The 2008 Chronicle of the Faculty of Law and Administration
KRONIKA WYDZIAŁU PRAWA I ADMINISTRACJI 2008
Keywords: Kronika WPiA;
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Keywords: Kronika WPiA;
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Keywords: intelligent design; creationism; theory of evolution; religion; science; explanatory filter; methodological naturalism; testability; law of nature; mechanism; prediction; argument from ignorance; inference to the best explanation; research program
Od bardzo dawna ludzie zadają sobie pytania: kim jesteśmy, skąd się wzięliśmy, jak powstał otaczający nas świat i czy jest jakiś cel naszego istnienia. W niniejszej pracy interesuje mnie wyłącznie pytanie drugie oraz odpowiedzi udzielane na nie przez przedstawicieli współczesnej kultury zachodniej. W kulturze tej istotną, o ile nie najważniejszą, rolę w budowaniu wizji rzeczywistości odgrywają nauka i religia. W naukach przyrodniczych dominuje aktualnie pogląd, że Wszechświat, a przynajmniej wszystko, co się w nim znajduje, jest rezultatem trwającego miliardy lat procesu ewolucji, przekształcania się jednych struktur w drugie. Ten ewolucjonizm, powszechnie przyjęty w biologii i — dzięki sukcesowi teorii Darwina — rozszerzony na wszystkie dziedziny nauk przyrodniczych, wychodzi z przesłanek naturalistycznych wykluczających, że na jakimkolwiek etapie rozwoju ewolucyjnego potrzebna była ingerencja istoty inteligentnej. Współcześnie dominującym paradygmatem w biologii jest neodarwinizm, któremu bardzo często przypisuje się konotacje ateistyczne. Skrajnie przeciwstawnym stanowiskiem względem ewolucjonizmu naturalistycznego jest (wyraźnie mająca charakter religijny, aczkolwiek aspirująca do miana naukowej) koncepcja specjalnego stworzenia, zaczerpnięta z Biblii — do niedawna najbardziej znana odmiana kreacjonizmu (niekiedy uznawana nawet za jedyną). Głosi ona, że nadprzyrodzony Bóg (niebędący częścią ani całością przyrody) bezpośrednio stworzył Wszechświat i podstawowe występujące w nim struktury, w tym różne formy życia, w mniej więcej obecnej ich postaci, w momentalnych aktach stwórczych. Bóg miał to uczynić około 6-10 tysięcy lat temu. Przytłaczający sukces ewolucjonizmu w pierwszej połowie dwudziestego wieku przyczynił się do niemal całkowitego zniknięcia kreacjonizmu z mapy intelektualnej kultury Zachodu, jednak spór pomiędzy zwolennikami obu tych poglądów rozgorzał na nowo w drugiej połowie, a zwłaszcza pod koniec dwudziestego wieku.Koncepcja specjalnego stworzenia jest tylko jedną z form kreacjonizmu. Najgłośniejszym i w ostatnich latach przykuwającym największą uwagę (również kręgów intelektualnych) poglądem, zaliczanym często do nurtu kreacjonistycznego, jest rozwijana mniej więcej od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych dwudziestego wieku tak zwana teoria inteligentnego projektu. Jej zwolennicy utrzymują, że w przyrodzie, zwłaszcza w świecie biologicznym, istnieją charakterystyczne struktury i zjawiska, które najlepiej wyjaśnić poprzez odwołanie do przyczyn inteligentnych — do projektu. Wskazując na istnienie projektu w przyrodzie, nie rozstrzygają jednak o tożsamości projektanta, twierdzą bowiem, że na podstawie aktualnych świadectw empirycznych nie jest to możliwe. Co więcej, twierdzą, że wiedza o tożsamości projektanta nie jest konieczna, aby zasadnie wnioskować o projekcie. Przekonują też, że proponowane przez nich metody wykrywania projektu mają charakter naukowy, zaś neodarwinizm zawdzięcza swój sukces nie solidnej bazie empirycznej, lecz leżącej u jego podstaw filozofii naturalizmu, która od czasu ogłoszenia teorii Darwina bezzasadnie zawłaszczyła sobie prawo do wyznaczania kanonów naukowości. Ich zdaniem kanony te — przynajmniej częściowo — należy zmienić w taki sposób, aby w rozważaniach naukowych nie odrzucano