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Keywords: feminism; Romania; political rights
In the 20’s, the Romanian feminism fights for the acknowledgment of the full political rights for women. In this fight, princess Alexandrina Cantacuzino’s figure is remarked, who acts both on the national and international level, to make the Romanian women’s demands known to the Balkan feminists. Alexandrina Cantacuzino creates associations on a national and Balkan level, as to promote the Romanian women’s interests: The National Group of the Romanian Women and The Little Feminine Agreement which are only two examples presented in this study. The analysis of The National Group of the Romanian Women allows the understanding of Alexandrina Cantacuzino’s authoritative and nationalist logic and at the same time, it allows the integration of the Romanian feminism in the women's international movement which has its upsurge in this epoch.
More...Keywords: tolerance; concivility; Joseph II; Transylvanians believers of the Eastern Church; free towns
Even if it is not totally missing, approach of civil dimension of Josephine policy of tolerance did not record spectacular results in historical researches dealing with the Transylvanian area. A notable, stimulating exception is represented by the work of Angelika Schaser exploring Edict for concivility issued by Emperor Joseph II and its importance for social life of Sibiu town. From another perspective, interesting suggestions are offered by investigations of local ecclesiastical history, mostly those concerning construction of Romanian churches in free imperial towns – urban environments characterized by the most extensive autonomy. Yet, they necessitate new analyses, more thorough on valorization of informations from primary sources. This study begins from the premise referring to existence of a connection between religious tolerance policy and that of concivility of Emperor Joseph II, which followed this way to supply civil side of tolerance, more difficult to impose in Transylvania. Most favored had to be believers of the Eastern Church, who did not enjoy privileges of the members belonging to “accepted” confessions in the Principality. The purpose of this present action is to notice the extent by which these succeeded to use the offered opportunities (by construction of churches and establishment of own confessional communities). It focuses on the case of free towns, which often reflects tension between official tolerance and local realities, which were much less tolerant more than once.
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More...Keywords: review;
This paper contains several book reviews: 1. On the Waves of RFE: The First Historical Synthesis of the Czechoslovak Service of Radio Free Europe Československá redakce Radio Free Europe: Historie a vliv na československé dějiny. Prague: Academia, 2015, 422 pp. + 32 pp. of illus., ISBN 978-80-200-2490-9. The book under review, whose title translates as ‘The Czechoslovak Service of Radio Free Europe: Its Development and Infl uence on Czechoslovak History’, is considered here in the context of current research on the history of Radio Free Europe and Tomek’s own work in which he presents a synthesis of his long-standing interest in the topic. The reviewer sees the contribution of the book chiefl y in its bringing together and clearly sorting out a wide range of facts, and, to a lesser extent, its preliminary analyses. The author chronologically traces the development of Radio Free Europe, especially the Czechoslovak Service, and also determines the effects of its broadcasts and the interaction with its audience at home behind the Iron Curtain as well as amongst the top-level Czechoslovak politicians of the time. With this work, he has fi lled a palpable gap in the Czech historiography of mass media in exile, and has established an important basis for further research. 2. The Long, Hard Road to the Collapse of the Iron Curtain Raška, Francis D. Dlouhá cesta k vítězství: Československá exilová hnutí po roce 1968. Trans. from the English by Vojtěch Pacner. Prague: Academia, 2015, 272 pp., ISBN 978-80-200-2472-5. The book under review is a Czech translation of The Long Road to Victory: A History of Czechoslovak Exile Organizations after 1968 (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia UP, 2012). Raška’s work is, according to the reviewer, the result of careful research using personal papers and other archival documents in the Czech Republic, Great Britain, the United States, and Italy. It is a unique comprehensive work that offers much that is new and of interest, concerning a little known chapter in the history of Czechs and Slovaks in exile. In nine chapters, the author acquaints us with Czechoslovak life in exile, that is, clubs, organizations, and individuals, after they had caught their second wind, and were listened to by other exiles after 1968, once the West had received