Keywords: Black Sea; NATO; Russian Federation; dilemma security; provocative behavior;
After the illegal annexation of Crimea, in March 2014, the Russian Federation started to develop a provocative behavior in the Black Sea region against the riparian states,especially towards NATO member states. Between March 2014 and September 2017, Russian Air Force attempted to enter illegally, and in some cases it succeeded, in Romanian, Bulgarian, Turkish,Georgian and Ukrainian air space. Also it limited the freedom of navigation and flight of NATO's ships and aircraft, in the Black Sea international space. Thus, this article aims to identify the main reasons which stands behind Moscow’s behavior and the impact on the region. The working hypothesis of the article is about the emerging of a security dilemma in the Black Sea region fact that creates tensions, an unsafe climate and is favoring the perpetuation of regional instability.
More...Keywords: development; Romania; urbanism; architecture; history
Arhitectura şi contextul urbanistic ilustrează sau conturează intr-o masură importantă caracteristica esenţială a poporului ce îi dă viaţă, ce îi dă vibraţie şi o defineşte. Aşadar arhitectura veche si nouă, dar şi constructele de urbanism sunt cu atât mai interesant de urmărit cu cât ele dezvăluie parcursul istoric al unui popor şi ne lasă să intuim proprietăţile interacţiunii sociale ale acestuia. Această lucrare işi propune să analizeze evoluţia tumultoasă a Bucureştiului din perspectiva urbanistico-arhitecturală, să parcurgă toate etapele dezvoltării pentru o mai bună inţelegere a mediului construit variat si deosebit de interesant al acestui oraş, dar în acelaşi timp îşi propune să analizeze încercarea dinamică, reuşită sau nereuişită, a “oraşului” în demersul de a deveni un organism compus atât estetic cât şi funcţional. Pentru început vom incerca sa stabilim un scurt istoric al traseului pe care arhitectura si urbanismul l-au urmat în Bucureşti. Astfel vom parcurge punctual perioadele care si-au exercitat amprenta asupra orasului, urmărind influentele aduse de fiecare si integrarea acestora în structura ansamblului citadin de astăzi. Prima etapă de dezvoltare analizată este cea medievală, predominant caracterizată de construcţia mânăstirilor şi dezvoltarea aşezărilor domneşti, dar şi prin curente şi influenţe importante precum stilul brâncovenesc, neoclasicismul sau stilul eclectic. Următoarea etapă definitorie, caracterizată de un mediu economic prosper şi de un puternic motor de dezvoltare citadină, este perioada interbelică. Ea va fi urmată de perioada comunistă, o etapă lungă care a modificat radical întreaga structură urbanistico-arhitecturală a oraşului. Nu doar prin distrugerea în masă a clădirilor cu importanţă istorică semnificativă, ci şi prin stilul funcţional şi rece al construcţiilor comuniste care le-au înlocuit, majoritatea lipsite de valoare estetică sau arhitecturală. Un alt moment important adus în discuţie este cutremurul din anul 1977. Atunci o bună parte din oraş a fost distrusă datorita seismului, însă pe de altă parte conducerea comunistă, a folosit dezastrul ca pretext pentru multe demolări şi restructurări forţate, acestea făcând obiectul unei alte părţi importante ale lucrării. Capitolul ultim al lucrării prezintă modele de referinţă din diferite oraşe importante ale Europei, acestea ilustrând punctual rezolvări reuşite ale combinării constructelor arhitecturale actuale cu cele “moştenite” şi conturând direcţii demne de urmărit şi de documentat.
More...Keywords: : Architecture of civil trial; Civil Code; Code of Civil proceedings; constitutive elements of civil trial
The Civil Code and Code of Civil proceedings, in force, have configured a new architecture of civil trial by valuing some of the opinions expressed in the legal papers, related to the definition of notion of civil action, by three significations, procedural, material and as a range of proceeding means, by express ruling of litigious legal report and thus by a logic connection between two elements of civil trial.Therefore, the material signification of civil field was ruled in the form of a material right to action with own scope, by art. 2500 of Civil Code, whereas the procedural signification was ruled in the form of a procedural right to action with own scope, by art.30 of Code of civil proceedings, and consists in the notification of competent court by filing a summons.The overall signification of procedural means of civil action was ruled by art. 29 of code of civil proceedings.The ruling of material right to action in the civil code has entailed the analysis of it comparatively to what is called subjective civil right in the specialised legal literature, when noticed differences between actual civil subjective right and material right to action as well as the similarities to the right of notification of court.The code of civil proceedings rules expressly, by art.36, the basic element from the architecture of civil trial, respectively the litigious legal report, the occurrence of which give the holder of subjective civil right the possibility to exercise, concomitantly, the material right to action and the procedural right to notify the competent courts.By the new ruling of architecture of civil trial, connecting logically the constitutive elements of civil trial, we believe that it is no longer justified to express a different opinion in the legal literature about what is defined by the notions of civil action, material right to action and right to notification.
