![Constantine Bagryanorodni for Μδγάλν Μοραβία](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_1987_14933.jpg)
Keywords: sacred space; holy relics; orthodox Serbs; religious patriotism; icons; 18th century
The paper deals with the problem of a relation between the sacred spaces and the holy bodies in the context of the Serbian culture of the 18th century. The focus is set on the minority group of the Orthodox Serbs in the Habsburg monarchy and on the analysis of their use of the holy relics in the struggle to preserve religious identity amidst attacks from the Catholic Church. The aim of the research is to explain the political use of Orthodox religious traditions and visual means for the creation and spreading of the new patriotic conscience in the early modern period. Religious patriotism was one of the main forms of patriotic awareness among the Serbs at the time when the old Orthodox dynasties of Nemanjićs and Brankovićs had disappeared, when they had lost their country and found themselves under the Muslim and the Catholic rulers. The relics of the Serbian medieval saints were brought along during the migrations and distributed throughout the monasteries in the archdiocese of Srem. Their presence in the monasteries gave a new quality to the perception of the space. The faithful flocked to pay homage, to express their piety and loyalty, while the church hierarchy worked on shaping the final image of these cults. With time, the services and hymns in honour of these saints were written and published, and they become an integral part of the liturgical and devotional practices among the Serbs. At the same time, the leading Serbian artists published a great number of images of these saints. The aim of this widespread glorification of the saints was to accelerate the development of the patriotic religious consciousness among the Serbs. This will remain a key determinant of identity until the late 18th and early 19th century, when the idea of a nation/national identity started to gain ground.
More...Wilfried HARTMANN, Kenneth PENNINGTON (eds.), The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 (Daniel Oltean) Stephanos EFTHYMIADIS, The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography. Volume II : Genres and Contexts (Christos Papavarnavas) Maddalena BETTI, The Making of Christian Moravia (858 – 882): Papal Power and Political Reality (Vladimír Vavřínek) Luděk GALUŠKA, Hledání původu. Od avarských bronzů ke zlatu Velké Moravy/ Search for the origin. From Avar bronze items to Great Moravian Gol d (Vladimír Vavřínek) Floris BERNARD, Writing and Reading Byzantine Secular Poetry: 1025 – 1081 (Krystina Kubina) Antonio RIGO (ed.), Byzantine Theology and its Philosophical Background (Raffaele Guerra) Friedrich HILD, Meilensteine, Straßen und das Verkehrsnetz der Provinz Karia (Věra Doležálková) Leslie BRUBAKER, Shaun TOUGHER (eds.), Approaches to the Byzantine Family (Petra Melichar) Bronwen NEIL (ed.), Questions of Gender in Byzantine Society (Petra Melichar) Judith HERRIN, Margins and Metropolis (Martina Čechová) Adam IZDEBSKI, A Rural Economy in Transition: Asia Minor from Late Antiquity into the Early Middle Ages (Martina Čechová)
More...This paper examines correspondences between unusual saints’ commemorations in the 9th-century Latin Neapolitan Wall Calendar and medieval Slavic calendars of saints, focusing on the menology to the Bulgarian Apostolus No. 882, the Zograph Trephologion (Draganov Menaion) and Palauzov Menaion, and the menology to the Ohrid Apostol. The analysis is based on data from Archimandrite Sergij’s collation of Slavic and Greek calendars of saints, and from the author’s electronic menology collation, for which Professor David J. Birnbaum developed the digital blueprint.