z góry pewnych realnych możliwości, jak ta, że w świecie przyrody można dostrzec projekt.Głównym celem niniejszej pracy jest sprawdzenie mocy i zasadności rozmaitych metodologicznych zarzutów wysuwanych przez adwersarzy teorii inteligentnego projektu w celu wykazania jej nienaukowości. Zbadanie tej kwestii pozwoli na udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie o status poznawczy teorii inteligentnego projektu lub przynajmniej ustalenie, czy spełnia ona albo musi spełniać proponowane przez krytyków kryteria naukowości. Jeżeli okaże się, że teoretycy projektu są w stanie odeprzeć metodologiczne zarzuty wobec swojej teorii, to ciężar sporu należy przenieść z płaszczyzny metodologicznej na płaszczyznę przyrodniczą. Oznaczałoby to jednocześnie, że teoria inteligentnego projektu formułuje twierdzenia o treści empirycznej, które przynajmniej w zasadzie podlegają sprawdzeniu metodami uznawanymi obecnie za naukowe, jak również, że teoretycy projektu mogą brać udział w debacie nad obiektywnym obrazem rzeczywistości przyrodniczej, a ich stanowisko poznawcze nie powinno być spychane, jak to zazwyczaj robią krytycy, do sfery subiektywnych poglądów religijnych.W analizie zagadnień podejmowanych w niniejszej pracy szczególnie pomocna może okazać się próba ustalenia, co jest podstawą empirycznego wykrywania projektu. Czy — uznawane za naukowe — wnioskowanie o projekcie w przypadku wytworów ludzkich różniłoby się istotnie od wnioskowania o projekcie dokonanym przez inne istoty inteligentne, o ile one w ogóle istnieją? Czy ogólna procedura empirycznego wykrywania projektu jest podobna lub identyczna w obu tych przypadkach, a różnice objawiają się jedynie w szczegółach jej stosowania? Gdyby — zgodnie z jedną z możliwości dopuszczanych przez teorię inteligentnego projektu — w świecie przyrody rzeczywiście istniały projekty pochodzące od jakiejś istoty nadnaturalnej, to czy skutki jej działania mogłyby być w równym stopniu rozpoznawalne empirycznie, co skutki pozostawiane przez naturalne istoty inteligentne, znajdujące się w obrębie naszego Wszechświata lub nawet innych materialnych wszechświatów? Odpowiedzi na te pytania mogą mieć niebagatelne znaczenie dla rozstrzygnięcia, czy stawiane teorii inteligentnego projektu zarzuty metodologiczne są słuszne. Jeżeli bowiem wnioskowanie o projekcie, oparte na przesłankach empirycznych, może mieć zasadniczo takie same ogólne podstawy w przypadku każdej możliwej istoty inteligentnej, to należy uznać, że na płaszczyźnie metodologicznej teoria inteligentnego projektu nie odbiega daleko swoim charakterem od takich uznanych dyscyplin i przedsięwzięć naukowych jak choćby archeologia, paleoantropologia czy program badawczy SETI, w którego ramach poszukiwane są ślady inteligencji pozaziemskiej.
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Keywords: public administration; local-self government; Germany; Poland
Das Buch beinhaltet deutsch- und polnischsprachige Aufsätze über die ausgewählten Fragen der Theorie und Praxis des Funktionierens von kommunaler Selbstverwaltung in Polen und in Deutschland. Die rechtsvergleichende Betrachtungsweise des Buches bildet gleichzeitig sein wesentlicher Erkenntnisvorteil. In der Monografie wurden Aufsätze sowohl der dogmatischen als auch geschichtlichen Natur, die unterschiedlichen Gesichtspunkten der Organisation und Funktionieren kommunaler Selbstverwaltung in beiden Staaten besprechen, dargestellt. Die in polnischen und deutschen Hochschulen affiliierten Juristen sind im wesentlichen Teil Autoren der einzelnen Aufsätze. Der Austausch von deutsch-polnischen Erfahrungen, nach 25 Jahren des Funktionierens neu belebter kommunalen Selbstverwaltung in Polen, kann sich also als ein gravierender Faktor in der Debatte darüber, ob die Zeit für die Umwandlungen reif ist, erweisen.
