): French / Issue: 2/2012

Keywords: (re)translation; cultural background; stylistic errors; foreignizing translation; editorial corrections;

In this paper, the author presents and compares the different Hungarian translations of Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina . The first, 1887 translation of the novel - a scandalously bad, abridged text, completely unworthy of Tolstoy, made on the basis of the German translation - rightly provoked rage among contemporary critics and readers. At the beginning of the 20th century, the translation of the novel was undertaken by Dezső Ambrozovics and then by a group of four translators, but the real breakthrough came with the 1951 translation by László Németh, which was a nice and accurate translation of Anna Karenina , and worthy of its author. In the course of time, several editions of the translation made by László Németh were published, yet the editors “provided some clarifications” throughout the text with the intention of correcting it. The author of the present paper also gives some examples of the misunderstandings and errors of translation which were produced in the text due to the lack of proper knowledge of Russian culture.

Correspondence between V. A. Gorodtsov and D. N. Lev (1933—1941)

Переписка В. А. Городцова и Д. Н. Льва (1933—1941 гг.)

Author(s): Sergei V. Kuzminykh,Irina V. Belozerova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/2014

Keywords: V. A. Gorodtsov; D. N. Lev; history of archaeology; correspondence

The correspondence between one of the founders of the Russian archaeology Vasiliy Alexeevich Gorodtsov (1869—1945) and David Natanovich Lev (1905—1969), an archaeologist from Leningrad, has brought to us valuable information about the history of the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnology in the 1930s. This information adds a lot to what we knew from published and archived official documents. As early as 1970 P. I. Boriskovsky and A. P. Okladnikov noted that V. A. Gorodtsov’s and D. N. Lev’s letters to each other “would undoubtedly serve as an important sourse for every historian of the Russian archaeology”. The letters reflect feelings and psychology of both scholars, as well as their attitudes towards various events that took place in social and academic life. The texts are reproduced after the originals stored in the Department of Written Records of the State Historical Museum.

Zygmunt Miłkowski Towards Lev Tolstoy's Views in the End of the Nineteenth Century

Zygmunt Miłkowski wobec poglądów Lwa Tołstoja u schyłku XIX stulecia

Author(s): Dariusz Małyszek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 28/2007

One of them most important themes discussed by the nineteenth-century writers, journalists, and moralists was the question to promulgate peace in the world. It was dealt with also by Poles, among whom we find Zygmunt Miłkowski (T.T. Jeż), the writer, journalist, and soldier who lived in 1824-1915 (a participant of the Spring Nations in Hungary and the January Rising). He was a socio-political activist (among other things, a member of the Polish Democratic Society, Unification of Polish Emigration, League of Peace and Freedom, Polish League, and the Society of Polish Refugees). In the 1890s he discussed with, among other things, the opinions of the writer Lev Tolstoy (1828-1910); Tolstoy set the national idea and patriotism against the idea of building peace and the Kingdom of God on Earth, whereas he accused all social and state institutions of spreading „evil”.In opposition to Tolstoy, Miłkowski would stress the power and importance of patriotism, especially among the nations deprived of independence, such as Poles or the Irish. Miłkowski advocated national solidarity, was hostile to Russian despotism and called to establish Polish institutions independent of the imperialist authorities. He thought that only by way of military fight and enhanced social, scientific, and cultural work could Poles become independent. Therefore instead of such means as passive resistance, or awaiting international justice, he postulated Polish „active defence” and intensive construction of the institutional foundations of Polish statehood, based also on national tradition.Seeing, however, that the international relations were not ruled by the principle of love, but often force, violence, hatred, lies, and deceit, he would postulate to fight for the laws of nations and human rights. Taking the view of neighbour's love, except when the life and dignity of the nation and man were repeatedly violated by foreign authorities, he dreamed about the future of the world based, among other things, on the foundation of law and mutual trust. He presumed – as it seems from his noble illusion – it would happen when Poland would regain independence.

