![Poems from Tonko Maroevic's Anthology "Exclamations"](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_1998_2597.jpg)
Poems from Tonko Maroevic's Anthology "Exclamations"
Poems from Tonko Maroevic's Anthology "Exclamations"
Poems from Tonko Maroevic's Anthology "Exclamations"
More...Poems from Tonko Maroevic's Anthology "Exclamations"
More...Abolish the Past Once and for All. A kommunista aszketizmus esztétikája [The Aesthetic of Communist Asceticism]. By Dávid Szolláth. Reviewed by Tamás Kisantal Tudomány és ideológia között. Tanulmányok az 1945 utáni történetírás történetéről [Between Scholarship and Ideology. Essays on the History of the post-1945 Historiography]. By Vilmos Erős and Ádám Takács. Reviewed by Anna Birkás The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide. By Zoltán Vági, László Csősz, and Gábor Kádár. Reviewed by Ferenc Laczó Gendered Artistic Positions and Social Voices: Politics, Cinema and the Visual Arts in State-Socialist and Post-Socialist Hungary. By Beata Hock. Reviewed by Péter Apor Vezércsel. Kádár János mindennapjai [King’s Gambit. The Everyday Life of János Kádár]. By György Majtényi. Reviewed by Tibor Takács Politikai rendőrség a Rákosi-korszakban [Political Police in the Rákosi Era]. By Rolf Müller. Reviewed by Éva Tulipán Trianon Again and Again. Rozpad Uhorska a Trianonská mierová zmluva. K politikám pamäti na Slovensku a v Maďarsku. [The Disintegration of Historical Hungary and the Trianon Peace Treaty. Politics of Memory in Slovakia and Hungary.] Edited by Miroslav Michela and László Vörös. Bratislava: Reviewed by Csaba Zahorán Rozpad Uhorska a Trianonská mierová zmluva. K politikám pamäti na Slovensku a v Maďarsku. [The Disintegration of Historical Hungary and the Trianon Peace Treaty. Politics of Memory in Slovakia and Hungary.] Edited by Miroslav Michela and László Vörös. Bratislava: Reviewed by Adam Hudek
More...Keywords: nuclear weapons, national security, intelligence, ethics
From the beginning of the nuclear age there have been fears that we may have invented a weapon that will destroy us all. J. Robert Oppenheimer, who helped build the first fission bombs, commented often on this (1). Albert Einstein, whose letter to then President Franklin Roosevelt helped convince him to fund them, talked about the imperative to seek peace and new ways of thinking about everything as he neared death (2). Bertrand Russell coauthored a Manifesto with Einstein (and nine others) to warn the world that everything had changed (3). Yet thousands of thoughtful people still felt compelled by the urgencies of World War II to make nuclear weapons and to use two of them against other human beings. To end the war, they said to each other, and perhaps to show the Soviets who would be the big dog following.
More...Keywords: Yugoslavia; Italy; Diplomacy; Politics; Economy;
Relations between Yugoslavia and Italy improved steadily between 1966—19711 and cooperation increased in almost every field. There were occasional setbacks due to attempts by some rightist and irredentist groups in Italy to disturb the policy of mutual cooperation and development of good neighborly relations, by provoking polemics and creating the need to explain questions solved by the Peace Treaty and the subsequent London Memorandum on the Agreement among the Governments of Yugoslavia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Italy on the Free Territory of Trieste of October 5, 1954. The efforts made by the Yugoslav and Italian Governments to overcome such difficulties were always successful and made possible further successful development of relations between the two countries.
More...Keywords: Franciscan Order; Missions; European Ottoman Provinces; Bulgarian Catholics Paulicians;
The paper studies the missionary strategies of the Observant Franciscans in the European part of the Ottoman Empire and those of the friars from Bosna Argentina Province in particular. The Bosnian Franciscan mission in the Bulgarian lands and the evangelization endeavors of the Bosnian and Bulgarian friars among the so-called Paulicians is in the focus of the research. A brief account of the missionaries’ relations with the Orthodox and Muslim population is also given. These issues are situated in the context of both the Franciscan Order’s missionary traditions and the implementation of the Catholic reforms in the Early Modern Period.
