An overview of Polish linguistic works and journals published in 2014
Przegląd polskich prac i czasopism językoznawczych ogłoszonych drukiem w 2014 roku
An overview of Polish linguistic works and journals published in 2014
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An overview of Polish linguistic works and journals published in 2014
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Keywords: Slovak priests; Spiš Diocese; Cracow Archidiocese; Nedeca Deanery; Spiš Deanery; Concordat; Papal bull Vixdum Poloniae Unitas; Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction; Second Republic
The delimitation of the Polish-Czechoslovakian border on July 28th 1920, carried out under the provisions of the decision of the Conference of Ambassadors, resulted in the inclusion of the nine parishes of the Nedeca deanery, which formerly had been a part of the Spiš diocese in Slovakia, into the Second Polish Republic. In Poland, the deanery was renamed as the Spisz deanery. However, despite the revision of the political border between Poland and Czechoslovakia, until February 10th 1925 – when the concordat between the Holy See and the Second Polish Republic was signed, following which, on October 28th of the same year the Vixdum Poloniae Unitas bull was issued by Pius XI – the Slovak priests still remained within the jurisdiction of Ján Vojtaššák, the bishop of the Spiš diocese. The formal inclusion of the Spisz deanery to the Cracow archidiocese had been effected on the basis of the provisions of the bull. In consequence of the inclusion, the jurisdiction over the Spisz deanery was transferred to the Archbishop of Cracow, Adam S. Sapieha. The change notwithstanding, eleven Slovak priests remained in their parishes where the shift of the political borders found them. Six of them continued working there until the end of their lives, while four remained in the now Polish territory until their repatriation to Slovakia. In 1928, the eleventh priest, František Urvay, was reassigned to the parish of Bukowina-Podszkle in the region of Orawa. The parishes, either orphaned by or vacated by the Slovak priests, would be assigned new parish-priests, whom Adam S. Sapieha would recruit from among the Polish clergy. In August 1939, the Spisz deanery would only have one Slovak clergyman, a Trybsz-born priest, František Móš.
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Keywords: Civic Platform; elections; career path
In the years 2001–2015 Civic Platform (CP) played a significant role in the political system of the state. An important figure of Lower Silesia CP is Grzegorz Schetyna. Thanks to his personal involvement the structures of the party in Legnica are strong. The weakness of the party can be caused by an internal conflict with Jacek Protasiewicz. The most important members of Legnica CP participated in the election to the office of the mayor, tried to won seats of city councilors and province councilors, they also tried to won in the parliamentary elections. So, we can discuss the effectiveness of politicians, understood as the ability to make voters believe their promises. First of all, these politicians were analysed and classified as local activists, professionals, party activists, political celebrities and professional politicians. Activists of Legnica Civic Platform give hope for the continuation of political activity by the party, most of them are professional politicians and activists of local governments. Both of these groups are active in the local community, which is appreciated by the residents of the region.
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Keywords: orality; language in the media; media communication;
Radio as a sound medium, as elaborated in the typical definition of it, constitutes an integral component of the human audiosphere. Human culture is, at source, oral in nature. Orality, a huge category that operates outside of individual academic disciplines, is that which links in a synergy the human being, culture and language, as well as linguistic communication. The author, starting from these ruminations, shows how the theory of orality created by Walter J. Ong may constitute a stable instrument for the description of language and linguistic-communicative behaviours on radio, and enable us to interpret numerous phenomena of radio discourse.
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Keywords: Conflict; exclusion; imagination; public space; responsibility; social culture; socially engaged art.; the commons; trust
The author analyzes her own artistic experience in the interaction with a phenomenon of conflict. Giving many examples she attempts to describe how the reality of conflict has shaped her own artistic activities and work. All this has created a process, in which the art and the artists have been immersed in a complicated world of the social tensions and problems. It makes the art leave the traditional position, limited to the small academic or artistic environment and get involved in the reality where the roles of the artist, scholar and activistmust be combined. All the interventions in the area of the university and the city, all the issues of wasting common goods, poverty and social injustice, according to the author, allows to build a common language and imagination where trust and responsibility among people begins to operate.