the large wave of Czechoslovak refugees driven out of their country by the Warsaw Pact military intervention. Although the book under review does not, in that sense, cover the full range of exiles and their activities, it remains an extraordinarily useful work of reference. A Czechoslovak Spy Story Soberly Told 3. Ševela, Vladimír. Český krtek v CIA: Cesta Karla Köchera z StB přes americké tajné služby do Prognostického ústavu. Prague: Prostor, 2015, 400 pp. + 80 pp. of photos, ISBN 978-80-7260-320-6. The reviewer fi rst presents the central fi gure of the book under review, Karel Köcher (b. 1934). A graduate of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics at Charles University, Köcher had previously been anti-Communist in his thinking, but by the 1960s became an agent of the Czechoslovak secret police (Státní bezpečnost – StB) and, together with his wife, was sent to the United States. He found employment there at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), but, in 1982, was exposed and sent back to Czechoslovakia, where he eventually found work in the Forecasting Institute at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The author of the book, Vladimír Ševela, is a journalist who has dealt with this fascinating story in a sober way, sticking to the facts and avoiding any unfounded hypothesis. The book is based on a wide range of archival records and the author has also interviewed a number of eyewitnesses in the Czech Republic and the United States, including Köcher. According to the reviewer, the publication, which contains an unusually large number of facts, raises many questions, for example, about Köcher’s motivation, psychology, and choices, the mentality of his generation, the victims of his work for the StB, and the level of security measures at the CIA during the Cold War. 4. In Search of Václav Chaloupecký Ducháček, Milan. Václav Chaloupecký: Hledání československých dějin. Prague: Karolinum, 2014, 515 pp., ISBN 978-80-246-2482-2. 5. All the Things Film History Is Skopal, Pavel. Filmová kultura severního trojúhelníku: Filmy, kina a diváci českých zemí, NDR a Polska 1945–1970 (Filmová knihovna, vol. 3.) Brno: Host, 2014, 308 pp., ISBN 978-80-7294-971-7. 6.Revealing a Well-concealed Mystery of Films and TV Series in the Years of Normalization Kopal, Petr (ed.). Film a dějiny, vol. 4: Normalizace. Prague: Casablanca and Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů, 2014, 664 pp., ISBN 978-80-87292-26-6 and 978- 80-87912-13-3. 7. Keeping a Check on Artistic Freedom: The Czech Philharmonic after February 1948 Iblová, Michaela. Česká fi lharmonie pod tlakem stalinské kulturní politiky v padesátých letech. Prague: Karolinum, 2014, 247 pp., ISBN 978-80-246-2332-0. 8. Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian. Romania and the Warsaw Pact, 1955–1968: From Obedience to Defi ance. Sine loco: Italian Academic Publishing, 2014, 337 pp., ISBN 978-88-98471-03-4. 9. Four Politicians Look at a Quarter of a Century Rovenský, Jan, et al. 25 let poté: Klaus, Pithart, Rychetský a Zeman v rozhovorech o společnosti a politice. Prague: Filosofi a 2014, 328 pp., ISBN 978-80-7007-424-4. In the publication under review, the past quarter of a century since the collapse of the Communist régime in Czechoslovakia is considered by four leading Czech politicians: a former Premier of Czechoslovakia and, later, Premier and then President of the Czech Republic, Václav Klaus, a former Premier of the Czech Republic and, later, Speaker of the Senate, Petr Pithart, a former Minister of Justice and current Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, Pavel Rychetský, and a former Premier and current President of the Czech Republic, Miloš Zeman. The reviewer discusses and compares their views of the central topics discussed in the interviews – the political and economic transformations, Czecho-Slovak and Czecho-German relations, the existence of the vetting law (lustrační zákon), the role of the courts in democracy, the question of the possible banning of the Communist Party, the so-called ‘opposition agreement’ (opoziční smlouva) between Zeman’s Social Democratic Party and Klaus’s Civil Democratic Party, and, lastly, Václav Havel’s ‘nonpolitical politics’.
More...Keywords: Nation; state; governance; monarchy; Constitution;
Par l’analyse des débats parlementaires de I’ Assemblée Constituante de 1866 et de la première législature constitutionnelle de 1866-1867, cette étude se propose d’examiner la manière dont les élus envisageaient la construction de I’État-nation roumain. Les themes analysés — importance de la Constitution, la relation entre le nouvel État-nation et son territoire, les Roumains et les Juifs, les fonctions de la Cour de Cassation - démontrent que la modernité politique roumaine des premières années de la monarchie constitutionnelle a été conçue avant tout comme aménagement de l’État unitaire, auquel revient la tâche d’instituer la nation.
