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„The Prague Spring” of 1968 and the Attitudes of the Hungarian Leadership

„Пражская весна” 1968 г. и позиция руководства Венгрии

Author(s): Aleksandr S. Stikalin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The Hungarian communist leader Janos Kadar who launched limited economic reforms in his country since January 1968 assessed the moderate reform-communists in Czechoslovakia as the potential allies in his desire for certain modernization and rationalization of the socialist economics in Eastern Europe. Realizing the negative attitude in Kremlin to the ideas of Prague reformers, the Hungarian leader attempted to be the mediator between the Soviet and Czechoslovak communist leaderships. He tried to persuade Brezhnev and the members of his team that the reformist plans declared in Czechoslovakia would not threaten the Communist power in the country and therefore the Soviet interests. On the other hand, he called the Czechoslovak colleagues to more discretion and more attention to the interests and anxieties of the USSR. In mid-June when the Czech literary weekly published the article marking the 10-th anniversary of the execution of Imre Nagy, Kadar corrected his attitude towards the events in neighbor Czechoslovakia. He was sure that the Dubček leadership was losing control over the political processes, and that there was a real danger that the developments in Czechoslovakia would get the form similar to the developments of the Hungarian crisis in 1956. Nevertheless, Kadar tried to influence further both the Czechoslovak and the Soviet colleagues to meet and he pretended still to be the mediator between Moscow and Prague. Even in August, he preferred the peaceful solution of the conflict but did not dare oppose the joint military action implemented on August 21, 1968. His choice was in accordance with the priorities of Kadar’s foreign policy. The Hungarian leader avoided threatening the normal relations with the USSR for he was sure that they were the main guarantee of more independent and fruitful internal policy. The „Prague Spring” revealed the limited possibilities of Kadar’s regime to pursue more active foreign policy without running the risk of undesirable complications with the USSR.

On the Relationship of Administrative and Ecclesiastical Organisation In the Territories of the Ohrid Archbishopric

О односу управне и црквене организације на подручју охридске архиепископије

Author(s): Bojana Krsmanović / Language(s): Serbian / Publication Year: 0

This paper considers the data on the military, civil and ecclesiastical organisation, which Byzantium set up in the Balkans after 1018/1019. It presents the view that the development of military and ecclesiastical organisation can be followed in satisfactory continuity and that the system of military and church authority coincided territorially with each other to a high degree. In establishing authority in the Balkans, Byzantium largely relied on conditions linked with the epoch of Samuel and his successors. The aforesaid was reflected in the military system of power, although after 1018/1019, Byzantium adjusted it to its own needs, in particular the organisation of the Church. The Archbishopric of Ohrid preserved to a great extent the episcopal structure of the Bulgarian Church from the period of Samuel and his successors in the territorial sense, until some time around the middle of the 11th century. The insistence of Basil II on continuity with the previous, Bulgarian epoch (visible on the basis of the bishoprics that were assigned to it, its autocephalous position, the choice of a “domestic” archbishop) represents one of the consequences of the significance that the Bulgarian Church had, as an institution in the process of Byzantium's taking control of the region in the interior ofthe Balkans. Also the assumption is presented that the church organisation set upin 1018/1019, was a substitute for the poorly developed civil system of authority in certain Balkan regions. Although the Archbishopric of Ohrid represented the most enduring Byzantine achievement in the Balkans, the system that had been established under Basil II underwent many changes in the course of the second half of the 11th century. The most striking testimony of the advanced process of Rhomaization was visible in the creation of a tradition regarding the origin of the Ohrid Archbishopric, according to which it was connected with Justinian I. Importance was already attached to that theory in the time of the Ohrid Archbishop Leo (middle of the 11th century). Just before the mid–12th century, this theory led to overlooking the Bulgarian origin of the Ohrid Church, which was finally confirmed by the official acceptance of the title of the head of the Ohrid Church — the Archbishop “of the First Justinian and All Bulgaria” in the time after 1261.

Bibliography

Bibliography

Author(s): Oto Luthar / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

SLUJITORI AI BIERICII DIN PROTOPOPIATUL TÂRGU CĂRBUNEȘTI, MARTIRI ȘI MĂRTURISITORI AI LUI HRISTOS ÎN ÎNCHISORILE COMUNISTE

SLUJITORI AI BIERICII DIN PROTOPOPIATUL TÂRGU CĂRBUNEȘTI, MARTIRI ȘI MĂRTURISITORI AI LUI HRISTOS ÎN ÎNCHISORILE COMUNISTE

Author(s): Ana Maria Iancu / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: confessors of Oltenia; communist prisons; official reports; Carbunesti-Gorj.

The fruits of St. Antim the Iberian are many, not just those known to be related to his personality. Thus, his words have multiplied faith and strengthened the beliefs of those who were born hundreds of years away in the lands he had crossed. The priests who suffered during the communist regime were able to resist the executioners with the power of faith and with the support of saints’ prayers.