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Keywords: rehabilitation; objectives of a punishment; imprisonment; inmate; Risk-Need-Responsivity Model (RNR); assessment; relapse into crime
In its introduction, the article characterises - in a most comprehensible way - themain objectives of criminal sanctions and their role in preventing crime, according tothe most commonly expressed opinions on the subject from American scholars. It isfollowed by a brief history of assessing the risk of committing an offence in the UnitedStates in recent decades. The risk assessment process was developed before World WarII as a tool to predict possible recidivism in the case of inmates released on parole, butit has been in more common use since 1980s. While the “What works?” movementinitially emerged in the United States, one needs to remember the publication of Robert Martinso’s report that created the “Nothing works” (concerning prison rehabilitation)doctrine. It aided the justification of severe changes in punitive prison policies inthe 1970s that continued well into the 1990s, with the slogans “tough on crime, toughon the causes of crime” being more prominent. It took more than a decade to reestablishsome hope in prison rehabilitation programmes and allow the paradigm shiftsto happen – from the retribution “being tough on offenders” policy to more creativeapproaches towards offenders. By constructive approaches to working with offenders,one means the use of effective methods and techniques to alter criminal behaviourof inmates to prevent their possible relapse into crime (crime prevention).The main goal of the article is to present the most fundamental system in the UScriminal justice system that is most commonly applied nowadays: the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model and its principles to offender assessment. The aforementionedprinciples were laid down by Canadian scholars, Donald Arthur Andrews andJames Bonta. In that model, “risk” means the identification of specific factors thatare associated with recidivism (in general, depending on a specific crime, e.g. sexualoffenders or offenders who committed violent crimes). Andrews and Bonta argue thata number of factors need to be considered in any comprehensive theory of criminalbehaviour, including biological or neurological issues, inheritance, temperamentand social and cultural factors, while also noting that criminal behaviour is a multifactorialissue. “Need” assesses criminogenic needs and targets them in prison treatmentprogrammes for elimination, while “responsivity” intends to maximise the offender’sability to learn how to combat possible recidivism through rehabilitative intervention,providing cognitive behavioural treatment – with the said intervention being tailoredto the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the offender.Risk assessment is applied during different stages of the criminal procedure: beforesentencing and during the period of time when the criminal sanction is executed, i.e.while serving a custodial sentence. It must be noted that, in the US justice system, judgesare not the only people obliged to assess the potential risk of an offender relapsinginto crime in the future. Prison officers are also tasked with such assessment. Throughthe application of the RNR model, it is possible for the prison staff to divide inmatesinto specific groups, depending on security levels and adequate treatment programmes.In that case, the assessment tools based on the RNR model not only allow a predictionof a possible relapse into crime, but also a proper allocation of convicts to rehabilitationprogrammes provided within prisons. A convict undergoes an evaluation before andafter the treatment. Such evaluations are imposed on most prisoners, so performingthem does have an impact on the financial and human resources of a given penitentiaryunit.The most important question, “What works in prison?” is answered by the majorityof scholars through propositions of providing cognitive and behavioural skill programmesto the convicts. They have clear criteria to ensure that objectives, methods andapplication of rehabilitation programmes correspond with the needs of criminaloffenders. The conclusion of the research is meant to prove that providing offenders with such treatment (based upon the RNR model) may have a positive effect on re -ducing the risk of relapse into crime in the future. However, the appropriate methodsof treatment are based not only on psychotherapy (or, sometimes, on pharmacologicaltreatment), but also on education, vocational training, personal development, strengtheningself-control mechanisms and improving interpersonal skills.