More...Keywords: atheization;laicization;de-Christianization;communist regime in Poland;Catholic Church and politics in Poland after 1945;Stefan Wyszyński;Church-state relations;
The paper examines the problem of Dechristianization and secularization in nineteenth-century Europe, with a special emphasis on the Roman Catholic Church’s ways of reacting to modernity. The first part deals with changes in religious attitudes, on individual and collective levels, in the midst of rapid social and intellectual changes that took place in the nineteenth century. The building of the modern secular state structures was among the most important factors weakening the position of the established churches.The second part of the paper deals with the Roman Catholic Church. The argument of the author is that the Church managed to come to terms with modernity and to escape secularization at the price of supporting modern radical nationalism in the early twentieth century. The Church, especially since the times of Pope Leo XIII, chose to embrace modernity in its conservative form as an alternative to the dominant rationalist-liberal type. It was, nevertheless, a modernity, and the transformations of the Catholic Church throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries should be understood in terms of modernization (although unenthusiastic) rather than resistance to modernity. The problem of Catholic liberalism and the reasons for its rather moderate influence are also discussed.On the whole, Peter Berger was right in saying that ‘modernity is not necessarily secularizing; it is necessarily pluralizing’, that is it creates various possibilities of behaviour that can, but do not have to, lead to secularization.
More...Keywords: Leonid Brezhnev; Soviet politics of history; Communist Part of the Soviet Union; Great Patriotic War
Celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the October Revolution revealed important changes in the politics of memory pursued by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. With the use of methodology of research on memory, in the article I put forward the thesis that the utopian project began on 7 November 1917 (N.S.) and faith in the final achievement of its goal set by Lenin’s party began to be overshadowed. The events which took place in Petrograd and on which collective memory had focused for last fifty years, did not have in the 1960s such a strong symbolic impact, being able to mobilise the people to achieve goals set by the Communist Party as the Great Patriotic War. From the time of reactivation of the official celebrations of the Victory Day in 1965 the October Revolution began gradually to diminish in importance and lose its central place in social memory of the Soviet people.The most important cause of this process of evolution of collective memory is, in my opinion,a generational change of the sixties. I also indicate some other significant factors that contributed to the politics of memory of the Communist Party: the problem of attitude towards the Stalinist period, conflict with China, and relations with the Western states.
More...Keywords: female;rebellion;war;bosnia;Serbia;Montenegro;Romania;
This paper deals with the question as to whether the well-reported Dutch volunteer warrior Jeanne Merkus was indeed the sole female fighter at the time of the not.anti-Ottoman rebellions and the wars in the Balkan Peninsula from 1875 to 1878, when the Great Eastern Crisis raged. While this rich outlandish lady – who has only recently earned her official biography – attracted much attention from the contemporary press, and later often surfaced in memoirs of sorts as well, her few female colleagues, mainly home-grown and of modest background, went mostly unnoticed by the general public. This first attempt at settling the score of undeserved neglect sets out to establish the individual stories from the hard-to-find pieces of information in old newspapers and non-fiction literature. The existence of five other cases of actual fighting females could be proved, yet four of them were, unlike Miss Merkus, in male disguise. Moreover, a larger number of females trying to engage militarily on the battlefield have been discovered, some passing as males, some not.
More...Keywords: The Russian Empire; Russia’s wars in the 18th and 19th centuries; Russian battle paintings
The article focuses on the military themes presented in the paintings of Russian artists living in the period from the 18th until the early 20th century. Battle scenes painted by the artists highlighted the heroism of the Tsar’s soldiers participating in numerous wars and conflicts pursued by Russia at that time both on land and at sea; these paintings also celebrated the rulers, who expanded the borders of their country. However, the key message of these paintings, which were ordered most frequently by Russian rulers, focused on the aspect of propaganda, because these works were supposed to demonstrate in full the power of the Russian Empire.
More...Keywords: Systemic Transformation;Opportunity Structures;Social Reforming;Social Innovators;Third Sector;Human Sector;Helping Professions
The paper is based on preliminary results of the analysis of four pilot narrative autobiographical interviews conducted with members of the oldest generation of Polish social innovators (born in the 1930s—early 1950s) working in the human sector area CSOs. In this text, I use the concept of opportunity structures, reflecting over sets of structures which facilitate the professional and personal development of social reformers. I refer mainly to Institutional Opportunity Structures emerging in Poland under the socialist regime, during and post systemic transformation. The leading argument here is that the social innovator’s career interrelates with the use of opportunity structures available in a political and economic system regardless of its type and prevalent ideology.