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Keywords: dictionary; Piotrków Trybunalski;
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Keywords: Silesian Sejm; Deputy interpellations; Power tribe; Equilibrium of the tripartite authorities
Legal regulation of deputy interpellations in Silesian Sejm 1922—1939The material right of interpellation was assessed by Art. 14 of Constitution Act of July 15, 1920, which contained the organic statute of Silesian voivodeship (Dz.U.R.P. No 73, pos. 497) constituting that Silesian Sejm had the right to interpellate with the Silesian voivode andVoivodeship Council. On the other hand, the formal right to interpellate, and therefore the manner in which material right was realized, was to be specified by the act on the internal constitution of Silesian voivodeship. Nevertheless, advanced — especially in the 1930s — works on the bill did not lead to adopting the act on internal constituton. In such a situation the interpellating procedure was regulated by the standing orders of the Silesian Sejm: the interim orders (of October 13, 1922) and the permanent orders (of January 31, 1923), the standing orders of the I Silesian Sejm, the standing orders of the II Silesian Sejm of June 17, 1930, the standing orders of the Silesian Sejm of the IV term of office, adopted on March 11, 1936. As for the material right on interpellation, one has to notice some disturbing, because against the law, transformations: the appearance of the third interpellated body, namely the Council of Ministers, in the standing orders of the II Silesian Sejm, and the omission of Voivodeship Council as the interpellated body in the standing orders of March 11, 1936.The Provisions of the standing orders of the Silesian Sejm sittings, thus art. 44 of two standing orders of the sitting of the Silesian Sejm of the I term of office; art. 24 and 25 of the standing orders of the II Silesian Sejm; art. 84 of the standing orders of the Silesian Sejm of the IV term of office, allow to identify three subsequent periods of interpellation, i.e. the first period: accepting the interpellation by the marshal and submitting it to the interpelled; the second period: performing the interpellation by the interpelled body and submitting a reply to the marshal; the third period: lodging the interpellation at the orders of the day of the plenary sitting, discussion, voting for acknowledging the reply (or, alternatively, for not acknowledging the reply). Submission the interpellation to the Sejm Marshal was possible after meeting three formal requirements: obtaining the minimal required support, expressed by the number of signatures on the interpellation (7 signatures in the standing orders dated October 13, 1922 and January 31, 1923; 5 signatures in the standing orders dated June 17, 1930; 3 signatures in the standing orders dated March 11, 1936); the interpellation could not contain any expressions that would violate Sejm dignity (this condition is found only in the standing orders of the II Silesian Sejm); the interpellation required written form; it had to be formulated in the Polish language. Provisions concerning the latter requirement were specified by two Silesian acts, i.e. the act of January 16, 1923 on the official language on the territory of Silesian Voivodeship (Dz.U.Śl. No 5, pos. 34) and the act of July 16, 1937 on the official language of authorities and administration offices in Silesian voivodeship (Dz.U.Śl. No 14, pos. 32). Article 44 of the standing orders of the I Silesian Sejm specified that the interpellated body would submit an oral reply at the plenary sitting; whereas a written reply was to be submitted only when interpellants had given their assent to it in advance. It follows from the Provisions of the standing orders of the I and II Silesian Sejms that the interpellated body had to respond within the period no longer than three weeks. Moreover, the standing orders of the Silesian Sejm of the I term of office obliged the marshal to inquire when the interpellated body would submit their response to the interpellation. There were no orders of Silesian voivode as far the second period of interpellating was concerned. An extrasilesian source, as regards the second period of interpellating, was the circular of the Minister of the Interior No OL. 9673 dated November 23, 1926 on taking a stance on interpellations submitted before the closing of the session (Dz.Urz. MSW No 5, pos. 117), despite thefact that formally it did not regulate the interpellation procedure in the Silesian Sejm. Besides, it is difficult to find there any regulations specifying the procedure of performing interpellations, since the minister recommended not performing the interpellations submitted before the suspension of the session. Article 44 of the standing orders of the I Silesian Sejm obliged the marshal to lodge the interpellation at the order of the day of the plenary sitting within the period no longer than three weeks. Whereas article 25 of the standing orders of the II Silesian Sejm specified two alternative factors of lodging the interpellation by the marshal at the order of the day, i.e. in the case when interpellants would not be satisfied with the reply or when the relevant executive authority would not reply to the interpellation within 3 weeks.More detailed was the legal regulation of interpellating of the third period. In accordancewith the provisions of two standing orders of the I Silesian Sejm, the marshal lodged the interpellation at the order of the day ex officio. Only then were further actions of the third period undertaken: explanatory statement of the interpellation by the interpellant (with the support of at least 7 deputies); replying or refusing to reply by the interpellated body; opening the discussion upon request with the support of at least 13 (later10) deputies. The final action of the third period was Sejm’s taking a stance on the reply to the interpellation, being expressed in the form of two alternative resolutions: the resolution on acknowledging the reply of the interpellated body or a