DESTROYING PROGRESS / ROGRESSING DESTRUCTION: EU Romani Women and Children in France

DESTROYING PROGRESS / ROGRESSING DESTRUCTION: EU Romani Women and Children in France

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Keywords: Informal settlement; Forced Eviction; Roma in France; discrimination of Roma; Roma as EU citizens;

This report specifically addresses the situation of EU Romani citizens from Romania living in informal settlements in France and does not deal with the particular human rights concerns of Roma from other EU and non-EU countries or French Roma, Sinti, Gens du Voyage, Manouche, etc. It presents the results of participatory research conducted in 2014 in six informal Romani settlements in France: Two in Seine-Saint-Denis in the Ile de France region, two in the Urban Community of Lille and two in Marseille. The research methodology was designed to ensure that Romani women played a concrete role in the work being done with respect to their situation.

"Depots of Spies and Terrorists". Allied Camps for "Displaced Persons" in Italy, Austria and Germany

"Depoi špijuna i terorista". Saveznički logori za "raseljene osobe" u Italiji, Austriji i Njemačkoj

Author(s): Marica Karakas Obradov / Language(s): Croatian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: refugee camps; displaced person; Western Allies; allied occupation zones; Yugoslavia; extradition; Ustashas;

Immediately after the end of World War II, Western Allies organized refugee camps in their occupation zones in Austria, Italy and Germany which existed until early 1950s. Foreign citizens, such as forced laborers and prisoners of concentration camps, who had been found mostly in Germany and Austria after the collapse of the German Reich, were placed in those camps, as well as military and civilian post-hostilities refugees fleeing from the Red Army and partisan-communist forces from Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. A great number of persons were extradited to their countries of origin on charges of war crimes. Among them were many Croats, primarily members of the Croatian armed forces and the Ustasha movement. The remaining refugees are displaced around the world especially in countries of South and North America and in Australia.

The Second World War and Beyond

The Second World War and Beyond

Author(s): Wayne S. Vucinich / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Dragiša Cvetković; Dimitrije Cincar-Marković; Vladimir Maček; Dušan Simović; Dimitrije Ljotić; Momčilo Ninčić; Četniks; Partisans;

Comparative Economic Systems

Comparative Economic Systems

Author(s): Octavian-Dragomir Jora,Mihai Vladimir Topan,Matei-Alexandru Apăvăloaei / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2019

Objectives: - To highlight the defining attributes of the “institutional arrangements” (that is of the “economic systems”) that circumscribe the economic activity within a country / jurisdiction, thus giving meaning to the comparisons to be made between the political and legal systems coexisting in the world - To consolidate a critical, analyticalevaluative, apparatus, useful in international business, in which various calculations are made in order to optimize the activity inside and among various national spaces, whose institutions and policies have a significant impact on the results of the economic agents with international exposure

International Commercial Transactions. Payment Instruments and Methods

Tehnica operațiunilor de comerț exterior. Instrumente şi modalităţi de plată

Author(s): Dorel Mihai Paraschiv,Roxana Voicu-Dorobanţu,Gheorghe Hurduzeu,Maria-Isadora Lazar / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Objectives: - To present payment methods used in international transactions - To compare payment instruments used in international transactions - To be able to choose the best payment solution for an international trading transaction

Chapter 5 Virgil Madgearu – the politician

Capitolul 5 Virgil Madgearu – omul politic

Author(s): Ion Vorovenci / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

The land market. Property relations in agriculture

Piaţa pământului. Relaţiile de proprietate din agricultură

Author(s): Cristian Hera,Gheorghe Sin,Nicolae Istudor,Gabriel Popescu,Marin Dinu,Gheorghe Hurduzeu,Toma Dinu,Vidu Bidilean,Valentin-Mihai Bohatereţ,Simona Bara,Radu Antohe / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Land consolidation

Comasarea terenurilor

Author(s): Cristian Hera,Valeriu Tabără,Nicolae Istudor,Gabriel Popescu,Ion Bold,Constantin Anghelache,Simion Certan,Marin Dinu,Gheorghe Hurduzeu,Radu Antohe,Valentin-Mihai Bohatereţ,Emilian Dobrescu,Simona Bara,Emil Mușat,Lucian Luca,Alexandru Radu,Dan Veverca / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Barometer pre-electoral Eforie

Barometrul preelectoralal orașului Eforie

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted on July 1-3, 2020 on a sample of 305 inhabitants of the city. He measured people’s opinion about central and local public administration institutions, about the main candidates for City Hall, the comparison between the first two competitors, the expectations of the future mayor, voting intentions, how the City Hall got involved in certain administrative issues, achievements and failures of the current mayor and the main opponent.

