Search results for: uniwersytet śląski in All Content

4.50 €

Minimalism does not work. About recovery programs for prisoners

Minimalizm does not work. O programach naprawczych dla więźniów

Author(s): Maria Niełaczna / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: criminology; crime statistics; crime; woman abuse; prison sentence; victim

A study on criminology prepared to celebrate the jubilee of Professor Beata Gruszczyńska. The authors perform a criminological analysis of crime statistics, explore crime against women and cybercrime, describe crime in contemporary Ukraine and Russia and reflect on prison sentences and capital punishment.

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One of one hundred and eighty-two. The last death penalty carried out in Poland

Jeden ze stu osiemdziesięciu dwóch. Ostatnia kara śmierci wykonana w Polsce

Author(s): Andrzej Rzepliński / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: criminology; crime statistics; crime; woman abuse; prison sentence; victim

A study on criminology prepared to celebrate the jubilee of Professor Beata Gruszczyńska. The authors perform a criminological analysis of crime statistics, explore crime against women and cybercrime, describe crime in contemporary Ukraine and Russia and reflect on prison sentences and capital punishment.

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Duties of the prisoners serving imprisonment. Legal study and political and penitentiary

Obowiązki skazanych odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności. Studium prawne i polityczno-penitencjarne

Author(s): Teodor Bulenda / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: criminology; crime statistics; crime; woman abuse; prison sentence; victim

A study on criminology prepared to celebrate the jubilee of Professor Beata Gruszczyńska. The authors perform a criminological analysis of crime statistics, explore crime against women and cybercrime, describe crime in contemporary Ukraine and Russia and reflect on prison sentences and capital punishment.

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Educational services market at a higher level in the economic perspective - model shot

Rynek usług edukacyjnych na poziomie wyższym w perspektywie ekonomicznej – ujęcie modelowe

Author(s): Urszula Sztanderska,Gabriela Grotkowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: higher education; education costs; educational services market

Costs related to undertaking studies are one of the less studied aspects of the growing interest in higher education in Poland. Every year, hundreds of thousands of households in Poland allocate considerable funds for this purpose. In order to continue their education, young people not only invest heavily, but also often postpone the decision to enter the labor market, and thus lose the income from work that they could obtain by becoming professionally active after graduating from secondary school. At the same time, significant funds for higher education are allocated by the state. The presented results of the analyzes were prepared as part of the research project "Social and economic determinants of study choices of people aged 19–30", carried out by a team from the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw at the request of the Educational Research Institute. The authors identify the mechanisms of contacts between the four main stakeholders of the education process at the higher level: public and private universities, students (and their households) and the state. Using the latest methodological approaches in the field of experimental economics and conditional choice, they attempt to measure the size, structure and differentiation of higher education costs from the perspective of both the student and the university.

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Pre-Tridentine indulgence grants given to fellow preachers and the Friars Minor Conventual in medieval Poland - a comparative analysis

Przedtrydenckie nadania odpustowe udzielane braciom kaznodziejom i braciom mniejszym konwentualnym w średniowiecznej Polsce – analiza porównawcza

Author(s): Wiktor Szymborski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pre-Tridentine culture values; pre-Tridentine spirituality; pre-Tridentine piety; religious communities; humanism; renaissance

An attempt to reconstruct the sources and describe the spirituality profile of selected Polish religious communities in the European context. It consists of dissertations presenting the basic determinants of the value of Polish pre-Tridentine culture in terms of spirituality and piety. In subsequent articles, the authors describe selected values (religious, political, ethical, aesthetic), referring to new, unique sources, not yet analyzed at all or considered from a research perspective other than that adopted by the authors. Eucharistia, Exegesis, Pietas, Devotio, Penitentia, Indulgentia, Paideia, Paupertas, Memoria - these are selected concepts on the basis of which the authors try to show the central idea of the entire project on the culture of the First Republic in dialogue with Europe and hermeneutics of values: scope, directions and methods the mutual flow of reflection in Polish and European culture - here in relation to the pre-Tridentine era and in the face of the emerging challenges of humanism during the Renaissance. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamism in operating in Europe.