More...Keywords: Henric Sanielevici; intellectual; westernism; modernism;
Henric Sanielevici (1875-1951) was one of the lesser-known Romanian thinkers belonging to the intellectual current of “westernism” or “modernism”. To the present, however, no attempt has been made to grasp the peculiarities of his westernist arguments, and to relate them to those of his more famous contemporaries of the same ideological orientation, Stefan Zeletin and Eugen Lovinescu. The article tries to accomplish precisely that. Leaving aside Sanie- levici’s contributions in other fields (like literary criticism and paleontology), it takes a new look at his discourse as a social critic. The investigation shows that Sanielevici is akin to Lovinescu and Zeletin by his opposition to traditionalist thinking. Unlike them, however, he conjoins this stance with a staunch criticism of the political establishment, of which the most important component in the period was the Liberal Party leadership. Moreover, it emerges that Sanielevici's anti-Liberal argumentation is conducive to bringing him closer than either Lovinescu or Zeletin to the core ideas of generic liberalism.
More...Keywords: Revolution; communism; memory; Romania;
Si «le temps ria de réalité que dans la mesure où il a un contenu, c'est-à-dire où il offre une matière d'événements à la pensée», pour la Roumanie postcommuniste, 1990 est une année plus longue que les autres et décisive pour la suite de la transition. C'est pendant les premiers six mois de cette année que sont en effet posées les bases d'un nouveau régime, que naissent les principaux acteurs politiques, chacun ayant ses stratégies de légitimation et de construction identitaire, chacun nouant un rapport au passé communiste et dessinant par là une matrice qui marquera son évolution ultérieure, de même que le processus de démocratisation dans son ensemble.
More...Silvia Marton - GRIGORE GEORGIU, Identitate și integrare. De la disjuncție la conjuncție, Academia Română, Editura Institutului de Teorie Socială, București, 2001, 270 pp; Cristian Preda - SORIN ALEXANDRESCU, Identitate în ruptură,Univers, București, 2000, 320 pp; Ioan Stanomir - LAURENȚIU VLAD, Imagini ale identității naționale. România și expozițiile universale de la Paris, 1867-1937, Meridiane, București, 2001, 232 pp; Silvia Marton - ION MAMINA, Monarhia constituțională în România. Enciclopedie politică. 1866-1938, Editura Enciclopedică, București, 2000, 423 pp; LIVIU PAPUC (ediție îngrijită și realizată de), Discursuri parlamentare junimiste.Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Gane, Iacob Negruzzi, Vasile Pogor,Editura Timpul, Iași, 2000, 211 pp; DAMIAN HUREZEANU, GHEORGHE SBÂRNÀ, Partide și curente politice în România. 1821-1918.Programe și orientări doctrinare. 150 de surse originale, Editura Eficient, București, 2000, 432 pp; Victor Rizescu - MARTA PETREU, Un trecut deocheat sau „Schimbarea la față a României“, Biblioteca Apostrof, Cluj, 1999, 436 pp; Victor Rizescu - LIVIA POPESCU, Structură socială și societate civilă în România interbelică, Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj, 1998, VIII+142 pp; Constantin Dobrilä - PAMFIL ȘEICARU, Istoria partidelor Național, Țărănist și Național-Țărănist, Editura Victor Frunză, București, 2000, 446 pp; Victor Rizescu - BOGDAN MURGESCU, A fi istoric în anul 2000, Editura AII, București, 2000, 134 pp; Dragoș Petrescu - ANNELI UTE GABANYI, The Ceaușescu Cult: Propaganda and Power Policy in Communist Romania, The Romanian Cultural Foundation Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000, 372 pp; Silvia Marton - MONICA LOVINESCU, La apa Vavilonului/ 2. 1960-1980, Colecția Memorii/Jurnale/Convorbiri, Humanitas, București, 2001, 280 pp; Cristian Preda - BRÎNDUȘA PALADE, Amurgul Leviathanului. Supraviețuire și libertate în comunism, cuvânt înainte de CRISTINA ILINCA și rezumat în engleză, Editura Trei, București, 2000, 136 pp;
More...Keywords: Nativity; diocesan bishop; pastoral; Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrogea; Homily;
The pastoral letters presents the message of the diocesan bishops of Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrogea: † DANIEL, Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, † Nifon, Archbishop of Târgovişte, † Teodosie, Archbishop of Tomis,† Calinic, Archbishop of Argeş and Muscel,† Ciprian, Archbishop of Buzău and Vrancea, † Casian, Archbishop of Dunărea de Jos,† Vincențiu, Bishop of Slobozia and Călăraşi, † Galaction, Bishop of Alexandria and Teleorman, † Ambrozie, Bishop of Giurgiu, † Visarion, Bishop of Tulceaon the Nativity of our Saviour Jesus Christ celebration in 2021. Containing short teachings of faith and pastoral exhortations, the letter was read in all the churches in his jurisdiction.