Do women and men really translate differently? Four Estonian translations of A. Tolstoy’s story “The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino”

Kas mehed ja naised tõlgivad tõepoolest erinevalt? Aleksei Tolstoi jutustuse „Kuldvõtmeke ehk Buratino seiklused” nelja eestinduse näitel

Author(s): Sirje Kupp-Sazonov / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 06/2018

Keywords: literary translation; gender; Buratino; female; male;

Today the role of the translator’s gender is quite actively researched in linguistics as well as in translation studies. However, in Estonian theory and practice of translation this topic has not yet received enough attention. In the current article four Estonian translations of the story “The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino” by A. Tolstoy are compared and analysed. Two of the translations (from 1946 and 1964) belong to female translators and two (from 1996 and 2016) to male translators. Different researchers have suggested some characteristics that distinguish “female” translations from “male” ones: (1) in the works of female translators, one can notice more emotionality and expressiveness (for example, female translators use far more diminutives etc); (2) female translators tend to enrich their translations with words (especially with a positive connotation) that are not present in the original text; (3) female translators tend to follow the structure of the original text, male translators are more likely to change the structure of the original text (for example, long sentences may be translated into several shorter ones); (4) female translators tend to use neutral vocabulary, while the texts of male translators are richer in dialect, informal, obsolete words, etc. Based on the analysis of these four Estonian translations of the Russian text it can be said that the third and the fourth characteristics can indeed be ascertained in the translations, while the first and the second arguments prove not to be true, since in “male” translations some additions can be found that are not present in the original text. Diminutives are also used more often in “male” translations of A. Tolstoy’s story than in the “female” ones. In conclusion, there are indeed some features that can distinguish female translations from male ones. However, some earlier observations prove not to be true, at least in Russian-Estonian translations. We should not deny the fact that the gender of the translator can have some influence on the way he or she translates, but all the rest of the differences between translations are caused by other factors, such as the age, social status, level of education or personal and professional qualities of the translator, etc. It is impossible to say yet which of these characteristics play a significant role and which do not.

Creative heritage of Lev Alperovich (1874–1913): from realism toward symbolism

Творческое наследие Льва Альперовича (1874–1913): от реализма к символизму

Author(s): Nadezhda Usova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2019

Keywords: Alperovich; art life in Minsk at the beginning of the 20th century; realism; symbolism; Ilya Repin; Nikolai Bonch-Osmolovsky; National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus;

The article presents Lev Alperovich, a little-known to general public Belarusian painter of the beginning of the 20th century, who was Ivan Trutnev’s student in Vilnius Drawing School and a student of Ilya Repin in the Emperor’s Arts Academy in St. Petersburg. The works of Lev Alperovich that survived after the World War II are kept in the National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus. The analysis of the painter’s biography and creative heritage reveals a new vector which was gradually emerging in Minsk at the beginning of the 20th century, i.e remoteness from the academic late “peredvizhniki” realism and the ambition to find a niche in the evolving Russian modern style or the European Art Nouveau style and symbolism. Relatively sparse artistic heritage of Alperovich – single and group portraits, genrepainting, every-day life scenes and staffage landscapes – allows the author to single out this painter as a Belarusian painting phenomenon of the 20th century.

Lev Davidovich Trotsky on the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919–1920

Lew Dawidowicz Trocki o wojnie polsko-bolszewickiej 1919–1920

Author(s): Lech Dubel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: permanent revolution; class struggle; internationalism; Polish nationalism; Lev Davidovich Trotsky; Vladimir I. Lenin; Józef Piłsudski; Red Army; the Peace of Riga;

The paper aims to reconstruct Lev Davidovich Trotsky’s views on the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1919–1920. It emphasises a merely incidental relation of his theory of permanent revolution with the beginnings, progress and ending of this war. It also indicates the flexibility of Trotsky’s views and attitudes resulting from the changeable fates of the armed conflict. It stresses the practical achievements of this politician within the sphere of the development of the Red Army, as well as his ability to separate political aims from the direct command of the army. It indicates that this war was not, basically, in the political interest of either party to the conflict, and was not beneficial to either of them. Hence Trotsky’s pacifist inclinations to end it. On the part of Poland, this war was not based on ideological or nationalist reasons. It was about realising a certain vision of the borders of the Polish State. On Red Russia’s part, contrary to appearances, it did not result from the assumption of a necessary bringing of the revolution on its bayonets into Western Europe, but it was, to a large extent, of defensive nature.