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Keywords: restorative justice; victim-offender mediation; lay opinion; criminal justice system; apology
Restorative justice is a complex and multi-faceted concept, the introduction of whichdoes not happen in a socio-political and economic vacuum. Every society engageswith restorative justice in its own distinctive way as it is the society – lay people – thatis always on the receiving end of restorative solutions. In this article, I draw on mydoctoral research that explores qualitatively how a small number of Polish peopleunderstand punishment and justice, and how their narratives inform the viabilityof restorative approaches to justice in Poland. In other words, I propose to considera macro-sociological perspective, and how lay people’s understanding of punishmentand justice should be seen as an avenue by which to explore certain preconditions forthe viability of restorative justice.Poland’s socialist past, change of the political regime, post-communist “accession”to the international community in the West and a high level of religiosity (among manyother factors) make Poland a fascinating object of study that can, at the same time,offer insights about restorative justice in other societies. Restorative justice, introducedin the form of victim-offender mediation, was part of the post-1989 political ambitionsto change the Polish penal landscape and join the international community in the West.There were a number of forces behind the establishment of restorative justice in Poland.Given that the concept was introduced at a time when the Polish society was dealingwith the socialist legacy and creating a new democratic reality, it was also hoped thatmediation could serve as a fast-track remedy and act as an ancillary mechanism toreduce the sudden spike in court workloads after the fall of communism. In the caseof Poland, it seems that the exceptionally limited interest in mediation and the paucityof anticipated outcomes of victim-offender mediation is the problem. In order toexplore the viability of restorative justice in the Polish context, one must thereforelook beyond the legal basis and formal logistics which have been already in place formany years.My research opens up new debates on the viability of restorative justice, and thisarticle in particular fleshes out the nature of the participants’ perceptions of victimoffendermediation. In this article, I first briefly introduce the Polish model of victimoffendermediation. I then discuss the nature of the initial responses to mediationbased on the participants’ knowledge of, support for, and any experience of, victimoffendermediation. This is followed by the discussion on how the participants’ viewson mediation were articulated in the shadow of the Polish criminal justice system.Next, I explore why the participants viewed mediation as a business-like encounterand, finally, I explore the participants’ perceptions of apology – something that cameup as one of the most interesting findings of the study.The aim of this paper is to argue that the viability of restorative justice should beapproached as a process that is influenced by broader socio-economic, political andeven linguistic factors. Although the Polish model of victim-offender mediation wasinspired by the restorative justice concept, the narratives of my lay participants suggesta number of socio-cultural obstacles to the further development of restorative justicein Poland. Despite a limited knowledge of victim-offender mediation among the studyparticipants, it is clear that support for mediation is negotiated and conditional.Although victim-offender mediation was mainly perceived not as a punishment, therole and purpose of this practice was discussed against the background of the Polishcriminal justice system. Although the relationship might be defined as “uneasy” (seeShapland et al. 2006), restorative justice, since its conception, has been interwoven withthe two. One of restorative justice’s central hopes was to establish an alternative systemof crime resolution that would eliminate the infliction of pain. However, the trajectoryof restorative justice solutions in many countries demonstrates that the functioningof a majority of them is dependent on criminal justice agencies. Given the close andinseparable relationship between the two, I argue in my research that the ways in whichlay people perceive the criminal justice institutions affect their perceptions of alternativeconflict resolutions. Then, as it emerged in my fieldwork, the study participants’ perceptionof harm suggests that mediation might be seen as an avenue to focus onthe financial side of the reparation, and as result might achieve something other thanrestorative goals. The narratives of my study participants also explore the difficultyof acknowledging apology as a genuine element of the restorative encounter. Thiscould be due to looking at apology through the lens of court apology, sociolinguistic or cultural reasons. John Braithwaite in his book Restorative Justice and ResponsiveRegulation (2002) rightly indicated that “we are still learning how to do restorativejustice well” (p. 565). Nevertheless, the question whether a perfect restorative justiceprogramme is ever possible remains open.
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Keywords: audio description; audiovisual translation; accessibility
This article presents the history of the development of audio description (AD) in Poland and gives an overview of the state of the art ten years after the introduction of this new type of audiovisual translation aimed at visually impaired audiences. The following aspects of AD in Poland are discussed: AD accessibility, standards of its creation, availability of training and legal regulations.
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Keywords: socio‑economic paths of development; social and spatial inequalities; old industrial region
The main purpose of the paper is to assess trends in local and regional socio‑economic development in a postindustrial metropolitan region undergoing fundamental change of its development trajectory. The study area consists of the Katowice urban region — the second largest metropolitan region in Poland after Warsaw. The Katowice urban region has been one of Poland’s two main problem areas characterized by environmental, social, and economic problems of national importance. The heavily industrial region experienced a substantial social and economic transformation after Poland became a democratic nation in 1989. Positive processes of socio‑economic development occur selectively across the discussed urban region and large differences in the trajectory of local socio‑economic development constitute significant challenges for the whole metropolitan region. The authors argue that the period of fundamental change of the socio‑economic trajectory in a fragmented system of management and under the extreme neoliberal model of development (as is in the case of the Katowice conurbation after 1989) will lead to the polarization and growing inequalities within the region.