More...Keywords: cyberspace;virtual reality;literature;Internet;
This section contains a literary investigation of the theme of the relationship between literature and the Internet. Those who have answers to our questions are: LaurențIu Blaga, Elena Boldor, Lucian Brad, Lena Chilari, Toni Chira, Valentin Covaciu, Daniel Cristea-Enache, Andrei Dósa, Gabriela Feceoru, Mihai Marian, Ioan Mateiciuc, Antonia MihăIlescu, Mihók Tamás, Andrei Mocuța, Cristina Pașcanu, Ileana Negrea, Tudor Pop, Florentin Popa, Savu Popa, Sorina Rîndașu, Marcel Vișa, Gelu Vlașin, Andrei Vornicu, Andrei Zbîrnea,
More...Keywords: John Wyclif; Prague University; Johannes Hübner; Jan Hus; Heretical Articles; England; manuscripts
The study sheds new light on the genesis of the 45 articles of John Wyclif condemned by the University of Prague in 1403. Based on the study of the manuscripts, the author draws attention to the hitherto unknown redaction of the articles. By its analysis, he proves that the Prague master Johannes Hübner did not select some of the condemned propositions directly from Wyclif’s books, as was previously thought, but took them from this neglected redaction. The author traces its origins against the background of Wyclif’s English ecclesiastical prosecution, and also examines its reception in Bohemia. The study includes a list of the manuscripts of 45 articles and their three redactions, two of which the author critically publishes in print for the first time in an appendix.
More...Keywords: communism; Moldovan Republic; Romania; refugees; deportation; oral history;
The present article is the second part of a research published under the same title in 2017. Given the general tendency of historians and sociologists to take more and more into consideration the new sources of public knowledge, among which oral history, memoirs and online information are considered first rank ones, in order to balance the official information and in search of a deeper truth, we analyse some testimonials that have thoroughly contributed to the recent progress of the matter, with regard to the communist history of the Moldavian Republic. The Archives of Memory series (now completed, comprising eight volumes, published between 2016 and 2018) contains interviews with Moldovan victims of the communist regime who speak about their life in deportation or as refugees. Some interviews with former political refugees conducted by myself in Bucharest, in 2017, and some online sources have also been put to use in the attempt to draw a general map of repression in the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, as felt and mirrored in the given information. The main issues people have spoken about seemed possible to be grouped as following: elements of ethnography and deportation folklore; symbolic parts and concrete actions taken by women in the course of repression and/or resistance; children and childhood during the communist regime; family, land and household after the Second World War; life in Bessarabia before the First World War and during the interwar period, with phylogerman, phylorussian and phyloromanian currents; key moments and events triggering the historic trauma; the new social relations under the communist regime; ethnicity in the new distribution of power; festivities – Soviet and Moldovan style –, monuments and commemorations; extreme phenomena, typical for the concentration camps (extreme famine with an edge to cannibalism, anti-hygiene, fatal deseases, extreme frost, extermination through forced labour); concurrent and opposing memoirs; simple truths and historical judgements of the common people. The need to interrogate official history by balancing it with such new sources has already been noticed by many researchers, as history in its making is thus better reflected and should be consequentially studied by means of such realistic, manifold investigations.