resolution on not acknowledging the reply of the interpellated body. On the grounds of the standing orders of the II Silesian Sejm, lodging the interpellation at the order of the day by the marshal could take place exclusively on interpellants’ demand. Besides, the debate on the interpellation and the reply to it could take place on the basis of the resolution of the entire Sejm, and not with the support of 13 or 10 deputies. What is more, passing the resolutions that evaluated the interpelled body’s reply by Sejm was of a facultative character. Pursuant to art. 84 paragraph 4 of the standing orders of the IV Silesian Sejm, the marshal lodged the interpellation at the order of the day of plenary sitting in three cases: on interpellants’ demand; if the voivode notified the marshal that he intended to give an oral reply; when the period of 3 months had passed since the interpellation was submitted. Moreover, the debate (discussion) followed on the basis of the resolution issued by Sejm. An important restriction on the effectiveness of interpellating was provided by act 84 paragraph 6 of the latter standing orders, constituting that in the debate, apart from the representative of the Government, also one of interpellants and one of the deputies whose stance is different from the one expressed by the interpellants were allowed to take the floor. The comparison of the rules regulating the interpellation procedure in four standing ordersof the Silesian Sejm demonstrates that with the passing of time legal provisions restricted theeffectiveness of interpellating by means of the following: limiting the admissibility of the debate on the reply to the interpellation; the participation in the discussion of a deputy whose standpoint was different from the one of interpellants; excluding the possibility of expressing the opinion on the reply by Sejm, in the form of a resolution on acknowledging the reply of the interpellated or, alternatively, on not acknowledging the reply of the interpellated. Interpellation practice in Silesian Sejm 1922—1939The problem of conformity of practicing with legal regulation of interpellating Art. 44 of two standing orders of the I Silesian Sejm obliged the marshal to pose a question to the interpelled body about time when the interpelled body would submit their reply to the interpellation. The review of 90 interpellations of Silesian Sejm of I term of office demonstrates that not even once did the marshal pose such a question. The same article specified that the written form of the reply was permissible only if the interpellants agreed to it in advance. In practice, the interpellated body provided their reply almost exclusively in the written form, despite the fact that the interpellants agreed to the written form only in three cases. With the exception of three cases, whereby — clearly by mistake — the marshal accepted the interpellation despite the lack of one signature, in the remaining cases the minimal required support was adhered to. So was the case in the Silesian Sejm of I, II, and III terms of office. The standing orders of first three Sejms specified that a deadline for replying to the interpellation should not exceed 3 weeks. In the replies that were found, the addressee of the interpellation usually exceeded, sometimes considerably, the deadline specified in the standing orders. There were merely few replies submitted within the deadline. The contents of several interpellations were beyond the scope of the competences of the voivode and the Voivodeship Council. These were interpellations concerning special (non-consolidated) administration, i.e. judicial, military, or railroad administration, as well as interpellations that fell within the competences of the voivode of Cracow, or even the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Silesian voivodes replied to these interpellations as well, acting as intermediaries, sending the interpellations themselves to appropriate authorities and offering on their behalf adequate explanation to the interpellants.The first action of the third period of interpellating was lodging the interpellation by themarshal at the order of the day of the plenary sitting, and the final action was formulating anopinion — a positive or negative one — by Sejm about the reply submitted by the interpelledbody.Pursuant to the provisions of two standing orders of the I Silesian Sejm, the marshal lodged the interpellation at the order of the day ex officio. In practice, marshal Konstanty Wolny lodged at the order of the day of I Silesian Sejm merely 5 interpellations, two of which were lodged on interpellants’ request. In the final period of interpellating, 3 replies were acknowledged by Sejm, and 2 replies were not acknowledged. In III Silesian Sejm, the marshal lodged 4 interpellations at the order of the day. The voivode’s reply to one of them was acknowledged by Sejm, one reply was not acknowledged. In the case of the remaining two replies, the motions were not voted on. In practice — as a matter of fact against the law — the marshal of Silesian Sejm did not lodge interpellations at the order of the day when interpellants accepted the reply. In such situations, probably after consulting the interpellants, the marshal terminated the proceedings of the second period, endorsing on the interpellation and on the reply ad acta. Due to the lack of sources, the question concerning the relationship between the statute law and the law realized in interpellating practice of IV Silesian Sejm must be left unanswered.Interpellating activity of parliamentary clubs (deputies) of Silesian SejmIn four Silesian Sejms there have been 141 interpellations altogether. The authors of 136 interpellations were parliamentary clubs, of 2 — Sejm committees, and in IV Silesian Sejm — in the absence of parliamentary clubs — deputies signed on the interpellations. The frequency of interpellating exhibited high variability: in I Silesian Sejm — 90 interpellationsper 187 plenary sittings; in II Silesian Sejm — 15 interpellations per 10 sittings; in IIISilesian Sejm — 33 interpellations per 