More...Keywords: ethnic identities; historical evidence; archaeological evidence; southern Pannonia; Dalmatia; Justinianic Age; 6th century
The paper focuses on historical and archaeological evidence regarding the presence of various ethnical identity groups in the area between River Drava and the Adriatic during the so-called Justinian’s Era or, more precisely, in the first half of the 6th century. The accent has been on the theoretical and methodological issues concerning the ethnonym labels in the written sources and the relationship between material culture and ethnic identity. The authors have raised the question whether archaeological sources can serve to define ethnic borders and to what extent, the basic hypothesis being that both types of sources, written as well as the material ones, have the force of argument when it comes to determining the content and form of ethnic identity. Even though it may seem so at the first glance, written sources do not have absolute advantage when it comes to offering clues about ethnic identity, although they should by no means be neglected in favour of archaeological analysis. The solution is to achieve a synergy of all available sources, both written and archaeological. The researcher must be aware of the limitations that both types of sources impose, especially concerning the area between River Drava and the Adriatic. Despite its indubitable value, the historical narrative based on the existing written sources, unless there is no prospect of finding a new one, can offer only a partial answer to the research question, even with a methodologically innovative analysis. The key therefore lies in archaeology, in fresh, systematic, and methodologically guided research that will ensure a far broader objective base and lead to more positive and better grounded insights in order to define more reliably the contexts that are necessary for an accurate interpretation. Archaeological sources should not be used to draw conclusions on social, cultural, or religious identity function alone, since it is also valid regarding ethnicity. What is needed is to adopt a more nuanced approach, devoid of all generalization or automatism. So far, it can be said that, in most cases, ethnic identity groups mentioned in the written sources for southern Pannonia and Dalmatia cannot be identified with precision in archaeological sources, although it may sometimes seem otherwise, which has occasionally led to overgeneralized interpretations and far-reaching historical reconstructions. The interpreted written sources indicate that there were local Romanic groups living in southern Dalmatia and Pannonia during the first half of the 6th century, which external observers could identify on the provincial level (as Pannonians), on the basis of an urban entity raised to the regional level (as Siscians), or according to the cultural-political key (as Romans). Besides those, the sources also mention various barbaric ethnic identity groups, the most prominent among them being the (Ostro-)Goths, the Gepids, the Langobards, the Suevians, and the Herules. At the same time, the available written sources prove to be less useful when it comes to the precise location of these groups, their numbers, the material aspect of their identity, their organization and quality of life, the socio-cultural features of their communities, or their interethnic relations. Only some future archaeological research may possibly offer some answers to these and similar questions.
More...Keywords: Topography; Roman communications; roads; connection between Danubian Basin and Epidaurum; Illyricum; archaeology; Dalmatia;
La voie continentale entre la région du Bassin danubien romain et Epidaurum (Cavtat près de Dubrovnik) a été pressentie déjà par Th. Mommsen (CIL III p. 284). J. Evans (1883) et A. Doanaszewski (1902) avaient traité cette question plus concrètement, le premier par les recherches du terrain à Illyricum et le deuxième par l’étude théorique sur le rapport des stations bénéficiaires et des communications romaines. Les recherches plus détaillées du réseau routier romain dans l’intervalle — en Bosnie orientale et en Serbie occidentale — ont été effectuées par l'auteur de ces lignes. On présente ici les résultats de ces recherches entreprises dans le cadre du programme du Centre d’études balkaniques. Une longue voie romaine magistrale a mené d’Epidaurum à l’intérieur du pays et elle a sorti à Trebinje, en Herzégovine du sud-est (Asamo, Tab. Peut.). A Donji Obod, près de Cavtat, cette voie avait passé à côté d’un object romain aujourd’hui bien conservé (évidemment un réservoir pour l'eau), auprès duquel a été découverte une inscription à l’honneur de P. Cornélius Dolabella, lieutenant de Tiberius, avec les fragments de la statue de Dolabella. Ce monument a été dressé par civitates superiores provinciae Hillyrici (CIL III 1741), probablement comme au constructeur de la voie et des objets accompagnants. A la montée, en montant (mons Scardus ou Scardius), dans la direction vers Trebinje, elle a passé au dessus du village de Plat aux environs de Dubrovnik et à côté de Spilan (aujourd’hui Spion, Spionaj, une fortification de l’Antiquité récente, dans laquelle — selon la tradition ragusaine — se sont réfugiés les fugitifs d'Epidaurum détruit. Il est probable que cette fortification solide a été construite déjà à l’époque de l’Empire pour defendre l'accès à Epidaurum. La voie a passé près du village herzegovinien Glavska sur le côté de Trebinje, par Poljice et Dživar elle a entré à Trebinje (Asamo). Sur cette section de route elle est confirmée par trois bornes miliaires, parmi lesquelles se trouve aussi celle de Claudius provenant de l'an 47/48 (Evans, ARI II, 100) et par nombreux tumulus illyriens, ce que témoigne qu’il est question d’une communication préromaine.