More...Keywords: mandatory automatic exchange of information in the field of taxation; tax authorities; Directive 2011/16/EU; Directive 95/46; Regulation (EU) 2016/679
In recent years, the challenge posed by tax fraud and tax evasion has increased considerably and has become a major focus of concern within the Union and at global level. The automatic exchange of information constitutes an important tool in this regard. Recovery of taxes as well as the fight against tax evasion and tax evasion are the competences of the Member States on the basis of fiscal sovereignty. However, the new means of combating tax evasion and avoidance adopted within the European Union and at international level provide the Member States with a legal framework and the tools needed to deal effectively with cross-border tax issues and to exchange best practice .Processing of personal data under the mandatory automatic exchange of information in the field of taxation as well as cross-border information reporting under the Directive 2011/16/UE must comply with the European rules on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data.As regards mandatory automatic exchange of information in the field of taxation, given the particular importance of information to combat fraud effectively, we have a limitation on certain rights and obligations under Directive 95/46/EC(respectively, Regulation (EU) 2016/679.). Member States'tax authorities need comprehensive and relevant information on Groups regarding their structure, transfer-pricing policy and internal transactions in and outside the Union.Council Directive 2011/16/EU already provides for the mandatory automatic exchange of information in a number of fields.But the scope of the mandatory exchange of information had extended to include the automatic exchange of information on the country-by-country report.
More...Keywords: conditional release; conditions;custodial sentence; history; more favorable criminal law.
Conditional release is an institution of substantial criminal law, of great importance to both convicted person and the criminal policy of our state, which can only be ordered by the court, accessible to any convicted person, after enforcement of a part of the custodial sentence and the fulfillment of other conditions foreseen by the law, which consists in executing the last part of the custodial sentence in liberty with the purpose to stimulate and prepare the convicted person for his final release and for his quicker reintegration into society, subject to the fulfillment of both prior and post-release conditions.The paper seeks to analyze the conditions that a convicted person has to fulfill in order to benefit from conditional release, both objective and subjective, from the perspective of its evolution. The paper starts with a presentation of the purpose of the institution as it follows from the definitions given in doctrine, and continues with a short history of it in the Romanian legislation. The last part presents an analysis of the conditions for the granting of conditional release from imprisonment, aiming to highlight the conditions maintained by the legislator in the old regulations and, on the other hand, highlights the new conditions introduced by the current, more restrictive regulations, but established with a view to achieving better training for persons sentenced for final release and easier reintegration in society.
More...Keywords: the field of patent law; industrial creations; patents for inventions; protection of inventions
The present study briefly examines the main provisions of the 1906 Patents Act, since the period in which it was in force is included in the timeframe we are interested in.In the Romanian specialty doctrine it was stated that this law would not be the first act by which industrial creations benefit from protection. Although it seems to go beyond the article, a brief analysis of the issue is not unrelated because it clarifies whether the law of the past one hundred years was or was not the first legal measure in the matter, with all its consequences.Current legislation, with all inherent imperfections, is nevertheless a real breakthrough in lawmaking, in connection with international provisions, or in the reception of practical problems, leading to the development of consistent, unitary and up-to-date legal provisions, including terminological and registration procedures. The last hundred years in the field of patent law was a period of time in which the most qualitative-positive changes took place, reaching today an efficient regulation system linked to the imperatives of a state of law.
More...Keywords: somatic diagnosis; intimacy; authenticity; character decentralisation; holistic medicine;
Intimacy in fiction is an aesthetical, symbolical and emotional choice. Medicine and novel writing seem to prolong the disease nature has given to mankind. Some writers’ propensity for structural themes and motifs from pathology can be considered both a professional and a somatic diagnosis predisposition. Life as a fate leading to death was a general idea at the end of the 19th century. To suddenly utter, that the soul is the body could have destabilised humanistic sciences, and it meant the decentralisation of literary character, the shift of narrative techniques, the conversion of psychology to physiological analysis emphasising the authenticity of sensation. Hortensia Papadat Bengescu’s characters are so fleshless, that it’s easy to see their soul. Illness is their only connection to the world. Each character tragically aspires to a common life, refused to all of them by their psychological or physiological condition.