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Keywords: Silesia; Silesian dialects; phraseology; paremiology; toponymy
The article presents an analysis of phrases and proverbs with a toponymic component, which were excerpted from lexicographic sources recording Silesian dialects. The object of description is the image of “a little motherland”, or to be more precise, little Silesian motherlands (Śląsk Cieszyński, Górny Śląsk oraz Śląsk Opolski), which is present in those units (i.e. phrases and proverbs). Thanks to particular toponyms in phraseology and paremiology, the following aspects of old times reality have been preserved: administrative centers, the development of industry and railroading, mental health care, education, prison system, agriculture, craftsmanship, trade, religious life, dialectal differences between residents of neighbouring towns, real estate.
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Keywords: therapy; art; art therapy; expression; artistic activities; aesthetic development
Art therapy, or therapy through art, is a form of therapy that uses various techniques such as art, music, theatre, etc. The art therapy uses the main and specific objectives. The former could include diagnosis, which enables us to find emotional, cognitive development and the manual abilities of children. The specific objectives are to stimulate many talents and develop their interests and talents. Therapy through art is a process of learning, it allows you Marek to analyse various forms of art education and it defines the relevant requirements of children. When it comes to proposed methods the ones that allow you to understand the subject and imagine the end result must be mentioned, those methods that stimulate the expression. Each of the methods of art therapy deals with different techniques of occupational therapy. Therapy through art might become a source that will acquire significance in working with children - it could develop their attitudes, knowledge and enrich the crash of the usual divisions of education, teaching, learning and educational processes.
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Keywords: Zaolzie; Scena Polska [The Polish Stage]; repertoire; national identity; regional identity;
The article quotes, as a context for the problematics defined in the title, demographic data indicating systematic decrease of Polish population in Zaolzie. The publication referred to, Wizja 2035. Strategia rozwoju polskości na Zaolziu [Vision 2035: Strategies for the Development of Polishness in Zaolzie] (2015), suggests that national and regional awareness are two fundamental values of collective identity which consolidate the community in question. According to the mentioned study, amongst the major positive factors that have to be accounted for while considering the future of the Polish national identity, Scena Polska Tĕšínského divadla w Czeskim Cieszynie is prominent. The repertoire choices presented in the article were made as early as in 1951 by the said professional theatre company run by Polish autochthons in Těšín Silesia, and those choice ought to be perceived as both the carriers of Polishness and an important indicator of regional identity. They prove unambiguously that the only Polish-language professional theatre operating outside Poland may be considered a benchmark of rejuvenating and embedding the national and regional awareness of the Polish minority in Zaolzie.
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Keywords: early adulthood; middle adulthood; disease-related appraisal; multiple sclerosis;
The main aim of the study was to analyse the cross-reference between individualised means of experiencing a disease (assessment of its significance), as determined by the level of disability and selected psychosocial factors, and the period of life of patients with Multiple Sclerosis. The following were used in the study: Disease-Related Appraisals Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Expanded Disability Status Scale EDSS and the original questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics. The study showed that patients with a chronic disease show a statistically significant differentiation in terms of the meaning attributed to disease as the benefit and obstacle. Moreover, the age of the patients under study also shows differentiation with respect to the significance of particular factors for the means of experiencing the disease (assessment of its significance). The findings obtained in the course of the present study indicate the importance of unique and typical determinants of functioning of patients with Multiple Sclerosis, as well as point to the significance of the factor of age which should be taken into account in the work of interdisciplinary teams providing care to this population of patients.
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Keywords: Silesia; transportation; roads; rail
The paper outlines the recent changes that occur in the transportation networks on the territory of Silesia. It focuses on the basic branches of transportation, especially the networks of road and rail transportation. In the voivodeships, such as Lower Silesian Voivodeship and Silesian Voivodeship, the level of investment in road and rail infrastructure, its deficiencies as well as priorities were presented. On the other hand, the paper deliberately ignores detailed analyses of Opole Voivodeship as they are included in the previously published article. The method of this paper is based on the descriptive and factual study employing current statistic data and making reference to the historical development of Silesia’s analysed transportation networks. The infrastructure state of the networks of road and rail transportation in the three Silesian voivodeships is illustrated by the author’s synthesising maps that are attached to the paper.
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Keywords: Philip Melanchthon;humanism;Breslau (Wrocław);music;musical education;
The musical culture of sixteenth-century Breslau (Wrocław) was cultivated primarily in the Church and school communities, which formed a mutually complementary system of connections since the introduction of the Reformation in the city. Since Philip Melanchthon played an extremely active part in shaping both these domains, the question about his influence on the functioning of Breslau musical centres seems justified. The answer to this question can be found through an analysis of his writings, related both to the issue of the perception of the art of sound and the musical practice followed in the Evangelical churches and schools of the city.