More...Keywords: Menaion; hymnography; liturgical texts; incipitarium; analytical description; XML; digital corpora
This study is focused on the Slavic version of the Menaion liturgical book, and specifically on its preliminary analytic description and presentation in XML (eXtensible Markup Language). The aim is to create a reference incipit system of texts in individual menaia that will support further research into the history and structure of this book.
More...Keywords: Latin Greek and Slavic hagiography; Passio Erasmi; Old Bulgarian translation; critical edition; translation technique; lexical and grammatical peculiarities
The Life of St Erasmus (The Martyrdom of Erasmus, Passio Erasmi) is known in three versions, i.e. Latin, Greek and Slavic. The Latin version is represented by dozens of copies since the nineteenth century, the Greek one, by only three copies of the eleventh–fourteenth centuries. A number of facts, especially the rendering of toponyms, indicate the primacy of the Latin text, in comparison with which the three Greek copies appear as a reflection of two different translations or recensions. The Old Bulgarian translation of Passio Erasmi, unknown to the researchers of Latin and Greek hagiography, has been preserved in an Old East Slavic manuscript of the twelfth century and in several Russian copies of the fifteenth–sixteenth centuries; these two branches of the Slavic tradition show considerable similarity, but go back to the different archetypes. The article presents a critical edition of the Slavic text according to the oldest copy with significant variants from other manuscripts; in parallel, the oldest copy of the Greek version is published for the first time with variae lectiones of other copies relevant to the Slavic translation as well as the readings of the Latin version close to the Slavic one. The publication is accompanied by a reconstruction of the Old Bulgarian text and its translation into modern Russian. An analysis of the Slavic translation suggests that it was based on a Greek text that was different from the three surviving copies, but in a number of points coincided with the earlier Latin text. Some features of translation techniques and archaisms give grounds to trace the Slavic translation back to the tenth century. The fact that the Life of Erasmus, who suffered martyrdom in the Balkan lands, was chosen among thousands of others for translation in the First Bulgarian Empire, reflects the still living tradition of the veneration of Erasmus as a Balkan martyr par excellence, a tradition that was preserved by the Byzantine Church and was handed over to the Bulgarian Church, and from it – to the Russian Church and Russian scripture.
More...Keywords: sculpture; Nicomedia; Bithynia; sarcophagus; tombstones; marble;
L’étude continue les recherches de l’auteur sur les ateliers de sculpture de la Mésie Inférieure et leurs connexions avec des centres de production de l’Asie Mineure, notamment de la Bithynie. Le rôle des carrières de marbre de Proconnèse et de Dokimeion sont mises en évidence, ainsi que les connexions avec des centres tels que Nicomédie, Cyzique, Byzance, Chalcédoine. L’auteur a utilisé les sources épigraphiques, philologiques et archéologiques.
More...Keywords: FRY; Macedonia; BIH; Croatia; Consolidation; end of XX century;bilateral relation.;
Following the creation of states on the territory previously occupied by the SFRY, the question of the interstate relations between the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and her “new” neighboring countries, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia has arisen. This paper shows those first steps made towards the goal of consolidation, normalization and further development of the countries’ relations. Contacts initiated after the Peace Treaty have resulted in the establishment of relations between the FRY and Macedonia and Croatia, while the establishment of relations with two remaining countries happened at the end of 2000. The interesting thing is that economic relations have developed much faster than the political ones, which under the pressure of the past and despite encouraging steps in beginning developed with numerous difficulties.
More...Keywords: Natural environment; mountains; forests; lakes; autochthonous element; north of the Danube; during the 3rd - 7th century AD;
Apres un bref aperçu sur les lieux préférés par les Géto-Daces (plaines, collines, montagnes couvris par de forets) l’auteur analyse les lieux occupés par les peuples en migrations. Les Sarmats et les Avares ont préféré les steppes tandis que les Goths et les Slaves on préféré les lieux boissées de meme que la population autochtone daco-romane ou romane.