More...Keywords: Romania; Ceaușescu era; politics of reproduction; social welfare; pronatalist policies; anti-abortion law; reproductive rights;
The politics of reproduction writ large is variously on the global political agenda. By politics of reproduction, I refer broadly to the complex relations between individual, local, and global interests that influence reproductive practices, public policy, and the exercise of power. More succinctly, the politics of reproduction centers attention on the intersection between politics and the life cycle, whether we are talking about abortion, biogenetic technologies, international family planning programs, eugenics, or welfare. This brief excursus into the politics of reproduction in Romania enables us to comprehend better the lived process of social atomization and dehumanization that is a legacy of the Ceaușescu era. Since the fall of the Ceaușescu regime, the world's media has been filled with dramatic news about the tragic consequences of the pronatalist policies. The legislative centerpiece of these policies was the strict anti-abortion law that was originally passed in 1966. [...]
More...The article concerns 23 ancient coins (8 Greek, 1 Numidian, and 14 Roman) from the museum collection in Inowrocław. One coin comes from archaeological excavations (a Trajanic denarius type RIC 6), the rest from donations and purchases. The coins donated to the museum are chance finds, however the donors indicated the place where they were found. The remaining coins have been purchased from old collections. In one case their previous owner is known: Kazimierz Miaskowski (1875-1947), a catholic priest, and author of many publications associated with the Inowrocław region. The land around Inowrocław stands out as an area in which many ancient coins have been found. The author analyses coins from the museum against the background of finds from the Inowrocław area. Many of the coins in the collection are likely to have been found in the immediate area of the town. The author also tries to reconstruct the collections from which they came, and the fate of these collections.
More...Keywords: World War I; Austria-Hungary; Albania; national and transnational army; colonial army; colonial practices
The article discusses the under-researched topic of the Albanian troops in the Austro-Hungarian military during World War One. The topic represents a forgotten moment in World War One Balkan historiography, and it is also an unstudied colonial example. Based on English, Hungarian, and German archival and secondary sources, the article first provides a short historical description of the Albanian fighting units under the Ottoman Empire, their organization, and their infamously bellicose nature, up until the independence of the country. The paper then analyzes how these units became part of the Great War (despite the fact that the country itself remained neutral) under the Austro-Hungarian Army; first, as irregular fighting troops (Freischärler Albanien) between 1914 and 1916 and later as ethnical regimental units (Albanisches Korps or Albanische Abteilungen) between 1916 and 1918. Finally, the article compares the Albanian troops to other colonial forces of the time, including how these Albanian units were recruited, trained, and used in the battlefields with the purpose of creating a sense of loyalty to the Habsburg Monarchy. The case study of the Albanian Corps is a prime example of how the inability to ensure safety by force in a newly created state met with the geo-strategic and war necessities of a Great Power through colonial martial practices disguised as transnational help.
More...Keywords: sports; maps; visualisation; league; football;
Football, like any sport and most phenomena, has its spatial dimension. And due to its popularity, it also reflects social and demographic changes. The paper presents qualitative and quantitative characteristics of selected football clubs, with a focus on the spatial-demographic features of players. Three pre-war seasons and one of the first post-war seasons have been analysed. The result is the proposition of a methodological approach to visualise multi-attribute sports data and an insight into the influence of migration, geopolitics, border changes and history on Polish football.
More...Keywords: Kingdom of Poland; Russian Empire; customs administration; clerk;
The way in which customs district chiefs functioned in the Kingdom of Poland in the early 1850 has not received much attention so far, either among traditional historians or researchers of administrative structures. The position of customs district chief was one of the most important posts in the customs administration of the Russian Empire. Clerks employed on this position were supervisors of institutions and structures of border guards operating on the border of the Romanov monarchy. Customs district chief would execute all the orders from the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Finance as well as from other central administrative structures of the Russian state at that time. The present article took under close scrutiny archival and printed sources to arrive at the delineation of competences of customs district chiefs as introduced in the Kingdom of Poland in January 1851. Their rights and obligations, even though specified by a separate customs act prepared for the Kingdom of Poland, were identical with competences of clerks of the same kind operating in other parts of the Russian Empire. The findings of the study largely expand the state of knowledge on the operation of Russian administrative structures in the second half of the 19th century in the Kingdom of Poland, one of the provinces of the Romanov absolute monarchy.