49 sittings; in IV Silesian Sejm — 3 interpellations per32 sittings. In the period of three Silesian Sejms the PPS club (Polish Socialist Party), referred to as KPS (Club Socialist Deputies) in III Silesian Sejm, submitted the most, i.e. 41, interpellations, which constituted 29,7% of all (138) interpellations that were submitted to the marshal in the period between October 10th, 1922 and March 26th, 1935. In the second place, with 26 interpellations (18,8%), was ChD (Christian Democracy). Such a result, gained almost exclusively until the May Coup, when Christian Democracy formed a part of ruling coalition, contradicts the thesis that interpellations, as a means of controlling administration,serve opposition more than factions in power. The interpellating practice proves the truthfulness of this thesis in the period ranging from the May Coup up to the last sitting of IIISilesian Sejm, when opposition factions submitted 50 interpellations, while the sanation clubNChZP (National Christian Labour’s Unity) — only 2 interpellations. Twenty-one interpellations (15,2%) were submitted by NPR (National Workers’ Party). Two workers’ parties (PPS and NPR) altogether lodged 62 interpellations, i.e. 44,9% of all interpellations(136) submitted by parliamentary clubs in Silesian Sejms of three terms of office. The Club of Deputies’ Group of Christian Democracy and National Workers’ Party, formed after the election failure of NPR in II (three deputies) and III (2 deputies) Silesian Sejm, submitted20 interpellations (2 in II and 18 in the III Silesian Sejm), which constituted 14,5% of allinterpellations, submitted in the Silesian Sejm during three terms of office. KN (German Club) interpellated individually 14 times (10,1%), joint interpellations were altogether 14 (10,1%), i.e. 8 interpellations in I and 6 interpellations in III Silesian Sejm. The authors of 3 interpellations of the IV Silesian Sejm were deputy Józef Płonka (NChZP— National Christian Work Union), deputy Paweł Kubik (ZZP — Polish Trade Association), andnon-partisan deputy form Zaolzie, Rudolf Paszek. Therefore, formed in the year 1928, the sanation club NChZP, with merely 3 interpellations (2 in II and 1 in the IV Silesian Sejm) occupied the last place, exhibiting a very insignificant activity as far as interpellating was concerned. The analysis of the content of interpellations submitted by parliamentary clubs(Sejm committees, deputies) in Silesian Sejm The content of interpellations allows to distinguish the following thematic groups: interpellations on social affairs, political issues, sociopolitical affairs, educational problems, public security matters, communication issues, construction issues, and police affairs. Moreover, there can be identified other matters, which encompass a wide range of issues that go beyond the uppermentioned categorization. Interpellations on social affairs were dominated by two parliamentary clubs of workers’ parties, i.e. KPPS (Club Polish Socialist Party), later KPS (Club Socialist Deputies), with 15 interpellations per 41 interpellations in total) and KNPR (Club of National Workers’ Party) with 11 interpellations (per 21 interpellations in total). Altogether, both clubs of workers’ parties interpellated 26 times per 62 interpellations submitted by them. KChD (Club of Christian Democracy) interpellated on social affairs 7 times (per total 26 interpellations that they submitted). Of 3 interpellations submitted to the marshal by sanation party KNChZP (Club of National Christian Labours limity), 3 interpellations concerned social issues (2 in II Silesian Sejm, 1 in IV Silesian Sejm). Into the class of interpellations on social affairs, one also has to include 3 interpellations submitted by KZPChDiNPR (The Club of Deputies’ Group of Christian Democracy and National Workers’ Party). Moreover, there were 3 interpellations submitted by KN and 3 joint interpellations. In total, in four Silesian Sejms there were 45 interpellations concerning social affairs (per 141 interpellations altogether), which constituted 31,9% of all interpellations.A significant percentage of such interpellations in relation to their total number faithfullyreflected social problems of Silesia: increasing unemployment, lockouts, workers’ dismissals,irregular payment of benefits, the lack of insurance against unemployment, mass job dismissalnotes, celebrating holidays (i.e. working not on all days of the week), suspending by fraternities the payment of pensions and other dues, etc. Interpellations concerning political affairs were 31. In this thematic group, in majority (13) were joint interpellations (interpartisan). Nine interpellations on political issues were tabled by KZPChDiNPR; 4 interpellations — by KPPS; 2 — by KChD; 1 interpellation was submitted by each of the following clubs: KNPR, KN, and also NChZP deputies. A small group, merely 8, of interpellations on sociopolitical affairs (5,7%) was constituted by 6 interpellations by KNPR, 1 interpellation by KChD, and 1 interpellation by KPPS. The contents of these interpellations demonstrates a close relationship between political affairs and social issues. The examples of such a relationship may be interpellations on implementing on the Silesian voivodeship — without the consent of Silesian Sejm- the spirits monopoly law, or interpellations on inadequate distribution of tobacco warehouses, in which incorrect application of law could deprive many people of their work. As far other thematic groups are concerned, there must be identified the following numbers of interpellations submitted by parliamentary clubs:— on schools affairs: 12 interpellations (5 by KChD; 1 by KNPR, 3 by KN, 3 by KZPChDil-NPR);— on public security issues: 3 interpellations (1 by KChD; 2 by KN);— on communication issues: 3 interpellations (2 by KChD; 1 by KN);— on construction affairs: 3 interpellations (1 by KChD; 1 by KPPS; 1 by KZPChDiNPR);— on police affairs: 3 interpellations by KPPS;— on other affairs: 32 interpellations (7 by KChD; 2 by KNPR; 3 by KN; 12 by KPPS; 4 byKZPChDiNPR; 3 joint; 1 by non-partisan deputy Rudolf Paszek).