REFLECTION THEORY: PUNISHING FEMALE NARCISSISM IN THE WORKS BY LEV NIKOLAYEVICH TOLSTOY

TEORIJA ODRAZA: KAŽNJAVANJE ŽENSKOG NARCIZMA U TEKSTOVIMA LAVA NIKOLAJEVIČA TOLSTOJA

Author(s): Natalija Iva Stepanović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: narratology; psychoanalytic criticism; representation; realism; Anna Karenina

Even though Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy is mostly known as an opponent of (female) sexuality, this essay argues that female narcissism is an equally controversial category. As plots of three texts – the novellas “The Kreutzer Sonata” and “Family Happiness”, and the novel Anna Karenina – show, female characters have to convert ego-libido into object -libido in order to, while overcoming disappointment, reach Tolstoy’s idea of living for others. The first part of the essay is based on a close reading of Tolstoy’s novellas, and the second part examines the female characters of Anna Karenina. Instead of pointing out the differences between Kitty, Dolly and Ana, I am trying to foreground the ways in which they reflect each other, while linking Anna’s intertextual representations, two portraits, to Tolstoy’s remarks on the social function of art.

The Metaphor of a Dream in the Context of the Problem of Lev Shestov’s Irrationalism

Sapno metafora Levo Šestovo iracionalizmo problemos kontekste

Author(s): Timofej Murašov / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 105/2020

Keywords: irrationalism; self-evident truth; freedom; Kant; soteriology;

The article focuses on the problem of the irrationalism of Lev Shestov. According to one group of researchers the philosophy of Lev Shestov is nothing but an example of radical irrationalism. According to another group of researchers, Shestov’s philosophy is an attempt to limit the authorities of reason rather than an effort to destroy it. In other words, Shestov was fighting not against reason, but against rationalism and scientism. The aim of this paper is to substantiate this first point of view through explanation of the metaphor of the dream which was often used by Shestov in his fight against reason. This fight can be divided into three aspects: the criticism of self-evident truths, the criticism of absolute consistency of reason, and the problem of freedom. Analysis of these three aspects in light of the metaphor of the dream leads to the conclusion that reason creates nothing but illusion. Reason doesn’t explain some parts of reality; conversely, it has nothing in common with reality. This is why one should not limit the authorities of reason, but destroy them. Only in this case it is possible to return to the lost state of paradise. This conclusion substantiates the view according to which the philosophy of Shestov is nothing but radical irrationalism.

The magic wand of Hermes and the overthrown throne. The Plotinus of Lev Šestov

La bacchetta magica di Hermes e il trono rovesciato. Il Plotino di Lev Šestov

Author(s): Patrizia Trovato / Language(s): French / Issue: 5/2007

Keywords: Plotinus; Šestov's philosophy; Greek philosophy; criticism of Rationalism;

Plotinus represent a constant reference in all of Šestov's philosophy. For the Russian philosopher Plotinus is, on the one hand, the one who thought up the synthesis of Greek philosophy, on the other, the one who first broke with that same tradition precisely when it was at its peak. However, Šestov does lift from the Enneads certain passages which he marries - as if in a sort of contrapuntal rewriting exercise - to others in which Plotinus seems to contradict himself. What interests Šestov are precisely those discontinuities in the thought of the last great philosopher of old in an anti-Greek function. That of Šestov is once again a marked criticism of Rationalism as creator of an autonomous set of ethics that he judges according to an intellect which everything is subject to. Autonomous ethics affirms Šestov, is a fruit of Greek schools of thought to the extent that it shows distrust for what is mutable, unforeseen and arbitrary, of everything which, in short, is irrational, as it is not inserted in the One/All necessitating, justifying, regulating. In the alternative between Athens end Jerusalem, between the Rationalism and the bible, Šestov opts to assume a stance, in no uncertain terms, on the side Jerusalem, taking with him the Plotinus af the awakening and heading towards a greater reality capable of overturning the throne occupied for too long by reason. That Plotinus who at a certain point was obliged to say that in this other dimension 'the intellect before God represents a reckless, ungodly apostate' (VI.9.5). That Plotinus, who ultimately, in one of those most particular moments, realized that he was predestined for something loftier with respect to the world of evil and death.