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A space for dialogue with tradition Christian paideia in the sermons for the day of Pentecost - Marcin Polak, Peregrin from Opole and Mikołaj from Błonie

Przestrzeń dialogu z tradycją Chrześcijańska paideia w kazaniach na dzień Pięćdziesiątnicy – Marcina Polaka, Peregryna z Opola i Mikołaja z Błonia

Author(s): Katarzyna Janus / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pre-Tridentine culture values; pre-Tridentine spirituality; pre-Tridentine piety; religious communities; humanism; renaissance

An attempt to reconstruct the sources and describe the spirituality profile of selected Polish religious communities in the European context. It consists of dissertations presenting the basic determinants of the value of Polish pre-Tridentine culture in terms of spirituality and piety. In subsequent articles, the authors describe selected values (religious, political, ethical, aesthetic), referring to new, unique sources, not yet analyzed at all or considered from a research perspective other than that adopted by the authors. Eucharistia, Exegesis, Pietas, Devotio, Penitentia, Indulgentia, Paideia, Paupertas, Memoria - these are selected concepts on the basis of which the authors try to show the central idea of the entire project on the culture of the First Republic in dialogue with Europe and hermeneutics of values: scope, directions and methods the mutual flow of reflection in Polish and European culture - here in relation to the pre-Tridentine era and in the face of the emerging challenges of humanism during the Renaissance. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamism in operating in Europe.

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Thomas' Manipulus florum from Ireland in the milieu of the Krakow Bernardines (15th century) Reception of the florilegium as a testimony transfer of theological and moral values

Manipulus florum Tomasza z Irlandii w środowisku krakowskich bernardynów (XV w.) Recepcja florilegium jako świadectwo transferu wartości teologicznych i moralnych

Author(s): Tomasz Nastulczyk / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pre-Tridentine culture values; pre-Tridentine spirituality; pre-Tridentine piety; religious communities; humanism; renaissance

An attempt to reconstruct the sources and describe the spirituality profile of selected Polish religious communities in the European context. It consists of dissertations presenting the basic determinants of the value of Polish pre-Tridentine culture in terms of spirituality and piety. In subsequent articles, the authors describe selected values (religious, political, ethical, aesthetic), referring to new, unique sources, not yet analyzed at all or considered from a research perspective other than that adopted by the authors. Eucharistia, Exegesis, Pietas, Devotio, Penitentia, Indulgentia, Paideia, Paupertas, Memoria - these are selected concepts on the basis of which the authors try to show the central idea of the entire project on the culture of the First Republic in dialogue with Europe and hermeneutics of values: scope, directions and methods the mutual flow of reflection in Polish and European culture - here in relation to the pre-Tridentine era and in the face of the emerging challenges of humanism during the Renaissance. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamism in operating in Europe.

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Urban taxes and bookkeeping in the Main City of Gdańsk in the late Middle Ages

Podatki miejskie a księgowość w Głównym Mieście Gdańsku w późnym średniowieczu

Author(s): Marcin Grulkowski / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: writing environment; consistory; notary; writer; writing; office; books; XV-XVIII centuries; writing culture

The article analyses the multistage procedures of tax collection in the Main City of Gdańsk during the 14th and 15th centuries. The complex character of these procedures is illustrated by three examples of urban taxes: the predial rent, the property tax (the so-called szos), and ‘pound duty’. The first two taxes were typical for urban settlements, although the szos was imposed only occasionally (in 1377/1378, 1416 and 1443). The ‘pound duty’ was originally collected for the needs of the Hanse, but later became a local tax. At the turn of the 14th and the 15th century, the Order of the Teutonic Knights took over control of this tax. A by-product of the collection procedures was the complex and vast documentation that was produced in the subsequent stages. Various kinds of tax records, such as primary registers, intermediary notes on wax tablets, lists of debtors, and financial statements, have been analysed.

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The impact of Catholic confessionalization on the discourse political in the Commonwealth of the 16th–18th centuries. Visions of the state and society

Wpływ konfesjonalizacji katolickiej na dyskurs polityczny w Rzeczypospolitej XVI–XVIII wieku. Wizje państwa i społeczeństwa

Author(s): Urszula Augustyniak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: public life of the First Republic; political culture; political journalism; state; community of citizens

The authors present the political values functioning in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – primarily, but not only, in the community of politically active noble citizens. They try to recreate them on the basis of a thorough analysis of various sources – treaties and political journalism, public speeches at the Sejm and regional councils, but also unofficial statements, private exchange of views between participants in political life. The subject of the analysis is, inter alia, the ideal of the state as a community of citizens present in the political discourse, as well as the contemporary vision of a man-citizen, a member of the political community, and his obligations towards it. The authors also present and interpret the then understanding of the concepts of homeland or patriotism, and devote a lot of attention to the fundamental values of the political life of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, such as law and freedom. They show the analyzed issues not only in a broader European context, but also in different epochs, which allows to follow the evolution in the understanding and evaluation of political concepts and ideals. The 12-volume series of monographs "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczpospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości” presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of Polish culture of the past epochs. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