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Keywords: Queen Victoria; British culture of the 19th century; imperialism; Victorian morality; historical fiction
The book presents the continuing cultural significance of Queen Victoria (reign 1837-1901). Reinterpretations of the Queen’s biography serve as a starting point for the modern re-evaluation of the institution of monarchy, British imperialism and Victorian morality. Victoria becomes a fictionalised character, used by her admirers and critics alike to illustrate the virtues and vices of the 19th century.
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Keywords: local government; the principle of the political system; local selfgovernment; the civil society; the separation of powers; the powers of the local government
The present monograph constitutes a constitutional study of the institution of the local government discussed through the prism of the principle of local self-government. Such an approach to the titular principle allows to consider it not only from the political and legal perspective, but also from a functional one, while the discussion oscillates around: the constitutional status of a person regarded as an individual as well as their dignity guaranteed by the Constitution, the constitutional status of a person regarded as an obligatory member of the self-government community, the status of the self-government community, the status of the national community, the status of the state, as well as the status of the underlying structures of the civil society and non-governmental organizations. The argument leads to the conclusion that the local government is an institution deeply entrenched in the structure of the civil society, and, as a result, should be guaranteed by the state the right to evolve naturally, in accordance with the evolution and maturation of the Polish civil society. As a consequence, the constitutional regulations of the local government should not constitute an inhibitive factor for the natural processes accompanying the development of the civil society. The present study could find its practical application both in cases of judicial control of the constitutionality of legislation with regard to the law on local selfgovernment, as well as judicial control over exercising and applying the law, the didactic process at the university, the day-to-day functioning of social and nongovernmental organizations as well as the bodies of local self-government agencies and councilors. Moreover, it could prove helpful in the processes of reform of the public administration and the creation of institutions for the study of the effectiveness of the creation and operation of public administration systems.
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Keywords: "Indefessum personarum"; Diocese of Kielce;
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Keywords: school hygiene;physical education;general education;Second Republic of Poland;1918–1939;health promotion;health education
In this dissertation the author has made an attempt to present a general process of developing the school hygiene in general education in the Second Republic of Poland.
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Keywords: cognitive definition; profiling; values; public discourse; nation
The author attempts to describe the understanding of the concept of nation in contemporary Polish and construct its cognitive definition on the basis of the methodological principles proposed by Anna Wierzbicka and Jerzy Bartmiński. The analysis comprises systemic data, results of questionnaires, and diverse contemporary journalistic and other texts.The first part of the article contains an introduction to the conception of the cognitive definition and to the specific nature of Polish, culture-oriented and history-laden understanding of a nation. The second part presents, diachronically and synchronically, the functioning of the concept on the basis of lexicographic data, as well as its colloquial understanding by the speakers of Polish, on the basis the questionnaires.Next, a discussion is offered of the contemporary image of a nation in press and of the reactions to the abuse of the concept in certain political spheres. The base elements in the understanding of nation are: (1) a common territory; (2) a common history; (3) a common culture, collective consciousness, language, perhaps religion (Catholicism); (4) common political and economic interests. However, the position of individual elements in the structure of the concept is not stable, e.g. the questions of a common territory and language are sometimes treated loosely, especially by the younger generation (easier and more common migration). The final part is devoted to the problem of the profiling of the concept in various types of public discourse (leftwing, national and rightwing, Catholic (typical of the Catholic Church), liberaldemocratic, feminist, anarchist and neopagan), together with the ideological tradition on which these discourses are built.