More...Keywords: living inquiry; pedagogical research; epistemic process; political process; transformative action
In living inquiry, researchers start from the premise that life is complex, and that processes and events are neither complete nor fixed. Pedagogical research is recognized as a continuous process of immediate, living, evolving connections and relationships between co-researchers, the community of practitioners, and theoreticians. They are drawn together by questions they regard as important, but they also focus on maintaining good relationships based on the values of trust and respect. The scientific is seen as being close and attainable, and living pedagogical theories as embedded in an entire network of interpersonal relationships. They are continually woven from the unique personal stories of co-researchers, whose unexpected themes, questions, and changes of direction emerge in the process of negotiation and discovery of practice and theory. They are a reflection of wider social themes, but at the same time continue to guide the research process. By building relationships they tell existing stories about themselves, but also re-examine old patterns and the accumulated history of their relationships, and co-construct new stories. Thus research is examined as a cooperative epistemic storytelling process, which is at the same time a political process, both because of the possibility of taking part in decision-making in the course of research, and because of the influence on immediate practice while it takes place and after its completion. The development of this pedagogical culture of research opens up the possibility for practitioners and theoreticians to essentially simultaneously contribute together to the transformation of living pedagogical theory and the transformation of practice from the inside through recognizing and supporting the agency of personal stories.
More...Keywords: Angelino Dalorto; “portolan” map; Drinago; Belgrade; “Alba de Nander”; “Denader”; Shishmanids; Tsar Michael Shishman; Bulgarian Empire; Pope John XXII; Bishop of Belgrade
The strange name of the city of Drinago first appeared on Angelino Dalorto’s “portolan” map from 1325. In later “portolans” made by other cartographers, the name continues to be used. In terms of its geographical location, the city of Drinago in question corresponds to Belgrade. The name Drinago itself is a distorted variant of the Latin-Hungarian name of the city “Alba de Nander” > “Denader” > “Drinago”. It is especially interesting that Dalorto placed above the city an image of a flag with the monogram “Ш” of the ruling Bulgarian dynasty of the Shishmanids. This shows that, around 1325 when the map was drawn, Belgrade was under the rule of Tsar Michael Shishman. This is indirectly confirmed by a letter of Pope John XXII from 1329 to the Bishop of Belgrade, in which he mentions that the city is under the rule of the Bulgarian Empire. Thus, the information on the map is confirmed by the Pope’s letter.
More...Keywords: collaborative learning; preservice teacher education; preservice teachers; educational beliefs
Contemporary educational reforms across the world recognize collaborative learning as a key educational competency. In the last decade the question of the importance of collaborative learning has been extended to include the context of higher education, particularly preservice teacher education, with the aim of raising the level of expectations for the use of this type of learning in practice. Preservice teachers’ positive beliefs about collaborative learning, developed during their university education, can be crucial since they indicate their predisposition to use this type of learning in their own practice. This paper presents the results of a study which aimed to explore preservice teachers’ beliefs about the benefits and drawbacks of collaborative learning. In the study, the descriptive method and scaling as a research technique were employed. The presented results suggest a certain link between the frequency of engagement in collaborative learning during university studies and preservice teachers’ beliefs about the benefits and drawbacks of this type of learning, and highlight the importance of experiential knowledge which enables preservice teachers to make the transition from learning about collaborative learning to learning through collaborative learning, and to coordinate what they see and do during their education with what they see and do in their teaching practice.
More...Keywords: medieval liturgy; Nativity; history of the liturgy; salvation; allegory; theological monastic school
The theological interpretation of liturgical texts and gestures presented by representatives of the German monastic school played an important role in the liturgy of the medieval era. Among its most important representatives was Rupert of Deutz OSB, who presented his views in Liber de divinis officiis. This article aims to show what the uniqueness of the Incarnation of the Son of God consists in according to Rupert of Deutz’s views, based on the example of the celebration of the Nativity. Particularly significant is his interpretation of Old Testament texts and images, and his reference of the Incarnation to the first day of creation. He presented his views not only based on liturgical customs but also according to the principles of medieval computistics.