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Old and new. Religious identity of lay Catholics in the post-Tridentine Commonwealth

Dawne i nowe. Tożsamość wyznaniowa katolików świeckich w potrydenckiej Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Polish Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the basic paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of the renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of the Sarmatians' writings and the impact of these writings in the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the literature of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

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Personal patterns of the post-Tridentine era in the perspective of the idea of ​​struggle

Wzorce osobowe doby potrydenckiej w perspektywie idei walki

Author(s): Mirosław Lenart / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

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“The Pit and the Pendulum” by Edgar Allan Poe in Baudelaire’s and Leśmian’s Translations

"Studnia i wahadło" Edgara Allana Poego w przekładach Baudelaire’a i Leśmiana

Author(s): Maria Rogaczewska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bolesław Leśmian; Charles Baudelaire; Edgar Allan Poe; The Pit and the Pendulum; translatology; translation; indirect translation

The main point of the author’s consideration is "Studnia i wahadło" by Bolesław Leśmian – a text which is a translation of a short story "The Pit and the Pendulum" by Edgar Allan Poe based on a French translation of "Le puits etle pendule" by Charles Baudelaire. The aim of the article is to present the conclusions resulting from the comparative analysis of the mentioned works. Collating these three language versions allows to observ changes that are the consequence of indirect translation, as well as to indicate elements arising from Leśmian’s individual translation strategy. References to the Polish poet’s own writings, which show the exceptional nature of the decisions made by him in the translation process, are an integral part of the study.

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Philology of the Impossible: Some Remarks on the Translations of Leśmian’s Poetry into English and German

Filologia niemożliwego. O tłumaczeniach poezji Leśmiana na język angielski i niemiecki

Author(s): Dawid Maria Osiński / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bolesław Leśmian; translation; poetry; philology of the impossible; language; neologism; cognition

The article analyses selected English and German translations of Bolesław Leśmian’s poetry, with a special focus on the solutions regarding versification, rhythm, and language (dialectological structures, syntactical forms and neologisms characteristic of Leśmian’s poetic writing). The translation strategies employed by Sandra Celt, Rochelle Heller Stone, Michael J. Mikoś, David Malcolm, Karl Dedecius, are compared with the solutions used by other translators, including Czesław Miłosz, Janek Langer, Barry Keane, Cathal McCabe, Benjamin Paloff, Anita Jones Dębska, Ryszard J. Reisner, Marcel Weyland, Leo Yankevich, Marek Urban, Marian Polak-Chlabicz, Lorenz Scherlag.

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Lviv “Lamus” (1908–1913) in Authorial Projects of Maryla Wolska and Michał Pawlikowski

Lwowski „Lamus” (1908–1913) w projektach autorskich Maryli Wolskiej i Michała Pawlikowskiego

Author(s): Dominika Pękalska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: “Lamus”; Maryla Wolska; Michał Pawlikowski; history of Polish press; modernist Lviv

The article attempts to reflect on the programme of “Lamus” (1908–1913), a forgotten journal of Lviv modernism. The author looks at the concepts of the two equal authors of the programme: Michał Pawlikowski, who signed the journal, and Maryla Wolska, who was the unofficial editor. The basis for the analysis is the editorial to “Lamus” (printed in the journal and identical with its prospectus) and its archive sketch versions (available from Pawlikowski’s Home Archive). The aim of the research was not only exploring how the project had changed and how attractive it had been for Lviv artistic community, but also reading the journal in the footsteps of Maryla Wolska, who was until now omitted in the research on “Lamus”.