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Keywords: Augustyn Wróblewski; Purity; fighting prostitution; prostitution in Poland at the beginning of the 20th century
A description of the press, publishing, journalistic and editorial activities of Augustyn Wróblewski, an outstanding chemist and biochemist, who in the middle of 1905 founded a press publication entitled Purity, “a non-party biweekly, devoted to the issues of fighting prostitution and harlotry.” The journal in a way became an outlet for Wróblewski’s radical views on social issues, portraying him as a missionary of ethical transformation, a social reformer and a defender of those rejected and excluded.
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Keywords: Norwid; artistic works; Loose Works
The publication is the first complete study in the form of an academic catalogue of the artistic works by Cyprian Norwid (1821–1883), one of the most outstanding authors in the history of Polish culture. The complete, six-volume edition of the catalogue will include all that was drawn, painted or created in any other technique, that is, it includes drawings, watercolors, paintings and oil studies as well as graphic works, designs for sculptures and medallic works. Apart from the works that have been preserved, also ones that are considered lost, but were published during the artist’s life or after his death, as well as works we only know by their titles or from even minor mentions will be included.The catalogue will include both works with indisputable artistic value and rough sketches like notes in the form of drawings; and also, apart from loose compositions – works drawn on pages of sketchbooks and albums; moreover, drawings that are found in Norwid’s artistic and journalistic texts, in his letters and notes.Volume Four of the catalogue contains the second part of the section: Loose Works, comprising Norwid’s sketches and watercolors painted in the years 1858–1883. Each catalogue item contains complete information on the work, along with its complete bibliography and a color illustration.
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„W kręgu Stanisława Ossowskiego” to projekt naukowy realizowany przez Instytut Socjologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. Jego celami są: dokumentacja dorobku Ossowskiego i jego środowiska, badania nad twórczością i znaczeniem tego kręgu oraz publikacja niedrukowanych pism uczonego. Tom pierwszy Dzienników jest drugą książką powstałą w ramach projektu.Dzienniki Stanisława Ossowskiego, wydawane ponad pół wieku po jego śmierci, obejmują niemal całe życie autora, wplecione w historię Polski. Pisane były, z przerwami, od 1905 do 1963 roku. Są zbiorem zapisków z życia codziennego, wojen i podróży, obserwacji środowiskowych, notatek z lektur i przemyśleń; łączy je uważność i refleksyjność. Stanowią materiał do biografii intelektualnej Ossowskiego i źródło do historii życia umysłowego w Polsce. Bogaty aparat naukowy ułatwia zrozumienie zapisków i umieszcza je w kontekście ludzi, miejsc i czasów.Tom II obejmie lata 1939–1949, a tom III – 1949–1963.
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Poddając analizie prawo do strajków w świetle prawa i praktyki organów i instytucji międzynarodowych, dr Grzebyk dochodzi do ciekawych wniosków dotyczących zarówno oceny polskich uregulowań w tym przedmiocie, jak również zagrożeń dla zbiorowych praw pracowniczych płynących z globalizacji. Jestem przekonany, że doniosłość społeczna podjętej w recenzowanej monografii problematyki, jak również wysoki poziom merytoryczny zawartych w niej rozważań, sprawią, że książka będzie cenną pomocą dla przedstawicieli doktryny prawa pracy i prawa międzynarodowego, studentów kierunków społecznych, ale także dla prawników-praktyków, wykonujących obsługę prawną przedsiębiorstw, w których działają związki zawodowe.Z recenzji prof. dr. hab. Jakuba StelinyNiewątpliwym walorem opracowania jest ukazanie szerszego tła, w jakim funkcjonują polskie przepisy o rozwiązywaniu sporów zbiorowych. Autor wykazuje się bardzo dobrą orientacją w zakresie międzynarodowych i unijnych standardów ochronnych. Wykorzystuje przy tym bogaty materiał źródłowy. Rozważania wpisują się w trwającą obecnie dyskusję na temat prerogatyw Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zbiorowego prawa pracy (wobec wyłączenia pewnych praw zbiorowych z kompetencji prawotwórczych Unii, przy jednoczesnym objęciu tych praw gwarancjami w Karcie Praw Podstawowych). Bardzo ważne są rozważania dotyczące relacji zachodzących między rożnymi standardami (w tym standardami międzynarodowymi a prawem Unii Europejskiej).Z recenzji dr. hab. Łukasza Pisarczyka, prof. UWPiotr Grzebyk – adiunkt na Wydziale Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego). Absolwent British Law Centre University of Cambridge (2006). Autor opracowań z prawa pracy, m.in. monografii Jurysdykcja krajowa w sprawach z zakresu prawa pracy w świetle rozporządzenia rady (WE) nr 44/2001 (2011) i współautor Komentarza do ustawy o związkach zawodowych (2018). Stypendysta Fundacji na rzecz Nauki Polskiej (Mentoring), Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego (2014–2017), w tym w programie Mobilność V. Profesor wizytujący na wydziałach prawa w Ljubljanie, Zagrzebiu, Sofii, Pekinie, Chengdu i Szanghaju. Research fellow w Institut für Arbeitsrecht und Arbeitsbeziehungen in der Europäischen Union (2018). Kierownik Polskiego Centrum Studiów nad Prawem i Gospodarką Chin UW华沙大学中国法律与经济波兰研究中心oraz Szkoły Prawa i Gospodarki Chin UW 华沙大学中国法律与经济学院.Ojciec Zosi, Łucji, Kazika i Władka.