More...Keywords: Branislav Đurđev; bibliography;
I, RASPRAVE, ČLANCI I PRILOZI; II. DISKUSIJE NA KONGRESIMA , NAUČNIM SKUPOVIMA I KONFERENCIJAMA; III. RAD NA PUBLIKOVANJU ISTORIJSKIH IZVORA; IV. KRITIKE, PRIKAZI I OSVRTI
More...Keywords: art; civic resistance; politics; performance; urban space;
Using the ethno-methodological theoretical paradigm and the historical method, the author comes to the conclusion that culture, politics and the artistic atmosphere that enriches space form an indivisible structure of events and phenomenological perception of the culture of resistance in modern society. The culture of civil resistance present in art is inseparable from political movements and opposition to repression. Political protests have also become a form of performance that the author seeks to observe from a broader context of street culture in the theoretical perception of the epistemology of space. This way, the tendency and ability to see the meaning and spirit of various manifestations is allowed to come forth. Socio-cultural preconceptions of various art forms and manifestations as well as their historical, political, and ideological conditioning in the global environment and (post) globalism are all explored. As the main research subject, the author takes caricature and art of aphorism, perceived as traditional forms of resistance, and performance, due to its visual and expressionist-based message as a relatively new artistic practice and a more effective form of civil resistance. By determining the meaning of phenomena using linguistic and visual representations, the author notices the political nature of their expression. In this paper, the author strives to break the ‘modern dogma’ by which politics and art are in an inherent conflicting relationship. Therefore, the basic thesis of the text is the author’s effort to bring the goals of politics and art conceptually closer through the basic proclamation of human freedom. The foundation of freedom and creative choice constitute their common and fundamental value. Performance establishes a rational compromise in which the government and opposition groups believe in the democratic potential of their role, pacifying the space in the new circumstances. Ideological fervor and propaganda goals make an unfortunately thin line between the cultured and the uncultured.
More...Keywords: Municipium S(...?); Drina river; administrative unit; Goražde; Foča; Komine; Romanization; Dalmatia;
The upper course of the Drina river was a part of the Roman province of Dalmatia – more precisely it was located in the eastern part of the province. The mentioned territory, which in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina includes towns Goražde and Foča as well as smaller villages, belonged to the municipal unit whose center was in the village of Komini near Pljevlja – Montenegro. This administrative unit is known as Municipium S(...?). There is no mention of this administrative unit in the written source material. Accordingly, epigraphic monuments are the main sources from which the past of this administrative unit can be studied. They mention elements that testify to the administrative organization. As there is no information in the written source material, reconstruction can only be partially done. Many questions, starting with the name of the administrative unit, are still not clarified.
More...Keywords: Serbia; Jewish; Persecution; Belgrade;
: XIX. Serbia, which started the first half of the century with a series of rebellions, became autonomous from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. With Milos Obrenovic becoming a hereditary prince, the Obrenovic dynasty became active in Serbia. While there was strife between the rival dynasties, the Karadjordjevics and the Obrenovics, relations with Muslims and Jews living in Serbia other than Serbs were an important issue. The approach of the Serbian administration, which had problems not only with Muslims but also with Jews, differed in the periods of different princes. While the rights of the Jews were protected in both periods of Miloş Obrenovic, the rights of his son Mihail Obrenovic were blocked in both periods. The period of Aleksandar Karacorcevic was the worst period for the Jews, and they faced various obstacles. In Milan Obrenovic's period, although an apparent equality was achieved, this did not happen in practice, and the complaints of the Jews continued. The main subject of this study is how the Serbs treated the Jews during the Serbian independence process, which started with the 1804 Serbian Revolt and continued with the Serbs becoming autonomous from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. Since Serbian-Jewish relations are so extensive that they are subject to independent studies, only Serbian-Jewish relations and the situation of Jews in Serbia will be mentioned here. In this study, the situation and complaints of the Jews in Serbia will be examined in the light of the reports of the British consuls and Ottoman archive documents, and the issues that remained in the dark until the independence in 1878 will be tried to be clarified.
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