More...The analysis presented in the following article concentrates on the written on August 2, 1689 posthumous inventory of a minor nobleman Jan Tschammer, Sr. from Dolny Ustroń in the Duchy of Cieszyn. Posthumous inventories are the primary source for studies on everyday life and allow researchers to conduct this type of research for the Upper Silesia region at least to the second half of the sixteenth century. Furthermore, they also provide valuable information on the mansions of both great and minor noblemen. The use of a greater number of posthumous inventories of the Upper Silesian nobility will significantly improve the knowledge of aristocratic residences in Upper Silesia. Moreover, it will also give the opportunity to a broader and more precise assessment of possessions of the nobility. This fact is best illustrated by an example of a little-known nobleman’s house in the Lower Ustroń. The preserved source in a fairly precise way allows for the reconstruction of its exterior and interior, including furniture and other utensils, farm, sown grain, crops and livestock, as well as the family archive and austere library.
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Keywords: sphragistics; Silesia; parish priests; seals; sphragistic systems
In her article, Jagna Rita Sobel deals with the problem of exchanges of seal matrices [Pl. typariusze pieczętne] made by parish priests of Silesian parish churches until 1419. Sobel enquires about reasons why parish priests needed to order the preparation of a new stamp for themselves. To this end, Sobel analyzes the cases of five priests (Stefan, parson in Nysa, Konrad, parson in Turów near Wrocław, Jakub Engilgeri, parson in Świdnica, Rychwin, parson in the church of St. Elizabeth in Wrocław, and Tomasz, parson in Strzelin). Her research has revealed that during their pastoral ministry in a given parish they used two types of seals. The research was based on a comparison of the two sigils of each parish priest in terms of differences in the content communicated by the sacred legends and images, taking into account — if necessary — the personal careers of priests and the iconosphere in which they functioned. The research shows that the reasons underlying the decision to change the piston could have been practical considerations (such as wear or loss of the matrix), the desire to make the message clearer expressed by the certain image of the message so that it is even more closely connected with the person of its administrator, or the assumption by the clergyman of a new office, resulting in the need to adapt the content of the legend of the sigillum to its current title. Such a small number of cases confirmed by sources, however, shows that this was not a common practice among the parish clergy of that time, which could undoubtedly have been influenced by the high costs associated with making the stamp by the craftsman.
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Keywords: Albert duke of Strzelce; diplomatics; Jemielnica; Renard’s Archiv; Johann Joseph Reichel; Friedrich Freiherr von Schirnding; Augustin Weltzel
Maciej Woźny discusses the registers (Pl. regesty) of 19 missing documents of Prince Albert of Strzelce. Some of them were kept in the castle in Strzelce, in the former Archive of the Renards. They were known to Johann Joseph Reichel, who found them and also wrote a chronicle of the city in which he summarized these diplomas. The chronicle itself shared the fate of the documents and is now considered lost. However, information about the documents, mainly from the aforementioned chronicle, was noted down by Baron Friedrich von Schirnding, and several registers were also prepared by Wrocław archivists. Other documents are known from copiers and the knowledge shared by nineteenth- and twentieth-century researchers. The edition of the sources was prepared according to the documents adopted by editors of Registers of the Documents Stored in Upper Silesia, and the author attempted to discuss in more detail where a given diploma is known from and where it was stored. Woźny shows how much information about lost medieval documents can be found in the materials of ancient researchers and in modern sources.
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Keywords: Wołosi; śląsk; Kisuce; Morawy; Josef Macůrek
Artykuł omawia historiografię problemu dziejów oraz kierunków migracji osadników Wołochów przybyłych na geograficzne pogranicze Śląska, Kisuc i Moraw czyli historyczne oraz polityczne pogranicze między Polską, Czechami i Węgrami w I połowie XVI wieku. Sprawy te budziły i budzą kontrowersje od wielu lat. Obszar ten stanowił punkt końcowy wędrówek Wołochów w kierunku zachodnim i dlatego powstało wiele niejasności co do miejsc skąd przybywali i gdzie się przemieszczali. Najbardziej udokumentowaną źródłowo publikacją naukową na ten temat pozostaje nadal praca czeskiego badacza Josefa Macůrka z 1959 a więc sprzed (niestety) ponad 60 lat.
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