More...Keywords: child abuse; criminals; judo; jurisprudence; legal cases; martial arts; sexual harassment; sexual offenses;
The sport of jūdō was intended as an activity “for all”. Since in 1996 a major sex abuse scandal broke out that involved a Dutch top jūdō coach and several female elite athletes, international media have identified many more abuses. To date no scholarly studies exist that have examined the nature, extent, and consequences of these anomalies. We intend in this paper to review and analyze sexual abuses in jūdō. To do so we offer a descriptive jurisprudence overview of relevant court and disciplinary cases, followed by a qualitative-analytical approach looking at the potential factors that prompt jūdō-related bullying and sexual harassment. Sex offenders may be attracted to jūdō because of: 1. the extensive bodily contact during grappling, 2. the easy access to voyeuristic opportunities during contest weigh-ins and showering, 3. Jūdō’s authoritarian and hierarchical structure as basis for ‘grooming’, 4. lack of integration of jūdō’s core moral component in contemporary jūdō coach and instructor education, and 5. its increasing eroticization by elite jūdō athletes posing for nude calendars and media and by specialized pornographic jūdō manga and movies. Cultural conceptions and jurisprudence are factors that affect how people perceive the seriousness and how these offences are dealt with. A survey of 19 cases of abuse in jūdō worldwide shows that cultural conceptions and jurisprudence cause that such cases are handled in a very heterogeneous way by the law and by the jūdō governing bodies. Jūdō clubs and organizations overall suffer from a lack of expertise, intellectual insight, ethical objectivity, and solid procedures of fairness for both victim and accused, in this way often failing in both sufficiently protecting the weak from sex offenders, and in educating and reintegrating past offenders through jūdō activities that do not involve their victim target groups. Jūdō’s moral philosophy implicitly attempts to offer a utilitarian answer as to how the jūdō community should deal with serious offences. These incidents, however, continue to show the limitations of jūdō‘s utopian “prosperity for all” objective.
More...Keywords: Jan Matejko; Salon (exhibition in Paris) 1874; historical painting
The article focuses on the exhibiting of Jan Matejko’s painting Báthory at the Salon in Paris in 1874. It was already the fourth time Matejko had exhibited in Paris since his debut in 1865, and the second time (after the Salon of 1870), where he entered “hors concours”, having already been awarded medals. In 1873 the presentation of eleven of his paintings at the Vienna World Exhibition proved to be a huge success. Báthory was also well-received in Paris, although it was Matejko’s last indisputable success there—in the following years, despite obtaining the medal of honour at the World Exhibition of 1878, he began to receive mainly negative reviews. This article outlines the context of the 1874 Salon and highlights the political issues relating to history paintings. The assessment of Matejko’s painting is based on the reviews of approximately twenty-five authors. Báthory received a great deal of acclaim for being one of the best historical paintings at the Salon at a time when this genre was undergoing change and visitors were less and less interested in it. Matejko was most frequently compared to Puvis de Chavannes, whose decorative compositions were synthetic and symbolist in nature. Due to the tendency towards historical reconstruction’ Matejko was classified as an ‘archaeologist’ alongside Alma-Tadema and J.-P. Laurens. However, on the whole, the general public tended to prefer the historical genre paintings of the type produced by Gérôme, and the subject matter of Báthory was not received positively: the French were either indifferent to it, or they did not understand it. Lengthy articles of several reviewers (e.g. G. Lafenestre, L. Gonse, P. de Saint-Victor) did little to help.