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“God and Better Nature”. The Creator and Creation in Old Polish Theological Thought. A Reconnaissance

„Bóg i lepsza natura” Stwórca i stworzenie w dawnej polskiej myśli teologicznej Rekonesans

Author(s): Elwira Buszewicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: natura naturata; nature in theological thought; humanism and theology; theology and reformation; theology and science; theology and new philosophical trends; theological thought in sermons

The article attempts to establish to what extent early modern Polish theological thought influenced cosmological notions (the image of the world) and the relation between the Creator and the creation. Theological thought at Cracow Academy began at the time when the discipline aimed to explain the whole world and the scholars used methods appropriate to other disciplines (e.g. philosophy). The education system based on the seven liberal arts favoured interdisciplinarity, which resulted from medieval scientific universalism. Academic theology in Poland was scholastic and based on commentaries to Peter Lombard’s sentences. The interpretation of such commentaries can be important from a theological perspective. Academic theology developed and changed, evolving towards biblical and theological problems. The reflections on the Creator or the creation often resulted from biblical commentaries (e.g. Scopus biblicus by Wojciech Nowopolczyk). Scholasticism was not always adequate as it was often challenged by new cosmological theories (heliocentrism), new ideas and religious trends (humanism, reformation, antitrinitarism). The theological response to them was either irenic or agonistic. An interesting phenomenon which connected European and Polish theological thought concerning nature is the work of Annibale Roselli, the author of the theological commentary to Pymander. It was a part of Corpus hermeticum. God and the creation are also present in Jesuit theological thought. In the 17th century theology has to take a stance towards new philosophical trends influencing perception of the world (Galileo and the importance of the mathematical order of reality, Hugo Grotius and the idea of natural law independent of God, etc.); in the 18th century theology will be challenged by deism and materialistic atomism. This article explores how the traditional, catholic image of the Creator and the creation was transformed as a result of its contact with humanism (Jan Trzciana, Annibale Rosseli, Mikołaj Dłuski) and heterodox beliefs, and how the latter developed new theological arguments (e.g. Dudycz’s antitrinitarian doctrine). The last part of the article is devoted to nature metaphors used by medieval and renaissance preachers. Philosophical and theological treatises influenced by Platonism and humanism show dignity and greatness of man, whereas medieval and baroque sermons expose vanity of creation tainted by sin.

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From the Blue Signs to the Space of New Astronomy: Comets and Universe in Jan Bohomolec’s Prediction

Od niebieskich znaków do kosmosu nowej astronomii: komety i wszechświat w Prognostyku Jana Bohomolca

Author(s): Grzegorz Raubo / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Enlightenment; science popularisation; new astronomy; Newtonianism; comets; prognostic tradition

The article discusses Prediction Good or Bad of the 1769 and 1770 Comet or Nature and the End of Comets with a Short Description of Celestial Rotation, the work of the Enlightenment writer, science populariser and Jesuit, Jan Bohomolec. The works critically analyses the views on comets present in science (based on the Aristotelian cosmology and referring to the idea of celestial spheres and the Cartesian theory of vortices) and culture (in fortune-telling and prognostic tradition). Against this background, the author shows the development of views on comets in new astronomy formed in the era of scientific revolution. The book popularises the achievements of new astronomy, emphasising the role of the heliocentric theory, the discoveries made through the telescopic exploration of the sky, and Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation. Bohomolec’s Prognosis explores other issues discussed in Enlightenment science and literature, including the notion of cosmic pluralism he is sceptical about. The Polish writer emphasises that the perfection of the world structure and mechanism shown by new astronomy is consistent with its religious genesis and relevant working principles.

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Lady Chang Kye-hyang’s Cookbook as a Cognitive Resource in Culinary Anthropology of 17th Century Korea

Zapiski damy Chang Kye-hyang jako źródło poznawcze z dziedziny antropologii kulinarnej siedemnastowiecznej Korei

Author(s): Kamila Kozioł / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Chang Kye-hyang; Ŭmsik timi-pang; Korean recipes; Korean cooking; XVII-century food

The study examines the 17th century mansucript Ŭmsik timi-pang (Recipes for Tasty Food). This collection, written by an elderly noble woman, gathers 146 recipes describing the preparation, processing and storage of ingredients and dishes. Arranged into three chapters entitled respectively – flour dishes and noodles, fish and meat, and alcohol and vinegar – it is the author’s collection of her experiences to pass it on to daughters, and to subsequent generations of daughters-in-law who, when entering husband’s abode, were expected to adhere to its traditions and way of living. The text of Ŭmsik timi-pang is a unique book with a linguistic perspective. Written in the vernacular script, it provides researchers with case studies for grammar and everyday language of seventeenth-century Korea. The author of this article, however, investigated everyday life and culinary culture of Korea of this period. The second half of the seventeenth century marks the ending of the voluntary alienation period of the kingdom of Chŏson. At the time it was still closed off to news and influences from the West, adhering to established practices instead. The cuisine of this period is a reflection of this, and Ŭmsik timi-pang encapsulates the image of traditional eating habits and food preparation that was often abandoned in later centuries.