The pre-electoral barometer of Oltenița municipality

Barometrul preelectoral al Municipiului Oltenița

Author(s): Bruno Stefan / Language(s): Romanian

Keywords: administrative issues;trust in political leaders;voting intentions;

The survey was conducted between 1-3 February 2020 on a sample of 521 adults living in the city. He measured how the population perceives the involvement of the mayor’s office in various administrative issues, trust in local political leaders, voting intentions in local elections, the perception of local party organizations.

The borders of humor: how to cross them to obtain the same effect in the translated version?

Les frontières de l'humour : comment les franchir pour obtenir le même effet dans la version traduite ?

Author(s): Anda-Irina Radulescu / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: humor;transgression;linguistic barrier;cultural barriers;lexical creation;innovation ability;

Using the particular case of the translation of Frédéric Dard's novel « Les morues se dessalent » into Romanian, we try to see how the translator Marie-Jeanne Vasiloiu has managed to overcome the obstacles of transferring this author’s humor into Romanian, as he played on and with language, invented, distorted and renewed the French language, and thus rendered the thriller a playful form. She managed to play his game and found inspired translation solutions although this writer is not easily exportable, even when the languages are close and have a common origin, such as French and Romanian.

Fundamental Principles of the Orthodox Canon Law. An Analitical Approach

Principiile fundamentale ale dreptului canonic ortodox. O abordare analitică

Author(s): Cosmin Santi / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: fundamental principles; canon law; legislation; Church; canons;

Principles represent general rules, basic ideas, having the role to ground and prepare the legal framework for the development of a complex process or the synthesis of a social and juridical experience, assuring a balance and a relation between the rights and obligations of a person, of a society in its entirety. The principles of canon law represent statements applicable to all the canon systems or canon prescriptions. These are applicable to all the autocephalous Orthodox churches, so have a universal character, according to the canon tradition and conscience. The basis of canon law and implicitly of its principles is theology but also the juridical sciences. The fundamental canon principles are principles of organization and administration of the Church, being ordained from the beginning in the light of the Savior Christ, as ontological basis and ground, along with the moral dogmas and values. The fundamental canon principles of the Church are found especially in her universal Constitution, consisting in the collection of the Holy Canons, in the long-lived and constant practice of the church life, become custom of canon law.

“It was a constructive work, which I tried to accomplish to the best of my knowledge.” Interview with Ágnes Pethő, Professor in Film Studies at Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania

„Építőmunka volt, amelyet igyekeztem elvégezni a legjobb tudásom szerint.” Interjú Pethő Ágnessel, a Sapientia EMTE film szakának professzorával

Author(s): Erika Zsizsmann / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: interview;

Fragments From a Family Novel

Fragmente dintr-un roman de familie

Author(s): Florina Jinga / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: literature; family; novel; history; fragments;

Interesul pentru familia mea l-am descoperit în urmă cu un an, când, pentru realizarea unei lucrări ce urma a fi prezentată în cadrul unui seminar de antropologie, le-am înregistrat pe trei dintre mătușile mele a căror viață a fost marcată de deportarea în Bărăgan. Atât povestea lor, cât și lucrurile, noi pentru mine, pe care le-am aflat despre propria mea familie m-au mișcat puternic. Pot spune că acesta a fost punctul de plecare în căutarea unei recuperări a legăturilor mele cu familia.

Investigation

Ancheta

Author(s): Adâm Anavi,Pia Brînzeu,Ioan Buduca,Corina Ciocârlie,Livius Ciocârlie,Andrei Corbea,Șerban Foarță,Mandies György,Ilie Gyurcsik,Viorel Marineasa,Adrian Marino,Mircea Muthu,Virgil Nemoianu,Alexandru Paleologu,Vasile Popovici,Ion Simuț,Monica Spiridon,Vladimir Tismăneanu,Daniel Vighi / Language(s): Romanian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Central Europe; Romania; politics; culture; literature;

Investigations by: Anavi Adam, Pia Brînzeu, Ioan Buduca, Corina Ciocârlie, Livius Ciocârlie, Andrei Corbea, Șerban Foarță, Mandies György, Ilie Gyurcsik, Viorel Marineasa, Adrian Marino, Mircea Muthu, Virgil Nemoianu, Alexandru Paleologu, Vasile Popovici, Ion Simuț, Monica Spiridon, Vladimir Tismăneanu, Daniel Vighi.

A SCHOOLMASTER'S BIOGRAPHY

EGY TANÍTÓ ÉLETTÖRTÉNETE

Author(s): Levente Kolumbán / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: István Köble; schoolmaster;

The paper of Levente Kolumbán presents and analyses the life-story of István Köble, a former schoolmaster. After a short introductory part, the writing presents the written memories of the schoolmaster and the edited version of the life-history interview. The author preferred to emphasize the memorial voice over the discourse of the extensive ethnographic analysis. His work can be best read as a source material.