More...Keywords: special power without representation; obligation to give; principle of consensus; principle of unity;
The current Civil Code has advanced a coherent system of transfer of property rights, combining the civil tradition prior to its entry into force, deeply marked by the French approach, with elements enshrined in other systems of law, which are at the opposite pole from this perspective, despite their common Roman ancestry. The principles of consensus, unity and tradition are combined in a coherent system of transfer of main real rights, well adapted to the security of the civil circuit, and do not hinder its dynamics. When it comes to understanding the transfer of rights in rem in the agency without representation, the explanatory value of these principles is indisputable. Moreover, the obligation to give, which is the cornerstone of the whole system, is the essence of the legal regime of acquisition and alienation on behalf of the principal, but in his own name. At the same time, the specificity of the contract in question is given by another fundamental element of the whole edifice, the prerogatives of special power without representation and their legal regime, which justifies, traces the limits and explains the transfer of the right of ownership in one direction or another through the potentior’s estate. Even if the legal framework is certainly perfectible, the rational approach to the transfer of rights in rem by means of a power of attorney without representation must take into account all the variables mentioned above, logically integrated into the reasoning, as evoked by the rules contained in the subject matter, dedicated to this contract by the Civil Code, supplemented by the institutions that are necessarily used in the shaping of its legal regime.
More...Keywords: error; defect of consent; good faith; sample; knowledge of the law;
Error is a state of fact that involves either ignoring or misunderstanding reality, the latter being due either to the distorted perception of the elements of the surrounding world, or to the poor understanding of their meaning or the correlations between them. Before becoming a legal notion, the error is a psychological phenomenon, and the discussion about the proof of the error-vice of consent, cannot bypass the identification of the sources that generate the error, which justifies the need to approach the research theme from an interdisciplinary perspective: to be able to pronounce on existence of error, a judge needs to know how the human mind works in order to hone his skills in deciphering the mysteries of human behavior. To prove the error-vice of consent, errans will be required to prove, in fact, not only the existence of an error, but that error that meets all the legal conditions imposed by law: to be essential; the other party knew or should have known that the fact on which the mistake was made was essential for the conclusion of the contract; to be excusable; not to be assumed; to be invoked in compliance with the requirements of good faith. Given that the structure of this vice of consent is made up of a single element – the misrepresentation of reality – which is purely subjective, psychological, “intangible”, the proof of the error will be possible through any means of evidence. As regards the burden of proof, although, in principle, it rests with the errans, it is reversed on account of his procedural opponent, regarding the proof of the condition of the assumed nature of the error and the condition of invoking the error in bad faith.
More...Keywords: philosophy; virtue; apatheia; sophrosyne; discernment; temperance; philanthropy;
Sophrosyne defines the soundness of mind as order, harmony and balance of human nature, while disease is caused by excess and insufficience… As practical wisdom, sophrosyne has an intellectual determination as self-knowledge, as well as a moral qualification, promoting self-control as self-mastery, aimed to achieve apatheia as liberation from passions, so the mind attains the vision of God to fullfill the purposes of philosophy, which is the likeness and the union with God. Borrowed by christian spirituality in order to convey its own spiritual philosophy which leads to the salvation of the soul, Sophrosyne recieves its own christian valences, with the purpose of repainting the image of God in man and “partake of the divine nature” (2 Peter 1:4). Sophrosyne is involved in the ecclesial, cultural and social life through reasoning enlightened by “faith working through love” and strengthened by the power and work of divine grace, able to cultivate and affirm the mentality and behaviour as life in Christ through the Holy Spirit. Expressed by discernment and temperance, Sophrosyne is not, in the philocalic way of life, a virtue amongst others, but “the mother, guardian and the common (universal) name of all virtues”. By cultivating holiness oriented towards philanthropy and temperance, man accomplishes, through Sophrosyne, the work of God and fulfils His Kingdom in the world of sin, towards its salvation.
More...Keywords: Christianity; church; monastery; monks; bishops; evangelization;
Christianity reached Britannia during the Roman occupation, the Christian tradition even mentioning some characters supposed to have evangelized the island. Christian tradition mentions the martyrdom of Saint Alban. Saint Patrick spread Christianity in Ireland. After the Roman retreat, the evangelization continued through the clergy remained on the island. The Brittan Ninian started preaching in Scotland. The Picts and Scots were Christianized by Columba, also called the “Apostle of Scotland”. Saint August of Canterbury and his disciple Paulinus preached the Gospel amid the Anglo – Saxons. The organization of the English Church was due both to archbishop Theodor of Canterbury and to the councils held in his time for keeping the unity of faith and cult with the Church of Rome. All these events were mentioned by Beda the Venerable in the Ecclesiastic History of the English People (Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum). I present, in this study, some of the most important historical events which contributed to spreading Christianity and organizing the Church of Britannia, till the Normans conquered the island in 1066.
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