More...Keywords: ceramic portraiture; silhouette; en grisaille; Stanislaus Augustus; Meissen manufactory; Berlin manufactory
Portraiture is an important genre of the arts, especially for rulers. Portraits were used to decorate craft objects, and since early 18th c. also European porcelain items. Portrait miniatures (painted or relief) were placed mainly on cups or on all coffee and tea sets vessels, goblets and snuffboxes. These portraits were patterned on medals, coins, graphic designs. Paintings were less often used as models. The “fragile” portraits of Stanislaus Augustus were part and parcel of the trend of ceramic portraiture, fashionable in the last third of the 18th c. At present, we know 13 ceramic images of Stanislaus Augu- stus (miniatures, reliefs and busts). Two extant identical busts in biscuit porcelain (in the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw and The Royal Łazienki Museum) were most likely made in Paris after some unidentified model from the 1780s. Relief portraits of Stanislaus Augustus were made by Wedgwood (e.g. objects in the National Museum in Krakow, Castle Museum in Malbork and the National Museum in Warsaw) and were patterned on two different graphic models and one medal. The only known colour portrait of Stanislaus Augustus was used by Josef Anibal Hesse to decorate the bottom of the lid of the snuffbox of Meissen porcelain, and was patterned on some unidentified painting. Sets of sometimes lidded cups with saucers bearing painted portraits of Stanislaus Augustus were made in the two leading German manufactories (Meissen and Berlin) ca. 1780, according to different graphic patterns. All the objects have analogous forms and similar ornamental decoration, while the ancient-style bust of the king, en grisaille or, less often, in silhouette, was no different than the convention adopted by porcelain decorators at that time. Saucers and lids were additionally decorated with the royal monogram, coat of arms or insignia. The Royal Porcelain Manufactory in Berlin made the following objects: preserved in the collection of the Royal Castle in Warsaw – Museum, regarded as wartime losses of the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw and recorded in the list of personal effects of Stanislaus Augustus. The Royal Porcelain Manufactory in Meissen made at least four sets of this type of vessels, only one of which has been preserved in its entirety (in the collection of the National Museum in Krakow). Another one, nearly identical, was in 1913 owned by the collector Bohdan Wydżga, only a saucer and a lid have survived from a third one (from the pre-war collection of the National Museum in Warsaw), while the fourth one was listed in the king’s estate.
More...Keywords: Gdańsk residents in northern Netherlands in 17th–18th c.; travel impressions; Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach; art collections; natural collections; travelogues of Gdańsk residents; Nathanael Schroeder
The article focuses on modern-era trips of Gdańsk residents to the Netherlands, or the Republic of United Provinces. The author addresses the topic through the prism of manuscripts preserved in the collection of the Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences: travelogues by Georg and Nathanael Schroeder, Heinrich and Andreas Zernecke and Karl Friedrich Gralath. Gdańsk residents got familiar with Dutch culture, wealth of artworks (including paintings and porcelain), different collections, including libraries, coins and medals, timepieces, and natural objects as well as curios, such as anthropological and ethnographic items. They visited studios of scholars (e.g. Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit) and artists, continued studies at Dutch universities (Leyden, Franeker, Groningen, Utrecht). Apart from confessional matters, the travellers from Gdańsk were especially interested in the defence potential of the Netherlands, the fortifications of the local towns, navigable canals, and rich arsenals. After returning to Gdańsk, in their private and social life they tried to implement good practices in many areas they encountered in the Netherlands. In intellectual, scientific and artistic terms, thanks to their travels, the citizens of Gdańsk enriched their libraries and established then fashionable nature collections, which became real work studios. Works of art imported from abroad or brought by agents were a capital investment, stimulated artistic passions, shaped the aesthetics of everyday life and in many cases influenced the tastes of the residents of the town on the River Motława.
More...Keywords: nuncios; Poland-Lithuania; correspondence; Antonio Santa Croce; Giovanni Battista Pallotta;
The article deals with communication and interaction between papal diplomatic missions in the early modern era. Mainly due to a lack of extant source materials, it remains the white spot in the research into the history of Polish and foreign nuncios. However, thanks to materials from Archivio di Stato di Roma, namely the section of Archivio Santa Croce containing the originals of letters received by Nuncio Antonio Santa Croce in 1629, it is possible to attempt at least a partial reconstruction of the collaboration between the papal diplomat residing at the Court of Warsaw and his counterpart at the Court of Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg in Vienna, Giovanni Battista Pallotta. The correspondence analysis allows us to conclude that the contacts between the papal diplomats residing in Warsaw and Vienna in 1629, and probably earlier and later, were regular and intensive. We can assume that the routine products of the information and analytical work carried out for the Secretariat of State by both papal missions were shared in the correspondence, and the Nunciatures of Vienna and Warsaw were thus well informed about the course of affairs related to the pan-European conflict in several theatres of war. However, they also communicated and cooperated on strictly ecclesiastical matters, such as the ongoing reform of religious congregations in the 1620s.
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