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Keywords: Constitutional Tribunal; constitution; Prime Minister; Council of Ministers
An analysis of the functions of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister and the members of the Council of Ministers in the course of the proceedings of the Constitutional Tribunal in the context of the institutional role of the Council and the PM, taking into account the diversity of the proceedings conducted by the Tribunal. A review of the issues of announcing and enforcing the rulings of the Tribunal, the impact of the rulings of the Tribunal on the body text of normative acts that are subject to its rulings, as well as the ways that the legal requirement of participation of the government in the proceedings of the Tribunal was fulfilled during the years 2015–2016.
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Keywords: criminal law; precautionary measures; medicalization of law, the relationship between an action and an addiction; forced addiction treatment; deprivation of liberty for an indefinite period
The author presents the directions of changes in proceedings dealing with convicts for crimes committed in connection with addiction. He presents the evolution of security measures applied to these types of perpetrators, and assesses the accuracy of the adopted statutory solutions.
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Keywords: term of office; local government; independence of local authorities; bodies of local government units
The study concerns local government law and the term of office of bodies of local government units. The author analyses existing regulations regarding the term of office in view of its importance for local structures in de-centralised public authorities.
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Keywords: January Uprising; Reds; Whites; society; social duties; insurgent authorities; ideology of the January Uprising
The insurgent ideologists showed the necessity to fulfil numerous duties by the society. It was expected to supply people for the insurgent armies and administration and funds to arm the soldiers and the troops. Support for military and civil actions was needed, as well as mass solidarity among all social groups.
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Keywords: Landscape; context; theory of culture;metaphysics;
“Landscape” and „context”, being two constitutive elements of culture, allow for its comprehension and experience. These terms evoke the possibility of redefining the scope, the function and the possible form of culture in the times when humanities undermine both “theory” and “culture”.According to the author, any prospective theory of culture needs to be preceded by denotation of both “metaphysics” and “ontology”, the terms applied interchangeably in postmodern humanities. Metaphysics in the theory of culture could be based on Aristotle’s “first philosophy” which examines “being as being”; analogically, culture as a being could be specified according to its substance (ousia).
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Keywords: Energy sector; natural gas sector; energy sector regulation of the European Union; energy sector in Ukraine; natural gas sectors in Ukraine
This monograph is a unique, in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the laws that regulate the energy sector in Ukraine as they relate to energy sector regulation of the European Union. This work addresses the contemporary understanding of the concept of sectoral regulation and determines goals (values) and specific legal means (instruments) of regulatory intervention in both, Ukraine and the EU. The author starts with distinguishing the four basic goals of the regulation of the energy sector. The first goal is to implement and support broadly understood principles of economy. The second goal pertains to a broadly understood protection of the interests of consumers (household consumers, including vulnerable consumers) and their social welfare (social goals of regulations). The third goal is to guarantee energy security, and the fourth goal highlights environmental protection and climate action (pro-ecological objectives). The analysis uses the above concepts to assess the regulatory regimes for electricity and natural gas sectors in Ukraine and the EU. The findings indicate that the EU regulation of electricity and natural gas sector recognizes all the relevant regulatory goals. While legal measures (instruments) for the implementation of all important regulatory objectives have been introduced and legally guaranteed in Ukraine, the actual application and implementation of the laws leaves room for improvement.
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