Memories of Lev Bykovski about the Warsaw uprising: biographical and local lore dimension

Спогади Лева Биковського про Варшавське повстання: біографічний та краєзнавчий вимір

Author(s): Ihor Stambol / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 9/2021

Keywords: Lev Bykowski; memoirs; Warsaw Uprising; Warsaw Public Library; library science;

The article analyzes the memoirs of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, written by one of the most prominent Ukrainian bibliologists, librarians and bibliographers – Lev Ustymovych Bykowski (1895–1992), who also joined the librarianship of Czechoslovakia and Poland and served as director of the Warsaw Public Library in the most dramatic moments in the history of the Polish capital – the anti-Nazi uprising. Among the figures mentioned in the memoir are: Janina Peszynska (1887-1949) – head of the Arts department of the Public Library and an active participant in the Warsaw Uprising; Regina Tchaikovsky – daughter of famous writer Alexander Sventokhovsky; Professor Jerzy Kowalski (1893-1948) – classical philologist, writer, professor of Lviv and Wroclaw universities; writer Maria Dombrovska (1889-1960); Mayor of Warsaw Julian Kulski; Prince Victor Viktorovich Kochubey (1893-1953); former minister of UPR Stanislav Stempovsky – former minister of UPR and others. In the context of local lore, the events around the Warsaw Public Library and the situation on Marshalkowska, Koszykova, Poznanska, Emilia Plater, Goza, etc. are most noted. There is also a lot of evidence in the memoir of Warsaw’s cultural institutions and their condition after the uprising.

The Performance „Pavlinka” (1944-2021) by Lev Litvinav as a Space of Struggle for Memory

Спектакль Паўлінка (1944–2021) Льва Літвінава як прастора барацьбы за памяць

Author(s): Tania Arcimovich / Language(s): Belarusian / Issue: 16/2022

Keywords: National Kupala Theatre; Lev Litvinav; Pavlinka; Memory Studies

The article explores the almost indescribable history of the famous performance Pavlinka staged in 1944 by Lev Litvinav that still is performed at the National Kupala Theatre in Minsk. Despite the ethnographic and comedy character of the performance, during the protests 2020, it became a space for the ideological struggle between the actors who left the theatre (joined the protests) and those who supported the regime. Briefly presenting the main points of this ideological campaign between two troupes of the National Kupala Theatre, the article describes the history of the play Pavlinka and as well as the biography of its director Lev Litvinav, which the author could reconstruct using archival documents, including from Litvinav’s family archive.

(Lev Vygotsky’s) Psychology of Literature:Beyond Critical Impressionism and Quantitative Empiricism

Psychologia literatury (Lwa Wygotskiego): poza krytyczny impresjonizm i ilościowy empiryzm

Author(s): Zuzanna Sala / Language(s): English / Issue: 28-29/2022

Keywords: psychology of literature; literary criticism; incomprehensibility; vygotsky

The author discusses the concept of Lev Vygotsky’s psychology of literature against the background of various interpretations of the term. Through reconstructing a reactological understanding of the text as a stimulus, she juxtaposes different applications of the category of “strategy” in Polish literary studies and criticism. This makes it possible to reclaim the concept of the psychology of literature and discard the unfavourable connotations with pan-psychologism, biographism or interpreters’ pretense for being diagnosticians of literary characters or authors. literary criticism Psychology of Literature