More...Keywords: state; nation; nation-state; unitary national state; geopolitical games; essential natural components; the Carpathians; the Danube; the Black Sea;
This study is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the establishment of Romanian unitary national state, Great Romania, a much longer and complex process than it seems at first glance. Along with historical events, the geographic space and the population have played an essential role in the coagulation process of the Romanian national state. The merit of seizing and explaining these assets lies with great geopolitical-geographers such as Simion Mehedinți, Ion Conea (both were teachers at the Upper School of War, the ”Carol I” NDU precursor), Nicolae Al. Rădulescu, Vintilă Mihăilescu, Victor Tufescu and so on. These alone or in collaboration with specialists in fields such as history (Nicolae Iorga, Gheorghe Brătianu, Constantin Daicoviciu), demography and statistics (Anton Golopenția, Sabin Mănuilă), sociology (Dimitrie Gusti, Mircea Vulcănescu – the latter being also aphilosopher) have demonstrated the perfect logic of the constitution of the Romanian unitary national state. They also leaned on the essential natural components of the Romanian state,the well-known trio Carpathians - the Danube - the Black Sea, resuming the significant elements without which it would have been impossible to achieve the Great Romania.
More...Keywords: the right to dignity; personality rights; legal regulation; jurisprudence;
As a novelty for a Romanian Civil Code, as stated in the Explanatory Memorandum, "A special title (Title V, Book I) is devoted to the protection of personal non-property rights by specific legal means", or the personality rights occupy a central place within the category of personal non-property rights of the natural persons. With the drafting of art. 58 Civil Code, the Romanian legislator expressly nominates the right to dignity and includes it in the list of personality rights, through art. 72 par. (2) Civil Code clarifying the content of this right by referring to the honor and the reputation of the person. Any prejudice brought to the right to dignity makes the victim feel moral (psychic) suffering and expose her to the risk of exclusion from the social, professional and family sphere. Our study presents an examination of the jurisprudence of the Romanian courts in order to outline trends and guidelines in the matter of the right to dignity.
More...Keywords: imagology; alterity; comparative literature; social psychology;
More...Keywords: holocaust;memories;concentracion camp;
More...Keywords: clean–eating diet; veganism; nutrition; ecology; the role of women in veganism;
The essay is a critical text tackling the clean–eating diet popularity and its negative effect on the animal rights movement due to misinterpreting veganism as a health issue and hijacking of the term vegan in the plant–based diet. Different aspects of the plant–based diet are covered taking into account the global impact of both plant–based and meat diets on the environment and worker rights in the developing and the developed countries, the way the plant–based diet and veganism are often falsely depicted as elitist, hindering inclusiveness of marginalized groups, and the role of women in the animal rights movement.
More...Objectives: - To present payment methods used in international transactions - To compare payment instruments used in international transactions - To be able to choose the best payment solution for an international trading transaction
More...Keywords: Bucharest University of Economic Studies; geography; Geopolitics and Business MA; geopolitics;
More...THIS ARTICLE COMES FROM A SENSE OF DISCONTENT THAT THE CULTURAL POSITION OF EAST/CENTRAL EUROPEAN FEMINISMS HAS NOT BEEN THEORIZED ENOUGH IN COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON-FIRST WORLD FEMINISMS. I USE A RHETORICAL FIGURE, ZEUGMA, IN ORDER TO UNDERPIN THE SPECIFICITY AND THE COMMONALITIES OF THE POST-COMMUNIST AREA FEMINISMS AS COMPARED TO THE HEGEMONIC FEMINISMS OF THE WORLD, OR TO THIRD WORLD FEMINISMS. ZEUGMA (FROM AN ANCIENT GREEK WORD MEANING ‘BRIDGE’) IS A FIGURE OF SPEECH THAT RELIES ON BALANCE AND ACCEPTANCE OF GRAMMATICAL DIFFERENCE. AN ALMOST PERFECT CULTURAL SPACE SHIFTER, EAST/CENTRAL EUROPE PRODUCES FEMINIST DISCOURSES THAT CONSTITUTE ZEUGMATIC SPACES IN THE WORLDWIDE CONCERTO OF WORLD FEMINISMS.
More...Keywords: Public Finance; Roumanian Industry; Danube Fisheries; Black Sea fisheries; Roumanian forests; Railway reconstruction;
More...Keywords: tourism;guest house;holiday preferences;tourist services;
he research carried out within the strategic project “Entrepreneurs in tourism” was carried out in October-November 2011 on a sample of 5,600 Romanian tourists. She measured the attitudes, habits and perceptions of tourists towards the holidays spent in the last year, identified the favorite tourist destinations, the motivations for their choice, satisfaction with the services received, evaluated the pensions studying the reasons that would determine them to choose a pension. they would also be willing to pay which localities they intend to visit.
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