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"Broń mnie przed sobą samym..." [Defend me Against Myself…] as a prayer and contemplation of God

"Broń mnie przed sobą samym…" jako modlitwa i kontemplacja Boga

Author(s): Anita Całek / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: meditative prayer; demeanour of contemplating God; Broń mnie przed sobą samym…; Catholic mysticism; negative theology; apophatic; Christology; The Old and the New Testament; Naśladowanie Chrystusa

The article proposes a new approach to read Mickiewicz’s poem "Broń mnie przed sobą samym…" [Defend Me Against Myself…] in the context of meditative prayer and demeanour of contemplating God. Recalling orthodox contexts such as negative theology (apophatic), Christology, the "Old" and the "New Testament", "The Imitation of Christ" by Thomas à Kempis and the "Spiritual Exercises" by Ignatius Loyola, the author shows correlations between Mickiewicz’s poem and Catholic mysticism, offering a counterbalance to the existing interpretations (J. Kleiner, S. Makowski, I. Jokiel, J. Lyszczyna and others) focused on theosophical and heterodoxal themes predominantly.

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Contemporary Reportages on Foreigners in Poland as an Antidote for Unwitting Propagating the Myth of Polish Hospitality

Współczesne reportaże o cudzoziemcach w Polsce jako antidotum na glottodydaktyczne bezdroża bezkrytycznego szerzenia mitu polskiej gościnności

Author(s): Justyna Zych / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: reportage; Polish as a foreign language; foreigners; refugees; hospitality; multiculturality

In the article, the author observes that in spite of the teaching programme guidelines, current political and societal issues are rarely addressed during Polish language classes for foreigners. She claims that this situation is due to purposefully avoiding any difficult and potentially controversial topics, especially the ones that could put Poland in a bad light. The example given by the author is the myth of Polish hospitality which turns out to be, to a large extent, superficial when confronted with contemporary challenges, i.e. migration and refugee crisis. During Polish language classes, the author proposes a critical reflection on the self-stereotype of Polish hospitality through discussions and exercises based on contemporary Polish non-fiction literature. Her proposition for C1 and C2 level Polish as a foreign language classes is a choice of fragments of three reportages (literary journalism) on foreigners living in Poland, namely "Król kebabów i inne zderzenia polsko-obce" [The King of Kebabs and Other Polish-Foreign Clashes] by Marta Mazuś, "Tamtego życia już nie ma. Reportaże o uchodźcach w Polsce" [That Life Is Gone. Reportages on Refugees in Poland] by Marta Zdzieborska, and "Skóra. Witamy uchodźców" [Skin. Refugees, Welcome!] by Iza Klementowska. The author emphasizes that these texts constitute a good starting point for an uneasy yet necessary discussion on reasons and manifestations of xenophobia. She also remarks that they contribute to shaping the attitude of tolerance and openness to other cultures among students. Finally, the author underlines that some fragments aptly illustrate the phenomenon of multiculturality, which is more and more common in the contemporary world, including Poland. A detailed analysis of the chosen fragments is followed by proposals of exercises for reading comprehension, for developing speaking and writing skills, as well as for broadening vocabulary.

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State Aid to Exporters – the Experiences of the EU Funds in the Process

Finansowanie proeksportowych działań firm – skutki wykorzystania funduszy europejskich

Author(s): Michał Kołtuniak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: export; state aid; EU funds; export destinations

During the 2007–2013 period, the state offered support to entrepreneurs, aimed at the development of export activities. A significant part of it was co-financed by EU funds in two financial perspectives: 2007–2013 and 2014–2020. In both these periods, entrepreneurs could use regional (voivodeship) and national programmes, and some of them could use the programme for the Eastern Poland microregion. The variety of programmes resulted in diversified access to aid for companies, depending on their size (status) and place of business activities (headquarters). Depending on a specific programme, or even its part, the objectives of the support programmes were defined slightly differently. While all of them were to support exporters, some of them focused on the increase in the number of exporters, and others focused on the diversification of export directions. We can observe the effects of these programmes by studying the current number of companies involved in exports, and the almost constant increase in the value of Polish exports year on year. However, the strong concentration of exports on the European market, in particular the European Union market, remains a big challenge.

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